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1.
This paper describes the traditional breeding objectives and practices of West African Dwarf goat, Djallonke sheep, and N’dama cattle keepers in The Gambia and discusses the implications of these on the design of breeding-related interventions to improve livestock productivity. Data were collected via surveys implemented within three study sites in The Gambia, where traditional mixed crop–livestock smallholder farming predominates. The surveys comprised a participatory rural appraisal conducted in nine communities and a household questionnaire targeting 238 households. Livestock-keeping households were classified as ‘poorer’ or ‘wealthier’ based on the number of cattle owned. The most important objectives for keeping all species of livestock for the poorer groups (0 to 10 cattle) was ‘savings and insurance’, followed by ‘income’ and ‘ceremonial/dowry’ for the small ruminants and ‘manure’ and ‘draught’ for both cows and bulls. In contrast, for the wealthier group (more than 10 cattle), savings and insurance was the fourth to seventh ranked production objective (depending on species), with the most important production objectives being ceremonial/dowry for goats, income for sheep and manure for cows and bulls. An analysis of breeding practices indicated that breeding animals are selected on criteria which partially align to the breeding objectives, animals are rarely purchased for the purpose of breed improvement, knowledge of the cause and consequence of inbreeding is low and breeding decision makers may not necessarily be the livestock owner, particularly if the livestock owner is a women. Given this, it is suggested that capacity building on breeding-related issues, particularly in relation to the selection of breeding animals and specifically targeted at the different socioeconomic groups of livestock keepers, may be an appropriate, effective and relatively low-cost breeding intervention. 相似文献
2.
Hassen H Lababidi S Rischkowsky B Baum M Tibbo M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(6):1239-1246
Six Ethiopian indigenous goat populations viz. Gumuz, Agew, Begia-Medir, Bati, Abergelle, and Central Abergelle were genotyped for 15 microsatellite markers recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Society for Animal Genetics. A total of 158 individual goats were tested to assess genetic variations within and between the goat populations in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. The markers revealed 100% polymorphism across six goat populations indicating the presence of genetic diversity, which is an important variable to measure genetic variability within and between populations. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.56 (Central Abergelle) to 0.68 (Bati) and 0.59 (Abergelle) to 0.69 (Agew goat), respectively. The lowest genetic distance was observed between Begia-Medir and Central Abergelle (0.039), and the largest distances between Agew and Abergelle (0.140) and Gumuz and Abergelle (0.169). Neighbor-joining and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean methods with bootstrap value of 1,000 was used which grouped the six goat populations into two major groups viz. the Abergelle goat cluster as one group and the Agew, Gumuz, Bati, Begia-Medir, and Central Abergelle goats as the second group. In our study, the obtained higher total variation within the goat populations (95%) confirms a close relatedness of the studied goat ecotypes, which might have happened due to the existence of uncontrolled animal breeding strategies resulting from uncontrolled movement of animals through various market routes and agricultural extension systems. The study contributed to the genetic characterization of Ethiopian indigenous goat populations and demonstrated the usefulness of the 15 microsatellite makers for biodiversity studies in goats. 相似文献
3.
To be successful, initiatives to improve smallholder’s goat production should directly address the needs and objectives of
the keepers while promoting rational use of local genetic resources. This paper identifies the objectives, constraints and
needs of goat farmers in southern Benin and discusses their relevance to the development of improvement programmes. Between
November and December 2005, structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and participant observation were used to collect
information from 38 goat farmers in two selected locations. Goats were kept mainly for sale whenever cash was needed. Traits
related to reproduction, to behaviour, to health and to meat production were considered equally important and were ranked
very highly by goat keepers. Increased net income per flock through increased number of marketable animals is the derived
breeding objective from the trait analysis. Disease outbreaks resulting in high mortality, poor housing, and feed shortages
were, in descending order, the most important problems. It was concluded that the development of initiatives to improve management
practices is an overriding priority. It will lead to increases in productivity in the short term and foster farmers’ participation
in the development of long-term improvement strategies, which should include selection and controlled mating. 相似文献
4.
