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1.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):373-382
Abstract

The varietal difference of pod dehiscence in 25 soybean cultivars consisting of 16 Japanese and 9 Thai cultivars was examined at 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after placing in a desiccator (desiccator method) and 2, 4 and 7 hrs after placing in an oven at 60ºC (oven-dried method). The cultivars examined were divided into susceptible and resistant groups according to the degree of pod dehiscence. Most of the Japanese cultivars (excepting Suzuotome) and NS1 were susceptible while most of the Thai cultivars (excepting NS1) and Suzuotome were resistant to dehiscence. The degrees of pod dehiscence measured by the desiccator and oven-dried methods were nearly the same, and the moisture content of the pods not dehisced was always higher than that of the dehisced pod. The effect of ambient humidity on pod dehiscence was examined in five soybean cultivars SJ5, Shirotae, Tamahomare, CM60 and Fukuyutaka. When the pods were exposed to 15 or 25% relative humidity (RH), the pods of susceptible cultivars, Shirotae, Tamahomare and Fukuyutaka, started to dehisce at 24 hrs after the start of the treatment, but those of resistant cultivars, SJ5 and CM60, did not dehisce for 72 hrs. None of the cultivars dehisced under 50 and 60% RH. These results revealed that placing the pods in the desiccator for 14 days (desiccator method) or exposing the pods to 60ºC for 7 hrs in an oven (oven-dried method) were useful methods for checking the degree of dehiscence.  相似文献   

2.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):292-296
Abstract

The relationship between pod dehiscence and the position and moisture content of pods was examined in two soybean cultivars, Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu. The frequency of pod dehiscence at different parts of the stem was assessed by the strain-gauge method. Pods of the two cultivars were classifi ed into indehiscent, dehiscent (dehisced by the strain-gauge method) and naturally dehiscent pods. The moisture content of pods was measured after drying in a hot-air oven at 105±1°C for 24 hrs. In both Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu, the pods at maturity were not dehisced at any part of the stem due to the high moisture content of pods. After maturity, the frequency of pod dehiscence at the upper part of the stem increased as the moisture content of pods decreased in both Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu. A similar tendency was observed in both the fi eld and the pot experiments. The frequency of pod dehiscence was higher at the upper part of the stem and increased as the moisture content of pods decreased.  相似文献   

3.
对中黄13、SK12等7个品种（系）不同节位分枝、结荚特性分析研究,结果表明：主茎自3节开始结荚,荚粒占70％以上,随节位呈抛物线变化。分枝着生在3—8节,呈正态分布;分枝荚粒随节位上升直线下降。分枝数、主茎荚粒与单株生产力正相关。对中黄13豆荚长、宽、厚度动态变化和豆荚、籽粒质量变化分析研究,结果表明：豆荚长、宽度先期同步快速增长,达到恒定值后则趋于稳定;厚度先缓增后降,顶部开花40d左右最大。籽粒体积随着豆荚厚度增减而增减。鲜荚质量变化可用e的二次多项式指数曲线描述,豆荚、籽粒和百粒干物质积累可拟合直线和Logistic曲线,荚壳质量变化为抛物线。因此高产栽培要保花增荚增粒。  相似文献   

4.
Reasons for genetic yield improvement in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) during cultivar development are not clearly understood. Since greater yield in new vs. old cultivars is largely regulated by final vegetative total dry matter (VTDM[R7]) and/or production efficiencies for node, pod, and seed yield components ([yield component no.]/?VTDM[R7] [no. g?1]), our objective was to clarify the importance of these two factors for yield improvement in 18 public southern cultivars released between 1953 and 1999. The study was done near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 2007 and 2008, with a validation study in 2009. Yield increases were affected by increased production efficiencies for nodes, reproductive nodes (node bearing at least one viable pod), pods, and seeds (R2 = 0.42–0.47), but not VTDM(R7). Increased yield component production efficiencies resulted in greater harvest index (HI; R2 = 0.55–0.73), which in turn, resulted in greater yield (R2 = 0.42). We concluded that a major factor contributing to yield increases between old and new cultivars was increased yield component production efficiency.  相似文献   

