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1.
本文根据作者的观察和测量 ,对西安市白鹿塬塬区的土壤侵蚀状况进行了研究。研究表明 ,白鹿塬塬区确定土壤侵蚀的主要依据是土层厚度的变化 ,并非侵蚀面。塬区侵蚀是塬边侵蚀较强 ,向塬里侵蚀逐渐减弱。塬面上高地侵蚀弱 ,低地侵蚀强 ,暂时性线状流水长期汇集而成的冲沟对黄土塬区土壤的侵蚀更加强烈。气候对土壤侵蚀也有影响 ,冷干和温湿气候均会产生土壤侵蚀 ,冷干期侵蚀量比温湿期大 ,前者侵蚀厚度比后者大 7倍多  相似文献   

2.
为了给秦巴山区宁强县的水土保持与土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据,本研究利用遥感影像解译和GIS技术,得到研究区土地利用现状、植被覆盖和数字高程模型(DEM)等数据,并利用USLE模型计算研究区的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,研究区的土壤侵蚀面积轻度占47.015%,中度占33.36%,强度占12.53%。土壤侵蚀严重的地区主要分布在研究区的东北部,并且也是灌溉水田、水浇地、旱地和菜地分布的区域;本研究还运用GIS和遥感技术,选用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)成功估算了宁强县的侵蚀模数及各种侵蚀等级面积,研究结果与二调结果相符合。  相似文献   

3.
黄土沟谷的发育演化进程研究对于发掘沟谷形成与土壤侵蚀的内在机理,指导黄土地区生态修复有深刻的指导意义。基于沟谷水平空间、气候、沟谷点线面特征选取10个沟谷发育程度量化指标,利用组合熵权RSR法优异的多因子综合性分档评价能力建立董志塬沟谷发育阶段分级评价模型,探究黄土沟谷的发育演化及分布规律。研究发现:(1)基于熵权法计算归一化植被指数(NDVI)所占权重最高为16.08%,其次为沟谷密度(15.621%),两者是判断沟谷发育程度的重要指标。(2)基于组合熵权RSR法将董志塬82条沟谷发育程度分为幼年期、青年期、壮年期和老年期,壮年期和老年期沟谷面积占比为88.48%,董志塬东部及北部发育程度较高,对于塬面侵蚀强烈。(3)沟谷发育程度与其下伏古地貌、构造地质和黄土厚度有着高度相关性。(4)模型方差一致性检验显著性水平P<0.001,线性回归拟合优度R2为0.986,评价模型表现良好。  相似文献   

4.
以青海省乐都县、互助县6条侵蚀沟为研究对象,收集了研究区域的降雨、地形地貌、植被、土壤等数据,系统分析了各因子与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,该研究区域年侵蚀厚度与年降雨总量的变化规律不明显,土壤容重、植被覆盖度和坡度三个因子的共同作用对侵蚀量有显著的影响。区域内各影响因子对土壤侵蚀影响的大小排序为:植被盖度坡度土壤容重土壤可蚀性降雨侵蚀力,再次说明退耕还林(还草)工程能够有效改善区域水土流失问题。  相似文献   

5.
在ARCGIS 9.3地理信息系统支持下,实现了土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的分级及其空间分析。以青藏高原东北部的共和盆地塔拉滩草原为研究对象,首先采用地球化学放射性同位素-137Cs侵蚀模型估算土壤侵蚀量,再由土壤年均侵蚀量、土层厚度和土壤容重得到抗蚀年限图。参照水利部标准将土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为5级,同时分析了不同坡度和不同土地利用类型上的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度。研究表明:共和盆地塔拉滩的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度以轻险型为主,从土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数(SEPDI)来看,属于轻度危险区域。  相似文献   

6.
基于GIS的藏东横断山区土壤侵蚀分布特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用ARC/INFO的空间分析与统计分析功能,从海拔、坡度、土壤以及土地利用四个方面,对藏东横断山区土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)从总体上来讲,三江河谷地带水蚀较强;山体中部以微度侵蚀为主,而森林采伐迹地土壤侵蚀严重;海拔4500m以上地带,冻融侵蚀严重。(2)不同的海拔与坡度等级下,4000-5000m与25°-35°土壤侵蚀最强。(3)水力侵蚀主要发生在褐土与灰褐土土壤类型,冻融侵蚀主要发生在寒冻土、黑毡土以及草毡土土壤类型。(4)土壤侵蚀主要发生在草地和林地,低覆盖草地上冻融侵蚀尤为严重。通过土壤侵蚀分布特征的研究,为土壤侵蚀防治对策提供科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落中庭院、户间道路和户间空地的土壤侵蚀状况研究表明,户间道路侵蚀强度最强,其次为户间空地,庭院最小。进一步分析侵蚀泥沙中>0.05mm粗颗粒和<0.01mm细颗粒的含量与平均泥沙含量的关系说明,户间道路径流挟沙能力强,因而侵蚀强度最大;庭院水流平缓,挟沙能力最小,其侵蚀强度最小,而户间空地侵蚀强度居于二者之间。说明在加强治理黄土高原土壤侵蚀治理的同时,应特别重视乡村聚落户间道路的土壤侵蚀问题。  相似文献   

