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Integration of Growing Milk Vetch in Winter and Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Can Improve Rice Yield in Double-Rice Cropping System 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Chun-huo Zhou Zun-kang Zhao Xiao-hua Pan Shan Huang Xue-ming Tan Jian-fu Wu Qing-hua Shi 《水稻科学》2016,23(3):132
To study whether integrative fertilization [growing milk vetch in winter and reducing the dose of chemical nitrogen(N) fertilizer] can improve rice yield, and to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms for integrative fertilization, a three-year field trial including two treatments, milk vetch-rice-rice(MRR) and winter fallow-rice-rice(FRR), was conducted in 2010, 2011 and 2012.Our results demonstrated that the MRR treatment could significantly improve rice yield compared with the FRR treatment, especially when the application ratio of milk vetch and chemical fertilizer was 1:2.MRR treatment increased the effective panicle number and the spikelet number per panicle.In addition, a higher tillering number, leaf area index, photosynthetic-potential and photosynthetic-potential to grain ratio were observed in MRR treatment, which could provide enough dry matter for yield formation.Moreover, in MRR treatment, we discovered a higher transportation ratio and transformation ratio of dry matter in culm and leaves, and a stronger total sink capacity and spikelet-root bleeding intensity at the heading stage and 15 d after heading.Furthermore, the MRR treatment showed higher total N, phosphorus and potassium uptakes than FRR treatment, which was associated with the higher root dry weight in each soil layers.These results suggest that growing milk vetch in winter can improve rice yield under less chemical N fertilizer application, which is due to the improvement of soil nutrient status and the increased of rice root growth and development. 相似文献
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为探究秸秆还田氮在后茬稻/麦中的有效性及其去向,运用15N同位素示踪技术,设置秸秆直接还田、秸秆添加腐熟剂还田两个处理,采用大田微区试验连续种植一季冬小麦和一季水稻,分析15N标记的水稻和小麦秸秆氮在后茬小麦、水稻不同生育时期植株各器官的分配及去向特征。结果表明,秸秆直接还田处理与秸秆添加腐熟剂还田处理下,稻田中小麦还田秸秆的当季腐解率分别为72.71%和80.18%,麦田中水稻还田秸秆的当季腐解率分别为58.53%和68.90%,水稻季显著高于小麦季;小麦季和水稻季植株吸收的氮素中,来自还田前茬秸秆15N 氮的比例不同,其中小麦季分别为3.13%~3.36%和3.72%~3.85%,水稻季分别为3.19%~3.84%和3.60%~4.20%,水稻季略高于小麦季。与秸秆直接还田处理相比,秸秆添加腐熟剂还田处理能显著促进秸秆腐解,增加小麦和水稻各时期植株对还田秸秆15N 氮的利用率,并提高还田标记15N 氮在土壤中的残留率,抑制还田秸秆中15N 氮的损失率,即采用秸秆添加腐熟剂还田能提高秸秆氮素转化率和有效性。 相似文献
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为找出猪场最优节水处理模式,进而以其沼液低成本配制高效有机液体复合肥,以海南省海口市美兰区罗牛山农场猪栏每天用水量一水池厌氧发酵正常排出的普通沼液为对照,分别收集各节水处理猪粪尿进行厌氧发酵,而后测定沼液中养分N、P、K含量。结果表明:在节水处理条件下猪粪尿厌氧发酵后其沼液养分N、P、K含量远高于对照,池中用水量越少,其沼液养分N、P、K含量越高;留存时间越长,其沼液养分N、P、K含量越高;因饲料不同,同等条件下猪食用303青牧原饲料废水沼液养分含量高于猪食用313青牧原饲料。最优的节水收集模式为133 kg池中用水量、留存3 d、猪食用青牧原303饲料的模式。为达到沼液中较高的养分含量,建议猪栏水池中采用较少的用水量、较长的留存时间来收集原材料。 相似文献
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通过不同施肥水平对紫云英鲜草产量影响的试验,结果表明:应用钙、镁、磷肥拌种,水稻收割后增施磷肥及开春后及时追施氮肥,能显著提高紫云英鲜草产量。 相似文献
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冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探讨冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,以冬闲—双季稻为对照,设计了油菜—双季稻、紫云英—双季稻、黑麦草—双季稻、马铃薯—双季稻4种复种模式,进行对比试验。试验结果显示:与冬闲相比,油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田提高了水稻有效穗数和穗粒数,水稻平均产量增加,增幅分别为4. 44%、6. 50%、4. 76%、6. 69%;油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田后土壤平均pH值比冬闲分别下降0. 07、0. 11、0. 25、0. 08个单位,平均有效磷含量分别下降25. 0%、17. 6%、22. 5%、28. 6%,降幅明显;土壤碱解氮含量增幅大小顺序为紫云英还田处理>油菜秸秆还田处理>黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为4. 41%、1. 39%、1. 36%;有机质含量增幅大小顺序为油菜秸秆还田处理>马铃薯秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为3. 0%、1. 2%;速效钾含量增加的只有黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅为7. 4%。表明紫云英—双季稻和油菜—双季稻是较好的复种模式。 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):271-277