5.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):243-246
Abstract

Pod growth in soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) begins several days after flower opening, compared with more immediate growth in other beans. We investigated the relationship between genotype, raceme order of pod set, assimilate supply or photoperiod and the length of lag period of pod growth (LP, days from flower opening to the time when pod length reaches 10 mm). Soybean (five cultivars) plants were grown in a greenhouse and in the field in 2001. The lengths of pods developed from 20 flowers which opened on the same day and set on the same raceme order, were measured every other day. The length of LP varied with the cultivar from 5 to 16 days and it was longer in late cultivars. The LP in the primary raceme (early flowers) was 15 days but that in the secondary raceme (late flowers) was 8 days. Both late sowing and short photoperiod (lOh) after the start of flowering shortened the LP by up to 7 days in Enrei and 5 days in Fukuyutaka. However, neither sink (except the target racemes) removal nor BA application to the target racemes at the start of flowering affected the length of LP, even though these treatments were expected to stimulate pod growth.  相似文献   

6.
为解析豆荚结构特征及其与大豆品种对食心虫抗性的关系,对45份东北春大豆品种的荚毛密度、长度、颜色、形状及荚皮各层组织厚度等结构特征进行观测分析,提出相对抗性系数法对大豆品种抗虫性进行评价,结果表明:45个品种荚毛密度的频次分布符合韦布尔方程Y_(荚毛密度)=9.21(1-EXP(-((X-2.77)/2.90)^-6.37)),荚毛长度的频次分布符合双曲线方程Y_(荚毛长度)=-151.28+138.39X-29.46X~2;荚皮表皮角质层、皮下厚壁细胞层、中果皮细胞层、内壁细胞组织层厚度的频次分布均符合二次曲线方程,分别为Y_(角质层)=-42.23+2.30X-0.02X~2、Y_(厚壁)=-103.14+3.12X-0.021X~2、Y_(中果皮)=-72.32+0.23X-0.000 1X~2、Y_(内壁)=-109.17+1.44X-0.004X~2。品种抗选择系数k_1、抗钻入系数k_2、综合抗性系数k_(综合)与虫食率的相关系数分别为R_1=-0.649(P=0.004 0)、R_2=-0.723(P=0.025 8)、R_(综合)=-0.717(P=0.000 1),均呈极显著负相关,表明可以将相对抗性系数作为评价当地品种抗性的指标。  相似文献   

7.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):199-206
Abstract

Soybean plants differentiate abundant floral buds, but most of them fail to grow pods and abort during development. Many studies indicated promotive effects of exogenously applied cytokinin on pod setting, but the effects of auxin application on pod set are ambiguous. In this study, we examined the changes in the concentrations of endogenous auxin and cytokinin in racemes and the effects of application of the two hormones on pod setting to clarify the role of auxin and cytokinin in soybean pod setting. The long-raceme soybean genotype IX93-100 was grown in pots and in the field. The auxin (IAA, indoleacetic acid) concentration in racemes was high for a long period from pre-anthesis to 9 days after anthesis (DAA) of the first flower on a raceme, but the cytokinin concentration was high for a short period, with a peak at 9 DAA. The IAA concentration was higher in distal portions of racemes, but the cytokinin concentration was higher in basal portions of racemes. In pot-grown plants, IAA applied to racemes tended to reduce the number of flowers and pods. In contrast, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) applied to racemes before anthesis tended to reduce the number of flowers and pods, and that applied around 7 DAA significantly increased the pod-set percentage. However, these effects of IAA and BA application were slight in field-grown plants. These results indicate that the concentration of endogenous auxin and cytokinin in racemes changes in a different manner, and that cytokinins have a positive, and auxin a negative effect on pod setting when respective hormones are applied to racemes after the anthesis stage.  相似文献   

8.
为探明高产春大豆花荚期干物质积累与花荚形成的关系,田间随机区组排列法研究10个高产大豆品种(系)的花期、花荚期干物质增量分别与开花数、成荚数、产量的关系。结果表明,产量在4 527.4～5 734.2 kg·hm-2的范围内,花期干物质增量与产量相关不显著,花荚期干物质增量与产量呈极显著正相关,总花数、总荚数均与产量呈显著正相关;花期干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,Y_1=-0.050 3X■+42.285X_1-5 312.2,R^2=0.673 9~*;花荚期的干物质增量与成荚数呈线性关系,Y_2=0.090 4X_5+419.47,R^2=0.719 4**;开花期叶片干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,花荚期茎秆、叶片、叶柄干物质增量与成荚数均呈二次曲线关系。花期和花荚期过少或过多茎叶干物质积累量均不利于花、荚形成。花期茎叶稳健生长,荚期荚快速生长有利于增加开花数、成荚数。在花期、花荚期地上部干物质增量分别为4 373,7 801 kg·hm-2、荚干重占33.8%,总花数为3 773.3×10~4朵·hm-2、总荚数为1 127.3×10~4个·hm-2,产量可达5 734.2 kg·hm-2,其干物质成花效率、成荚效率依次为8.63朵·g-1、1.45个·g-1。  相似文献   