The study was conducted in the central rift valley of Ethiopia to define Arsi-Bale goat keepers’ breeding objectives and breeding
practices and to describe flock management practices and rate of inbreeding in Arsi-Bale goat population. Two-stage sampling
techniques were employed to select study sites and 202 respondents. Semistructured questionnaire and group discussion were
used to collect the required information. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science. Rate of inbreeding
in the population and indices were also calculated. On average, each respondent holds around 12 goats in which 30.7, 66.6
and 2.7% were males, females and castrates, respectively. The most important purpose of goat production in the study area
was for milk utilization. Farmers have multiple breeding objectives and they considered both subjective and objective selection
criteria with slightly more emphasis on morphological characteristics for buck selection than replacement doe selection. Only
39.1% (n = 79) of respondents have their own breeding bucks. None of the respondents practiced controlled mating. Average rate of
inbreeding in the population was around 0.20. Arsi-Bale goats are found to be adaptive to the prevailing condition. Therefore,
any breed improvement strategy to be designed or implemented in the study area and other similar areas should consider important
traditional breeding practices. 相似文献
5.
Production Objectives and Management Strategies of Livestock Keepers in South-East Kenya: Implications for a Breeding Programme 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A survey of pastoralist and agropastoralist households in south-east Kenya was conducted to determine their production objectives
and management strategies in order to optimize and extend a breeding programme for indigenous small East African Shorthorn
Zebu cattle. The reasons for keeping cattle and the breed/trait preferences identified reflect the multiple objectives of
the livestock keepers, with both adaptive traits and productive/reproductive traits rated as important. Although the Maasai
and Kamba zebu (M&KZ) breeds were ranked highly with regard to adaptive traits, the population is considered to have been
in decline over recent years. In order to promote the conservation and sustainable use of the M&KZ cattle, the formation of
an open nucleus breeding scheme is recommended. In particular, such a scheme would be able to address several existing constraints
(e.g. individual herds are very small and communal use of pastures/water makes controlled mating difficult). Such interventions
would require the full participation of the livestock keepers, as well as ensuring that a holistic approach to species and
breed attributes is taken into account in setting breeding goals, such that the full array of contributions that livestock
make to livelihoods and the genetic characteristics related to these contributions are fully incorporated into the programme. 相似文献
6.
Production objectives and breeding practices of smallholder households participating in dairy goat breeding projects were
analysed in relation to their ability to bring about sustainable genetic improvement in the dairy goat flocks in Kenya. A
stratified survey involving 311 goat keepers in 4 project sites was used. This employed both qualitative and quantitative
research methods to get a holistic view of dairy goats, and take into account the full array of contributions of dairy goats
to the smallholder households. Milk production and sales of breeding stock were high priority functions for the objective
to create a financial buffer. The breeding objective traits that farmers perceived as being of primary importance were milk
yield, growth rate, body size, fertility and disease tolerance. There were logical trade-offs in the choice of these traits
by farmers. Female dairy goats were mainly culled due to old age, poor fertility, small body size and poor health. Farmers
did not place a large significance on unsatisfactory milk performance when culling female goats, mainly due to the very small
production size and the high demand existing for breeding animals. Factors affecting milk yield and flock size presented satisfied
a P < 0.1 significance level. The performance levels of dairy goats were mainly influenced by breeding strategies and the resource
availability at the farm level. The optimisation of genotype x environment interactions remains the biggest challenge given
the objectives set by the farmer. 相似文献
7.