AbstractThe effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using 15N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers. 相似文献
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冬季种养结合对双季稻生长与土壤肥力的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】以长江中下游地区冬季休闲稻田为研究对象,研究冬季种养制度对后季稻田土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响,以期为南方稻田生态保育提供理论依据。【方法】设置紫云英养鸡(milk vetch+ chicken, MC)、黑麦草养鸡(ryegrass + chicken, RC)、单种紫云英(milk vetch, M)、单种黑麦草(ryegrass, R)及冬闲(winter fallow, WF) 5个处理。【结果】冬季种养期间,MC和RC两处理水稻产量均显著高于其他处理,且MC处理增产效果最佳。MC和RC两处理能显著提高双季稻田有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,与冬闲相比分别提高了17.36%和22.95%、73.73%和250.48%、76.36%和85.11%、67.89%和70.05%;土壤全磷和速效磷含量以M处理最高;各处理对全钾含量影响不大。相关分析表明,水稻理论产量与成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮、有机质含量显著相关(P<0.05),冬季种养主要通过提高有效穗数影响水稻产量。【结论】与冬闲和单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田有利于土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量的提高;与单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田更有利于水稻分蘖数、叶面积系数和干物质量与稻谷产量的形成,且紫云英养鸡处理效果最显著。冬季种养结合模式下,有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮利于增源扩库,促进水稻增产。因此,冬闲田种养结合可满足后季水稻生长的养分需求,在稻田生态保育的基础上促进水稻增产,对长江中下游地区稻田可持续发展具有极其重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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缓/控释肥对双季稻产量和氮素利用率的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
为明确缓/控释肥(slow/controlled-release fertilizer,CRF)在水稻上的应用效果,连续2年在南方双季稻区第四纪红壤发育的水稻土上进行双季稻大田试验,比较了不施氮肥(CK)、推荐分3次施肥(OF)、一次性基施缓/控释肥(100CRF)和一次性基施80%缓/控释肥(80CRF)条件下,双季稻的产量形成、氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,2年4季产量平均表现为80CRF100CRFOFCK,其中80CRF、100CRF和OF分别比CK增产25.32%、23.93%和22.54%(P0.05),而各施氮处理间无显著差异;2年籽粒平均吸氮量中,早稻100CRF、80CRF处理均显著高于OF处理(P0.05),晚稻100CRF处理显著高于OF处理(P0.05),但80CRF处理与OF无显著差异,秸秆吸氮量与籽粒一致。100CRF、80CRF处理下氮肥吸收利用率均显著高于OF处理(P0.05);氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力以80CRF最高,显著高于100CRF和OF处理(P0.05);2012年晚季80CRF的氮肥生理利用率、土壤氮素依存率最高,显著高于100CRF处理(P0.05),2013年早晚稻均以OF处理最高,显著高于100CRF处理(P0.05);2年定位试验中的80CRF处理与OF处理氮素生理利用率无显著差异。因此,一次性施用缓/控释肥产量水平与推荐分次施肥水平相当,但施用缓/控释肥能显著提高水稻氮素吸收量和含量。全量施缓/控释肥虽能提高早晚稻氮肥吸收利用率,但氮素生理利用率降低;在推荐施肥的基础上减量20%施用缓/控释肥的早晚稻氮肥吸收利用率、农艺利用率、偏生产力均显著提高,氮肥生理利用率与推荐施肥无差异;即在稳产的基础上,提高了氮素的利用效果,是值得推荐的施肥方式。 相似文献
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Nitrogen (N) fertilization of sugarcane crops is a common practice used to reach sustainable levels of productivity, both for plant cane and especially for the ratoon. However, when evaluating the amount of N in the plant derived from fertilizer (NDDF) at harvest, this contribution is approximately 20% of total plant biomass N, which raises questions regarding the efficiency of N fertilization. The goal of this study was to evaluate the N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) during the sugarcane crop development, for both plant cane and first ratoon crop cycles. Two field experiments were performed in São Paulo State, Brazil, in Arenic Kandiustults and in Typic Eutrustox. The sugarcane was mechanically harvested without burning. N fertilizer for both the plant cane (doses of 40, 80 and 120 kg ha−1 of