9.
以抗大豆食心虫的6份基因型和3份感虫基因型为材料,分析比较其次生代谢产物及相关酶类的差异。结果表明,抗虫品种籽粒中类黄酮含量、荚皮中多酚氧化酶活性明显高于感虫品种,抗虫和感虫品种间,总酚含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性无明显的趋势。  相似文献   

10.
初花期干旱对甘蓝型油菜生理和农艺性状的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
初花期是油菜生殖生长的关键时期。为研究干旱对这一时期油菜的影响,在人工控水条件下(当土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%时计为干旱胁迫开始,处理持续10d,然后复水;CK正常灌水,保持田间持水量在80%~85%),利用4个具有不同耐旱性的甘蓝型油菜品种浔油8号、阳光2009、浙油50和华油杂13号,研究生理特性、农艺性状和产量的变化。结果表明,在干旱胁迫10d后,耐旱性品种(浔油8号和阳光2009)的叶片SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质、MDA含量变幅不大,可溶性糖含量小幅下降,CAT酶活性小幅增加,游离脯氨酸含量显著增加(其中浔油8号和阳光2009分别比对照增加了4.1倍和2.9倍)。相比之下,敏感性品种(浙油50和华油杂13号)的叶片SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均显著减少,MDA含量显著增加,CAT酶活性变幅不大,游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,但增幅小于耐旱品种。初花期干旱影响油菜的主要农艺性状和产量,表现为敏感性品种的株高、一次分枝数、相对分枝高、主花序长、主花序角果数、角果长、单株角果数、角果粒数和单株产量均显著下降,而且降幅明显大于耐旱性品种。  相似文献   

11.
以黑农38等6个不同基因型大豆为材料,在鼓粒期对豆荚和叶片的面积在主茎上垂直分布、荚皮和叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率等生理参数进行了研究.结果表明:高产春大豆在鼓粒期间荚面积为叶片面积的19.83%～35.44%,荚皮叶绿素含量为叶片的5.67%～8.20%,荚的真光合速率为叶片的13.32%～55.98%.黑农38的荚面积占叶面积百分比值、叶片的真光合速率均最高,分别为34.85%、26.4μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1);豆荚的真光合速率以吉育67最高,为8.48μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),石豆2号最低,为2.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1).荚的主要光合生理参数基因型之间的差异大.要进一步提高大豆产量,应发挥鼓粒期荚的光合潜力.  相似文献   

12.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):172-177
Abstract

Characteristics of flowering and pod set were compared between wild and cultivated types of soybean grown in pots (1/5000 a) in a vinyl house. The wild type had 10-fold more nodes than the cultivated type. The flowering habit of the wild type was similar to that of the indeterminate type. The wild type developed 10-fold more flowers than the cultivated type, but set relatively few pods. During the process of domestication from wild to cultivated type, i) the pole climbing characteristic disappeared and development of branches and racemes with compound leaves was repressed, resulting in a decreased number of nodes, ii) flower production decreased and the rate of pod set increased markedly, and iii) the number of pods decreased, but seed size became bigger.  相似文献   

13.
以长江中游地区夏大豆品种资源中随机抽取的９４个品种为材料，运用典型相关分析方法研究品种的蛋白质含量、油分含量、产量性状及其它农艺性状间的相互纲时利用通径分析方法研究产量、产量构成因素及与形态及生育期性状之间的关系。主要结果是：产量与产量构成因素之关系较大，与形态数量性状之关系次之，与生育期性状之关系较小。产量构成三因素中以荚数／株、百粒重对产量，生育前期及分枝数对荚数／株，生育前期及生育后期长短对  相似文献   

14.
Early planting contributed to increased soybean yields in the U.S. Because a double-cropping system dominates in southwestern Japan, early planting is not performed; it is thus unclear how much the yield potential could be increased by early planting. To address this question, we planted seven U.S. and five Japanese cultivars on around 20 May (early planting), measured the agronomic traits, including yield, yield components, and oil and protein contents, and compared these traits with those of the same cultivars planted on around 20 July (normal planting). In the early planting, the yields of the U.S. cultivars were 322–453 g m?2, whereas the highest yield among the Japanese cultivars was only 315 g m?2, which is significantly lower than those of the top five U.S. cultivars, indicating the adaptability of U.S. cultivars to early planting. The increases in yield obtained with early planting were 99–199 g m?2 and ?26–144 g m?2 for the U.S. and Japanese cultivars, respectively. The yield obtained by early planting was positively correlated with the pods m?2, seeds pod?1, and oil contents, but negatively correlated with the sterile pod rate, 100 seed weight and protein content. In the early planting, the U.S. cultivars had greater pods m?2, seeds pod?1 and oil content and less sterile pod rate, 100-seed weight, and protein content than the Japanese cultivars. These results suggest that early planting can increase the yield in southwestern Japan, if cultivars with agronomic traits observed in the U.S. cultivars of this study are grown.  相似文献   