Livestock keeper perceptions of four indigenous cattle breeds in tsetse infested areas of Ethiopia 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Jennie Stein Workneh Ayalew J. E. O. Rege Woudyalew Mulatu Birgitta Malmfors Tadelle Dessie Jan Philipsson 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1335-1346
Four cattle breeds indigenous to western and south-western Ethiopia - Abigar, Gurage, Horro and Sheko - were included in a
study of the perceptions of smallholder cattle keepers regarding cattle management, production levels and constraints for
production. A semi-structured questionnaire was used and 60 cattle keepers from each of the four areas were interviewed. Diseases
were reported as the main constraint to cattle production by a majority of livestock keepers in all areas except in the Sheko
area, where over-stocking was the main constraint. Among diseases, trypanosomosis was the main livestock disease according
to more than half of Gurage, Horro and Sheko keepers, whereas anthrax was most important in the Abigar area. Gurage had highest
age at first calving, longest calving interval and also the lowest milk production, whereas Sheko and Abigar had the most
favorable characteristics both for milk production (600–700 kg) and fertility (age at first mating 3–3.5 years and above 8
calves/cow). Cattle keepers in the Sheko area reported relatively less problems with cattle diseases compared to the other
areas, especially regarding trypanosomosis. Abigar showed a different disease pattern than the other breeds and may also have
advantages as regards trypanotolerance. 相似文献
8.
Al-Khaza’leh Ja’far Mansur Reiber Christoph Al Baqain Raid Valle Zárate Anne 《Tropical animal health and production》2015,47(1):163-169
Goat production is an important agricultural activity in Jordan. The country is one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of water scarcity. Provision of sufficient quantity of good quality drinking water is important for goats to maintain feed intake and production. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal availability and quality of goats’ drinking water sources, accessibility, and utilization in different zones in the Karak Governorate in southern Jordan. Data collection methods comprised interviews with purposively selected farmers and quality assessment of water sources. The provision of drinking water was considered as one of the major constraints for goat production, particularly during the dry season (DS). Long travel distances to the water sources, waiting time at watering points, and high fuel and labor costs were the key reasons associated with the problem. All the values of water quality (WQ) parameters were within acceptable limits of the guidelines for livestock drinking WQ with exception of iron, which showed slightly elevated concentration in one borehole source in the DS. These findings show that water shortage is an important problem leading to consequences for goat keepers. To alleviate the water shortage constraint and in view of the depleted groundwater sources, alternative water sources at reasonable distance have to be tapped and monitored for water quality and more efficient use of rainwater harvesting systems in the study area is recommended.
相似文献9.
WU Tie-cheng WUDUBALA HE Yun-mei LI Yu-rong ZHAO Cun-fa MA Yue-jun LIU Bin ZHAO Sheng-guo 《中国畜牧兽医》2016,43(3):776-783
In order to meet the requirement of the development of cashmere goat industry,and improve the matching accuracy and scientificity of breeding sheep selection and the production efficiency,it is needed to use information technology and modern breeding theory in cashmere goats accurate management and scientific breeding.Using MVC software design pattern,B/S three-tier network architecture,database,BLUP breeding and other technologies,a cashmere goat breeding and production management systems based on RFID was designed and developed in this study.The system contained information management,breeding analysis,production management,nutrition regulation and benefit analysis and other functional modules.In the system,WOMBAT genetic evaluation software was used in calculating cultivation and inbreeding coefficient,then based on this,the optimal combination parents were choosn;The system was designed for different breeding objectives,such us accelerating advances in genetic improvement of cashmere goat economic traits,and developing the production technology through the joint breeding.Based on cashmere goats individual information,the system could automatically generated recommendations for sheep grading,breeding,selecting and cluster grouping;It could also generat warnings on materials,diet formulation and other control points in production (such as pre-production period,light control for increase cashmere,grazing duration,prevention,feeding and so on),it would provide technical support for "1396" sheep breeding and efficient feeding,thus made cashmere goat breeding and production informationalized,standardized and scientific. 相似文献
10.
为满足中国绒山羊业发展需求,提高种羊选种选配的准确性和科学性、提升生产效率,运用信息技术和现代育种理论可对绒山羊进行科学化育种及精准化管理。本研究采用MVC软件设计模式、B/S三层网络结构、BLUP法育种及绒山羊增绒等技术,开发基于射频识别(RFID)的绒山羊育种生产管理系统,该系统主要包含信息管理、育种分析、生产管理、营养调控和效益分析等功能模块。系统运用WOMBAT遗传评估软件计算育种值和近交系数从而确定最优父母组合,通过联合育种加快绒山羊经济性状的遗传改良进展及相配套的生产技术,实现不同育种目标的生产。通过育种目标的设定及基于绒山羊个体信息,系统可自动生成种羊分级评定建议、配种建议、淘汰建议、分群整群建议、物料预警、日粮配方和对一些生产时间节点(如预产期、光控增绒放牧时长、防疫、补饲等)的提醒,为"1396"型绒山羊的育种及高效饲养提供技术支持,从而实现绒山羊育种和生产的信息化、规范化和科学化。 相似文献
11.