N as urea) and the first ratoon (doses of 50 and 100 kg ha−1 of N as ammonium sulfate) was labeled 15N. The results showed that NDFF contributed up to 40% of the total N in the plant cane at initial stages of development. The magnitude of this contribution decreased during stages of maturity to approximately 10% of total N at harvest. In the first ratoon, application of N fertilizer was more effective for crop nutrition, constituting up to 70% of total N in initial stages of development and decreasing through the cycle, reaching approximately 30% at harvest. Therefore, studies that evaluate NDDF only at harvest can lead to underestimating the role of N fertilizer for sugarcane nutrition. The higher NDFF in ratoon explains why this crop cycle presents a more consistent response to N fertilization than plant cane, as observed in several studies developed under Brazilian conditions in the last decades. 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):388-397
AbstractIntercropping and relay intercropping systems, which significantly improve land use efficiency, are used worldwide to increase crops yield. The wheat-maize-soybean relay intercropping system has been widely employed by famers in Southwestern China for years, but the detailed mechanisms through which the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency reach the high level in this system remain unclear. In the present study, two separate pot experiments were performed by 15 N isotope dilution (ID) labeling and direct 15N foliar feeding (FF) assays, and a solid barrier was employed to prevent the roots intergrowth and N movement among crops in the first experiment, using no barrier as the control. The results showed that, under the no-barrier condition, the grain yields, 15N uptake and 15N recovery efficiency of wheat and maize were significantly increased, but those measures in soybean were decreased compared to the solid barrier condition. Furthermore, bi-directional N transfer was detected during the co-growing stage of crops, the amount (Ntransfer) and percentage (%NT) of 15N transferred varied significantly with the fertilizer-N rate, and the maximum reached at 150 – 300 kg N ha–1 level. The Ntransfer from maize to wheat was 16.1% – 163.0% higher than that from wheat to maize; the Ntransfer from soybean to maize was 1.7 – 6.0 times higher than those from maize to soybean, while the %NT from soybean to maize were 6.7 – 22.2 times higher than those from maize to soybean. Conclusively, this study revealed that the interaction of the roots among crops significantly increased the uptake efficiency and recovery efficiency, and further, the positive N competition and bi-directional N transfer of each crops were the main contributors to improve the N use efficiency in the wheat-maize-soybean relay intercropping system. 相似文献
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Nitrogen(N) use efficiency is usually less than 50%, and it remains a major problem in rice cultivation. Controlled release fertilizer(CRF) technology is one of the well-known efforts to overcome this problem. The efficiency of CRF, however, is very much dependent on the timing of nutrient release. This study was conducted to determine the precise time of N uptake by rice as a guideline to develop efficient CRF. Fertilizer N uptake by rice at different growth stages was investigated by using 15 N isotopic technique. Rice was planted in pots, with 15 N urea as N source at the rate of 120 kg/hm2. Potassium and phosphorus were applied at the same rate of 50 kg/hm2. Standard agronomic practices were employed throughout the growing periods. Rice plants were harvested every two weeks until maturation at the 14 th week and analyzed for total N and 15 N content. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer was calculated. Total N uptake in plants consistently increased until the 11 th week. After that, it started to plateau and finally declined. Moreover, N utilization by rice plants peaked at 50%, which occurred during the 11 th week after transplanting. N derived from fertilizer in rice plants were in the range of 18.7% to 40.0% in all plant tissues. The remaining N was derived from soil. Based on this study, N release from CRF should complete by the 11 th week after planting to ensure the maximum fertilizer N uptake by rice plants. Efficient CRF should contribute to higher N derived from fertilizer which also resulted in a higher total N uptake by rice plants, increasing the potential of rice to produce higher yield while at the same time of reducing loss. 相似文献
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为明确不同施氮水平下生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和产量的影响,2019年和2020年在中国水稻研究所富阳试验基地开展大田试验,设置普通机插条件下0及13 kg/667 m2两个氮肥水平,生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植下13 kg/667 m2和 11 kg/667 m2 两个氮肥水平。结果表明,相同施氮量下,与不覆膜相比,覆膜机插水稻产量2019年和2020年分别增加6.1%和2.6%,成熟期干物质积累量分别增加17.4%和5.3%;在覆膜机插条件下,氮肥减施15%,与氮肥不减施处理相比水稻产量及干物质积累量差异不大,但氮肥偏生产力显著提高,说明覆膜机插在保障一定产量的条件下,能够减少氮肥施用,避免过量施肥造成环境污染,为水稻稳产和绿色高效提供一种新的种植方式。 相似文献
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W. Kaewpradit B. Toomsan G. Cadisch P. Vityakon V. Limpinuntana P. Saenjan S. Jogloy A. Patanothai 《Field Crops Research》2009
Groundnut as a pre-rice crop is usually harvested 1–2 months before rice transplanting. During this lag phase much of N in groundnut residues could be lost due to rapid N mineralization. Mixing of abundantly available rice straw with groundnut residues may be a means for reducing N and improve subsequent crop yields. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of mixing groundnut residues and rice straw in different proportions on (a) growth and yield of succeeding rice, (b) groundnut residue N use efficiency and (c) N lost (15N balance) from the plant–soil system and fate of residue N in soil fractions. The experiment consisted of six treatments: (i) control (no residues), (ii) NPK (at recommended rate, 38 kg N ha−1), (iii) groundnut residues 5 Mg ha−1 (120 kg N ha−1), (iv) rice straw 5 Mg ha−1 (25 kg N ha−1), (v) 1:0.5 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 2.5 Mg ha−1), and (vi) 1:1 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 5 Mg ha−1). After rice transplanting, samples of the lowland rice cultivar KDML 105 were periodically collected to determine growth and nutrient uptake. At final harvest, dry weight, nutrient contents and 15N recovery of labeled groundnut residues were evaluated. 相似文献
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长期施钾和秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以不同钾肥施用量为主处理、秸秆还田为副处理,在田间试验条件下,研究了水稻的钾素需求规律以及秸秆还田对水稻生长及产量的影响。研究结果表明,水稻产量随施钾量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,钾肥主要是通过影响水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率进而影响水稻产量。施钾量为90 kg/hm~2和135 kg/hm~2时,产量分别比对照增加7.3%和11.5%,且此时钾肥利用效率高;施钾量为225 kg/hm~2时,水稻在生育期内对钾有明显奢侈吸收现象,产量比对照增产7.6%。由此可见,苏北贫钾地区适宜的施钾量为90~135 kg/hm~2。小麦秸秆还田对水稻前期生长会产生不利影响,但随秸秆的发酵分解,对水稻的营养生长、生殖生长都有一定促进作用。 相似文献