15.
《Field Crops Research》2004,85(2-3):159-166
Root-originated chemical signals have been shown to regulate the response of vegetative shoot to drought in soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). However, their roles in the growth of soybean reproductive structures under drought stress have not yet been investigated. To explore this, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in which potted soybeans were either well-watered (WW) or subjected to six levels of drought stress. Irrigation was withheld in pots at six different dates before anthesis to induce drought of different severity (D1–D6) at sampling, viz. 4 days after anthesis (DAA). Root water potential, leaf water potential, pod water potential, xylem sap [ABA], pod fresh weight (FW), and pod set percentage were determined. Soil water status in the pot was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Pod FW started to decrease at FTSW=0.43±0.02, when pod water potential was similar to that in the WW plants, while root water potential had decreased to −0.15 MPa and xylem sap [ABA] had increased 9-fold as compared with the WW plants. Pod set started to decrease at FTSW=0.30±0.01, and coincided with the decrease in pod water potential. Pod set started to decrease only when pod FW had decreased ca. 30%. Based on the results, a potential role of drought-induced increase in xylem sap ABA in affecting pod growth was suggested. We proposed that a low pod water potential, which might have led to disruptions in metabolic activities in the pods, is important in determining pod abortion.  相似文献   

16.
河南省花生品种产量性状的遗传改良   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
选用近二十年在河南省推广的12个花生品种为试验材料,对花生品种主要性状的遗传改良进行了研究。结果表明,品种的产量及其构成因素得到了明显的改良。2000年以后审定的近期品种产量水平有较大提高,比早期（1994年以前）和中期（1995-1999年）的品种平均增产540kg／hm^2,增产幅度达6．8％。近期品种在单株果重、单株饱果数、百果重和单株有效果数上比中期和早期有极显著地增加,500g仁数显著降低,产量性状中只有出仁率和500g果数变化较小。近期品种的脂肪含量比早期品种有显著和极显著地提高,近期品种的蛋白质含量比中期品种有所下降,比早期品种都有极显著地提高,而且幅度较大。近期品种的株高较中期品种降低4．9cm,侧枝长减少4．33cm,总分枝数比前期和中期减少了2个左右,但结果枝数变化不大。生育期明显缩短,由前期的135～140d缩短到近期的120d左右。近期审定推广的珍珠豆型品种远杂9307与早期品种鲁花12号相比,大多数性状得到了明显地改良。从各性状的遗传变异系数和改良潜力看,单株有效果数、单株饱果数和单株果重的改良幅度较大,出仁率、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量较小。  相似文献   

17.
Genetic gains of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) have increased harvest index and disease tolerance, resulting in improved yield potential and broad-range adaptability of peanut cultivars to United States (U.S.) peanut production regions. Although this strategy has been successful, future yield increases may require peanut cultivars specifically adapted to environmental and management systems of a particular production region. Irrigation is one major management factor that varies across U.S. production regions and influences yield stability. Therefore, peanut germplasm selection for developing specifically adapted cultivars depends on knowledge of genotypic (G) pod yield responses to irrigation (M) across contrasting environmental (E) conditions (G × E × M interaction). The objectives of this 2-year study were to characterize germplasm by: (i) examining genotypic pod yield response to irrigation at locations in Florida and Texas; and (ii) estimating the genotypic pod yield performance and stability using genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplots. At the Florida location, genotypes New Mexico Valencia C (NMVC), COC 041, and Chico responded positively to increasing water application, whereas FloRun? ‘107?, C76 16, and FlavorRunner 458 responded negatively. Genotypes C76 16, ICGS 76, Chico, and ICGV 86015 had pod yields greater than the population mean. The genotype ICGS 76 had both high pod yields and stability. Pod yields of Chico were greater at the southwest locations, whereas ICGV 86015 had greater pod yields at the southeast locations. These results demonstrate a range in adaptability of distinct peanut genotypes that can be used in breeding programs for developing improved cultivars.