Ilse Köhler-Rollefson H. S. Rathore E. Mathias 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1061-1070
In South Asia, and throughout the developing world, the predominant official approach to livestock development has been improvement
of production by means of upgrading local breeds via cross-breeding with exotic animals. This strategy has led to the replacement
and dilution of locally adapted breeds with non-native ones. This has resulted in an alarming loss that has been estimated
by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to amount to one breed every two weeks. Based on selected case
studies this paper argues that development strategies using locally adapted breeds and species are much more likely to benefit
livestock keepers whilst also maintaining domestic animal diversity and bearing a smaller ecological footprint. It also analyses
the rationale for “Livestock Keepers’ Rights”, a principle that grew out of the struggle of traditional livestock keepers
to retain control over their production resources, such as grazing areas and breeding stock, in the face of unfavourable policy
environments. 相似文献
12.
K. Marshall 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2014,131(5):329-340
Developing country livestock production systems are diverse and dynamic, and include those where existing indigenous breeds are currently optimal and likely to remain so, those where non‐indigenous breed types are already in common use, and systems that are changing, such as by intensification, where the introduction of new breed types represents significant opportunities. These include opportunities to improve the livelihood of the world's poor, increase food and nutrition security and enhance environmental sustainability. At present, very little research has focused on this issue, such that significant knowledge gaps in relation to breed‐change interventions remain. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of this issue and suggests strategic research areas to begin filling these knowledge gaps. Such strategic research would include (i) assessing the impact of differing breed types in developing country livestock productions systems, from a range of viewpoints including intrahousehold livelihood benefit, food and nutrition security at different scales, and environmental sustainability; (ii) identification of specific livestock production systems within developing countries, and the type of livestock keepers within these system, that are most likely to benefit from new breed types; and (iii) identification of new breed types as candidates for in‐situ testing within these systems, such as through the use of spatial analysis to identify similar production environments combined with community acceptance studies. Results of these studies would primarily assist stakeholders in agriculture, including both policy makers and livestock keepers, to make informed decisions on the potential use of new breed types. 相似文献
13.
Dairy goat production systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Luis Escareño Homero Salinas-Gonzalez Maria Wurzinger Luiz Iñiguez Johann Sölkner Cesar Meza-Herrera 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,45(1):17-34
Goat production concentrated in developing countries (tropics, dry areas), contributes largely to the livelihoods of low and medium income farmers. Farming systems in these areas have evolved to cope with the formidable constraints imposed by harsh natural and economic conditions by adapting integrated crop/livestock production strategies. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, due to its almost exclusive extensive nature, goat production relies mainly on grazing on communal lands that hardly provide the minimum nutrient requirements due to overstocking and degradation. While some of these production systems are becoming semi-intensive, appropriate breeding strategies should be designed to promote conservation and improvement of their unique attributes, such as adaptability, water use efficiency and suitability under harsh climatic conditions. In Europe, dairy goat production is more common around the Mediterranean basin, where it is important from an economic, environmental and sociological perspective to the Mediterranean countries: Spain, France, Italy and Greece. Europe owns only 5.1 % of the world’s dairy goat herds, but produces 15.6 % of the world’s goat milk; this is the only continent where goat milk has such an economic importance and organization. In developing countries the dairy goat sector requires a systemic approach, whereby nutrition, animal health, breeding, know-how, inputs and technologies must be assembled. This would allow the optimization of natural and local resources and would promote the transition from a risk reduction strategy towards an increased productivity strategy. Such an increase would privilege production efficiency based on clean, green and ethical practices for responsible innovation. 相似文献
14.