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Nitrogen (N) dynamics in plants during their development in agricultural crops has to be well understood in order to design management practices that lead to maximum productivity with minimum N loss from the system. In a labeled fertilizer field study 15N accumulation in different plant parts of mature coffee was observed over time. The objective was to ascertain the time of greatest crop N demand as a scientific basis for designing fertigation schedules. Coffee plantations of central Brazil are routinely fertigated only with extremely high applications of N. Good coffee bean production should be sustainable by applying lower N quantities at those frequencies designated by additional scientific criteria. The experiment was carried out over a complete coffee cropping cycle (2008/2009) in a field of low soil fertility in the Brazilian savanna “cerrado”. Rates of 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg N ha−1 year−1 as 15N-labeled urea were applied via fertigation, divided equally over the year into 26 portions, distributed every 14 days. Changes of N absorption in various plant compartments indicated that fertilizer use could be improved if a lower rate is applied only up to the beginning of fruit maturation, focusing on the stage before fruit filling. This specific stage was found to be the period of greatest N consumption by leaf and fruit. 15N absorption data showed that it is possible to decrease the routine fertilization rate of 600 to a much lower value, of order of 200 kg N ha−1 without decreasing the production of coffee beans. 相似文献
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分析了不同肥料运筹方式对杂交籼稻茎蘖动态、穗粒结构、养分吸收及肥料效应的影响,探讨了在高产栽培条件下的施肥指标,百公斤稻谷需N 1.83~1.98 kg,无氮基础产量百公斤稻谷需N 1.11 kg,氮肥利用率36.6~48.0%,氮肥基肥、蘖肥和穗肥的最佳比例40%、20%和40%,应用修正后的stanford公式实现杂交籼稻精确定量施肥。 相似文献
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为了明确水稻秧池培肥技术对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响,以便为苏北地区水稻机插秧技术推广应用提供参考,通过大田随机区组试验,设置不施肥(CK)、复合肥+尿素(CF+N)、二铵+尿素(TF+N)、复合肥+尿素+有机肥(CF+N+O)、二铵+尿素+有机肥(TF+N+O)5个处理,研究水稻秧池有机肥培肥对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,TF+N处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加13.52%、20.14%、10.19%、9.09%、5.00%;CF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加7.29%、10.72%、13.64%、2.50%;TF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽分别显著增加11.21%、13.07%、9.38%、13.64%。在产量方面,与CK相比,TF+N处理的穗数、穗粒数、理论产量和实际产量分别显著增加4.56%、8.91%、14.13%、11.60%,CF+N+O处理的实际产量显著增加9.63%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,短期内有机肥培肥秧池效果不显著;二铵配施尿素培肥秧池效果最好,水稻产量最高。 相似文献
20.
沼液与氮肥配施对小麦产量及品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给小麦高产优质生产中沼液利用提供依据,在大田条件下,研究了沼液与氮肥配施对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,在全生育期总施氮量240 kg·hm-2条件下,在基施化肥氮基础上追施沼液,尤其基施75％化肥氮和追施25％沼液氮配合处理(3/4U+1/4B)显著提高了淀粉糊化特性参数(峰值黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值和反弹值)、粉质参数(形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数)和拉伸参数(拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比).籽粒蛋白组分(总蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)含量以基施50％化肥氮和追施50％沼液氮配合处理(1/2U+1/2B)最高,3/4U+1/4B处理次之.籽粒蛋白组分、粉质与拉伸参数均以单施沼液处理(1/2B+1/2B)最低,单施化肥氮的处理(1/2U+1/2U)次之,而淀粉糊化特性参数以1/2U+1/2U处理最差,施用沼液的处理较1/2U+1/2U处理提高2.0％～6.5％.与1/2U十1/2U处理相比,基施沼液与追施化肥氮配合处理产量提高,而基施化肥氮与追施沼液氮处理的产量降低.可见在基施沼液的基础上追施化肥氮可提高小麦产量,其中1/2B+1/2U处理能够高产和优质兼顾,单施沼液效果低下. 相似文献