Abbreviations: G × E: genotype-by-environment interaction; G × E × M: genotype-by-environment-by-management interaction; G × M: genotype-by-management interaction; NMVC: New Mexico Valencia C; TWRPET: total water received as a percentage of ETo  相似文献   

18.
The aim of the work was to study changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of whole crop semi-leafless field pea over two growing seasons in the Po plain, Italy. Samples of two cultivars (Baccara and Sidney) were collected from flowering to grain maturity. The developmental stage, yield, dry matter (DM) content, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), starch, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), gross energy (GE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the net energy for lactation (NEL) were determined at each harvest. The forage characteristics were regressed on the growing degree days (GDD) with 4.4 °C as the base temperature. The DM yield increased with advancing maturity from 0.5 to 8.91 Mg ha−1, while the CP decreased from 261 to 159 g kg−1 DM. During the whole growth cycle the GE, OMD, NEL and milk forage units (milk FU) were almost steady. No differences were observed between the cultivars for any of the measured parameters. At grain maturity, the crop produced over 4.0 Mg ha−1 DM of grain. The CP, starch and WSC of the grain did not show any differences between the cultivars or years. The data showed that the nutritive quality of the forage of the semi-leafless grain pea harvested as a whole crop for ensiling purposes did not diminish with maturity and could help improve the self-sufficiency of dairy farms, in terms of home-grown protein forages.  相似文献   

19.
The number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod are the most variable yield components in winter oilseed rape (WOSR). Both the number of ovules per pod and the potential for the ovule to develop into a mature seed may depend on pod position in the plant architecture and time of appearance. The complex developmental pattern of WOSR makes it difficult to analyse. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variability of the following yield components (a) ovules/pod, (b) seeds/pod, and (c) pods/axis in relation to two explanatory variables. These two variables include (1) flower and inflorescence position and (2) time of pod appearance, linked to the effect of assimilate availability.Field experiments were conducted with the variety Mendel. Different trophic states were created by clipping the main stem or ramifications. The number and position of flowers that bloomed within the inflorescence were recorded based on observations every two to three days throughout the flowering season.On the control plants, for the main stem we observed that the number of ovules per pod decreased for a few ranks and then tended to increase and again to decrease at the end. On ramification R1 and R4, the number of ovules increased at first, and then remained constant with the pod rank. Furthermore, the number of ovules per pod remained constant along the inflorescence on the other ramifications and increased with ramifications from top to bottom. The number of seeds per pod did not vary with the pod rank at the basal positions on inflorescences and decreased afterwards along the inflorescence. The clipping of the main stem or ramifications increased the number of ovules per pod, seeds per pod and pods per axis. The number of ovules and seeds per pod did not vary with the time of pod appearance for the pods located at normalised rank 0.01-0.1. However, the number of ovules and seeds per pod can be impacted by the time of pod appearance on the plant scale. Thus, our results indicate that the amount of available assimilates was the primary determinant of pod and seed production during the flowering period. The distribution of resources was significantly affected by both the positions of pods within an inflorescence and the position of inflorescences within a plant.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract Cerastium holosteoides is a short‐lived plant often found in small proportions on dry and mesotropic semi‐natural, species‐rich grassland communities. To obtain more information about its nutritive value, two experiments on Arrhenatheretum elatioris grassland were carried out to examine the effect of harvest date on in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), acid‐detergent lignin (ADL), estimated net energy for lactation (NEL) and crude protein (CP) concentrations of C. holosteoides, and selection of this plant by dairy cows grazing on semi‐natural grassland. C. holosteoides starts flowering in spring and continuously develops new flowers on new branches throughout the summer. Harvests were made in relation to particular growth stages of Dactylis glomerata present in the sward: (A) tillering; (B) stem elongation; (C) ear emergence; (D) flowering; and (E) ripening. Chemical composition and nutritive value were evaluated in 1998 and 1999. With advancing maturity, IVOMD of C. holosteoides decreased from 0·771 at growth stage A to 0·485 at growth stage E. At the same time, CP concentration decreased from 153 to 69 g kg?1 dry matter (DM) and estimated NEL concentration from 6·00 to 4·07 MJ kg?1 DM. With advancing maturity, there was a significant increase in NDF, ADF and ADL concentrations. In the summer harvest season, C. holosteoides contained significantly higher NDF, ADF and ADL concentrations, lower NEL concentration and had a lower IVOMD value than in the spring. Differences between years were also found for IVOMD and for NDF, ADF, ADL and NEL concentrations. In a grazing experiment in the year 1999, at growth stage B, Simmental cows grazed an A. elatioris sward in which the main species was D. glomerata (0·092), and the proportion of C. holosteoides was 0·034. C. holosteoides was, on average, grazed by cows to the same relative extent as other species in the sward.  相似文献   

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