Wurzinger M Ndumu D Baumung R Drucker A Okeyo AM Semambo DK Byamungu N Sölkner J 《Tropical animal health and production》2006,38(7-8):571-581
A survey in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda was conducted in order to determine the different production systems under
which Ankole cattle are currently kept. Additionally, selection criteria of livestock keepers were documented. In Burundi,
Rwanda and parts of Uganda, livestock keepers are sedentary and herds are small, whereas in the other areas Ankole cattle
are kept in large herds, some of them still under a (semi-)nomadic system. Milk is the main product in all areas, and is partly
for home consumption and partly for sale. Although the production systems vary in many aspects, the selection criteria for
cows are similar. Productive traits such as milk yield, fertility and body size were ranked highly. For bulls, the trait ‘growth’
was ranked highly in all study areas. Phenotypic features (coat colour, horn shape and size) and ancestral information are
more important in bulls than in cows. The only adaptive trait mentioned by livestock keepers was disease resistance. In areas
of land scarcity (Burundi, Rwanda, western Uganda), a clear trend from pure Ankole cattle towards cross-bred animals can be
observed. 相似文献
15.
Julie M. K. Ojango James Audho Edwin Oyieng Maren Radeny Philip Kimeli John Recha Anne W. T. Muigai 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(8):1871-1879
Livestock traders are a key conduit for incentives in livestock production systems. Their actions affect producer prices, investment decisions, and their livelihoods. However, smallholder farmers in rural communities of eastern Africa often have limited understanding of the marketing process and the interactions among market actors. This study was undertaken following the introduction of improved indigenous goat and sheep breeds in Climate Smart Villages of Nyando in western Kenya. We sought to understand the marketing of sheep and goats in five key rural markets used by the smallholder farmers of Nyando, to generate information on key market actors, their functions in the value chain, and their preferences for attributes in sheep and goats. Most traders (65%) in all the markets were men. Four different types of traders operated in the markets, producers, retailers, wholesalers, and brokers, each making a profit. Preference for selling sheep or goats and the animal attributes desired by the traders differed depending on the surrounding community. Markets in Kericho County of Nyando traded more goats than sheep while those in Kisumu County of Nyando traded more sheep than goats. There were no clear policies guiding pricing of animals. Prices offered to producers depended on previous days, and the number of animals available for sale at the marketing point. The collaborative group actions of the producers in the Climate Smart Villages did not extend beyond the level of production to the marketing of their livestock. A critical change is required for the smallholder farmers to derive better incomes from improved quality of animals following adoption of improved breeding and management practices. The results illustrate the need to engage rural market actors when implementing livestock improvement programs for smallholder farmers for better farm gate prices of animals, and thus achieve the improved incomes envisioned. 相似文献
16.
Johan A.M. van Arendonk 《Livestock Science》2011,136(1):29-37
The world is faced with the challenge to meet the increasing demand for livestock products while conserving animal genetic resource diversity and maintaining environmental integrity. Genetic improvement of local breeds can help to improve the livelihood of the livestock keepers, to increase the production of animal products and to conserve genetic diversity. Implementing breeding schemes in developing countries has proven to be very difficult. The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of reproductive technologies for the creation and dissemination of genetic improvement in livestock populations in developing countries. In the paper opportunities are discussed for implementing breeding schemes which minimize the need for extensive pedigree and performance recording. It is shown that genetic progress can be generated in a small population. Community-based breeding schemes offer a good starting point for involving farmers in improving local breeds. Artificial insemination to exchange genetic material between communities offers an opportunity to increase the rate of genetic improvement while restricting the rate of inbreeding. Furthermore, artificial insemination is a promising technique for dissemination of genetic gain to producers at a relatively low cost. Opportunities to use semen sexing in a crossbreeding scheme are presented. It is concluded that tailor-made solutions and long-term commitment are needed in order to meet the needs of farmers to increase their livelihoods and to meet the needs of the growing population of consumers. 相似文献
17.
Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus flows in livestock production in Dianchi Lake basin,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hiroki Anzai Lin Wang Kazato Oishi Chagan Irbis Kunzhi Li Hajime Kumagai Tatsuya Inamura Hiroyuki Hirooka 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(1):37-45
We assessed the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) flows in intensified livestock production systems by investigating nutrient budgets and cycling in the basin of Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. We conducted field surveys based on feed samplings and interviews of livestock farmers. The N and P in local and external feeds, animal body retentions, animal products and excretions were calculated at the individual level for dairy cattle, fattening pigs, breeding sows, broilers and laying hens. The N and P flows in the total livestock production system in the area were estimated by multiplying the individual N and P budgets by the number of animals. For the dairy and fattening pig productions, N and P supplied from local crops or by‐products accounted for large parts of the inputs. For the other livestock categories, most of the N and P inputs depended on external resources. The N and P outputs through animal manure into the cropland were 287 and 66 kg/ha/year, respectively, which were higher than the N and P inputs into the livestock production systems from the cropland. The N and P loads from manure should be reduced for the establishment of sustainable agricultural production systems. 相似文献
18.
Stein J Ayalew W Rege E Mulatu W Lemecha H Tadesse Y Tekle T Philipsson J 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,178(1-2):40-47
We conducted a two-part study in the native home areas of four cattle breeds, Abigar, Gurage, Horro and Sheko, in south-western Ethiopia. The first part of the study investigated livestock keeper knowledge about trypanosomosis and trypanotolerance. For each breed 60 livestock keepers were interviewed, resulting in a total of 240 interviews. The second part of the study focused on biological evidence for trypanotolerance. Blood samples of about 100 head of cattle per breed were collected during peak trypanosomosis challenge period and analyzed for packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitaemia. In addition individual body measurements of the sampled animals were taken and the keepers provided some information regarding their animals. Livestock keeper interviews revealed that trypanosomosis was considered a major problem in all areas (95-100%). Almost all Abigar livestock keepers knew how trypanosomosis is transmitted, whereas only 34-52% of the keepers of the other breeds had that knowledge. Most Sheko keepers (75%) knew of trypanotolerance and claimed to have trypanotolerant animals in their own herds. Among the other three breeds the knowledge of trypanotolerance was much less (8-18%). A majority of the keepers were interested in purchasing trypanotolerant animals. PCV was highest among Horro (26.2) and Sheko (25.1) cattle whereas Abigar had the lowest PCV (20.0). Sheko were least infected by trypanosomes (6%) and had the lowest number of trypanocidal treatments per year (1 treatment/animal and year). Abigar cattle were most infected (23%) followed by Gurage (20%) and Horro (17%). Gurage had by far the highest number of treatments per animal and year (24). There were large differences between the number of cattle perceived by the keepers to be infected, and the number detected from blood sampled, among Abigar, Gurage and Horro. Sheko livestock keepers were better at correctly diagnosing trypanosomosis in their animals. It is concluded that Sheko cattle have higher trypanotolerance attributes of the breeds investigated and a better use of this breed could improve cattle health and household welfare in tsetse-infested areas. 相似文献
19.
Nguluma A. S. Hyera E. Nziku Z. Shirima E. M. Mashingo M. S. H. Lobo R. N. B. Getachew T. Rischkowsky B. Haile A. 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):2955-2967
Indigenous breeding practices of the farmers and the livestock production system form the bases for designing community-based breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize production system and examine breeding practices of the indigenous goat farmers in Hai district in Northern Tanzania to determine their relevance in establishing a community-based breeding program in the area. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which information was collected from 160 households randomly selected from 6 villages. Average household herd was 29.2 goats with majority keeping less than 20 goats. Major reasons for keeping goats were income generation, meat and milk production. Controlled mating was practiced mainly using apron and castration. Castration was practiced using traditional methods to control breeding and improve meat quality. Farmers in the study area had large goat flocks and a small buck to doe ratio. Farmers do not have a good understanding of inbreeding and its negative effects but practise other good breeding methods which could impact the productivity of their animals. Diseases and feed shortages were the main constraints to production. Opportunities exist for a community-based breeding program to genetically improve goat productivity.
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