8.
典型黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤有机质和氮的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
基于对黑土区松花江流域东山沟小流域坡耕地耕层土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量及土壤侵蚀速率的分析,研究了坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度与土壤有机质、氮素含量的相关性及坡面侵蚀、沉积对土壤有机质和氮素空间分布的影响。结果表明,土壤侵蚀强度在流域分布呈现上游>中游>下游;土壤侵蚀强度沿坡面分布呈现出较弱—强—弱的变化趋势,存在明显的侵蚀强弱交替变化规律。小流域土壤有机质和氮素含量空间分布特征与土壤侵蚀强度分布特征相对应,表现为流域上游<中游<下游;三种土壤养分沿坡长分布呈现较高—低—高的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率与土壤有机质、全氮含量之间呈极显著负相关关系,与碱解氮含量存在显著负相关关系,证实了土壤侵蚀是影响我国东北典型黑土区土壤质量下降最重要因素。  相似文献   

9.
基于GIS和USLE的三江平原土壤侵蚀定量评价   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
运用地理信息系统(GIS)结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE),根据研究区现状合理选择通用水土流失方程中土壤侵蚀各因子的计算方法,求算出三江平原2005年的土壤侵蚀量分布图,运用GIS的空间分析功能将研究区坡度、地貌和土地利用状况与土壤侵蚀强度等级分布图进行叠加分析,据此了解了该区域土壤侵蚀现状,土壤侵蚀的坡度和地貌分异特征以及土壤侵蚀与土地利用的关系。通过该分析以期为该区域的侵蚀防治、开展水土保持等政府宏观决策行为提供科学依据。  相似文献   

10.
选择甘肃省单户草地经营为主的天祝县和联户经营为主的合作市为研究区,采用RS和GIS技术并根据RULSE土壤流失模型,计算两地10 a间(2004—2014年)的草地土壤侵蚀模数,研究两地降雨、农牧业人口、家畜数量和畜牧业产值与水土流失的相关性,并用排除法分析造成两县草地土壤侵蚀模数差异的原因。结果显示:(1)天祝县和合作市土壤侵蚀现状以微度侵蚀为主;(2)天祝县年均土壤侵蚀模数比合作市高7. 21 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),10余年土壤侵蚀增加速率为合作市的4倍,各草地类型平均土壤侵蚀模数比合作市增长更快;(3)天祝县年降雨量与草地平均土壤侵蚀模数成显著正相关(R=0. 737,P 0. 05),合作市农牧业人口与草地平均土壤侵蚀模数成显著负相关(R=-0. 829,P 0. 05);(4)两县草地平均侵蚀模数差值与年降雨量差值不存在相关性(P 0. 05),合作市家畜超载率高于天祝县。认为草地经营模式是造成草地退化、水土流失的主要原因,且草地联户经营模式在防止水土流失方面优于单户经营模式。  相似文献   

11.
近50年西峰气候变化特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据西峰1951~2001年51 a系列的降水和气温实测资料对气候变化进行了分析。分析表明,1976年以前,年降水量有增加趋势,1976年以后,年降水量呈下降趋势,年均气温和年最低气温呈线性升高趋势。利用年降水量和年均气温距平百分比累计分析表明,西峰气候变化可以分为凉干期、凉湿期、暖湿期和暖干期等四个阶段。不同月份逐年气候变化分析结果表明,冬季和初春降水量增加,7、8、9三个月的降水量呈下降趋势。各月平均气温和最低气温均呈增加趋势。从气温变化季节特征分析,冬季暖湿化趋势明显,在初春季节最高气温下降,在降水较多的夏秋季节,气候显示为暖干化趋势。  相似文献   

12.
通过对西藏日喀则市大竹卡乡风成黄土剖面样品的粒度测试分析,划分出六个气候阶段,显示67.0±7.2kaB.P-10.4±1.6 kaB.P间经历了温暖湿润-干燥多风-温暖干燥-干燥多风-湿干偏湿-温暖湿润环境的变化。该地区的黄土是半干旱-半湿润气候条件下形成的砂黄土,粒度较黄土高原的黄土要粗,表明当时受行星风系及高原隆升的影响,冰期的温度整体较低,雅鲁藏布江中部流域受西南季风的影响减小,规模小的温暖湿润波动不能对气候产生影响。因此,本区地层中的记录信息较黄土高原简单,气候向干冷化发展。  相似文献   

13.
Wind erosion is one of the main drivers of soil loss in the world, which affects 20 million hectare land of Iran. Besides the soil loss, wind erosion contributes to carbon dioxide emission from the soil into the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate monthly and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide emission in four classes i.e., low, moderate, severe and very severe soil erosion and the interactions between air temperature and wind erosion in relation to carbon dioxide emission in the Bordekhun region, Boushehr Province, southwestern Iran. Wind erosion intensities were evaluated using IRIFR (Iran Research Institute of Forests and Ranges) model, in which four classes of soil erosion were identified. Afterward, we measured carbon dioxide emission on a monthly basis and for a period of one year using alkali traps in each class of soil erosion. Data on emission levels and erosion classes were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with twelve replications in each treatment. The highest rate of emission occurred in July (4.490 g CO2/(m2?d)) in severely eroded lands and the least in January (0.086 g CO2/(m2?d)) in low eroded lands. Therefore, it is resulted that increasing erosion intensity causes an increase in soil carbon dioxide emission rate at severe erosion intensity. Moreover, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide emission happened in summer and the minimum in winter. Soil carbon dioxide emission was just related to air temperature without any relationship with soil moisture content; since changes of soil moisture in the wet and dry seasons were not high enough to affect soil microorganisms and respiration in dry areas. In general, there are complex and multiple relationships between various factors associated with soil erosion and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming causes events that lead to more erosion, which in turn increases greenhouse gas emission, and rising greenhouse gases will cause more global warming. The result of this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of wind erosion and global climate warming towards carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.  相似文献   

14.
In pot studies, seeds of Alopecurus myosuroides were less dormant when produced under warm and dry, than under cool and wet conditions. The temperature to which plants were exposed had a greater effect on seed dormancy than soil moisture. The timing of temperature stress had a big impact on initial seed dormancy. The critical period was during seed maturation, irrespective of temperature conditions during the earlier phase of panicle emergence and anthesis. A much higher proportion (57–62%) of seeds collected from fields in 2001, 2003 and 2005 were non‐dormant than in 2002 and 2004 (22–28%). Meteorological records showed that the mid‐June to mid‐July periods in England for 2001, 2003 and 2005 were warmer than average but in 2002 and 2004 were cooler than average. Consequently, results for samples collected from fields support those from experiments conducted under more controlled conditions. Studies in outdoor micro‐plots showed that the differences in seed dormancy recorded with freshly produced seed did affect the rate of germination in the field, 2–3 months after shedding.  相似文献   

15.
秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水动态演变规律研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
在石家庄栾城县进行田间试验,在充分分析覆盖试验点与对比试验点系统误差的基础上研究了玉米秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水动态演变规律.研究表明,秸秆覆盖对土壤水动态的影响主要表现在相对干旱期(8月下旬~翌年4月下旬)与土壤浅层(0~70 cm),秸秆覆盖试验点土壤含水量、土壤水势均高于对比试验点,且随土壤深度增加,秸秆覆盖作用减弱,秸秆覆盖对180 cm以下土壤水动态影响微弱.当以地表棵间蒸发为主时,覆盖点比对比试验点蒸发量少26.7 mm,表明秸秆覆盖高效抑制土壤水无效蒸发;当以植被蒸腾作用为主时,覆盖点比对比试验点高3.3 mm,表明秸秆覆盖对作物蒸发作用影响微弱.干旱期秸秆覆盖点与对比试验点平均入渗速率分别为0.092 m m/d和0.115 mm/d,表明干旱期秸秆覆盖不利于深层土壤 (220 cm以下)水入渗;而丰水期秸秆覆盖点220 cm处入渗速率明显高于对比点,其平均速率分别为0.192 mm/d和0.096 mm/d,表明丰水期秸秆覆盖能有效促进深层入渗.  相似文献   

16.
Fruit set is highly relevant to a plant's reproductive success. Fruit set can vary due to predation on flowers, pollinator services and/or resource availability. Reproductive success, measured as the fruit set of the invasive Lantana camara and the endemic Lantana peduncularis in the cool–dry season and the warm–wet season of the Galapagos Islands, was studied. Also, autonomous self‐pollination ability and seed viability were probed for both species. Furthermore, flower visitors and their activity were registered for both species during the warm–wet season. Lantana peduncularis produced fewer flowers per inflorescence, but had a higher fruit set in the cool–dry season, compared to the warm–wet season. In contrast, the fruit set in L. camara did not change seasonally. The fruit set in L. camara was higher than in L. peduncularis in the warm–wet season. Moreover, ~18% of the bagged flowers of the invasive Lantana produced fruits by autonomous self‐pollination, while for the endemic Lantana, the rate of autonomous self‐pollination was very low. More than 80% of the fruits for both species had at least one viable seed per fruit. The number of pollinators and their frequency, inflorescence‐ and flower‐visiting rates and the duration of the visit per flower were higher in the invasive Lantana than in the endemic one. The endemic Lepidoptera Urbanus galapagensis (the main pollinator of both Lantana species) and the introduced Hymenia perspectalis were observed pollinating both Lantana species. These results indicate that the alien L. camara is more attractive to pollinators and it has reproductive advantages regarding fruit set in comparison with L. peduncularis, factors that contribute to the colonization pattern of this invasive species.  相似文献   

17.
结皮土壤的抗风蚀性分析   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
土壤结皮是土壤在自然状态下形成的“保护层”,它的存在使得土壤变得稳定,使土壤的抗风蚀性有显著的提高,可以有效地抵抗冬春季节严重的风蚀,因此在干旱荒漠化地区越来越受到重视。土壤结皮分为物理结皮和生物结皮两类,由于生物结皮的生成需要长时间的积累,而且要求具有一定的湿度、温度,才可能存活和生长。而物理结皮只要土壤经过干-湿的过程很容易形成。本文通过实地观察,从不同的土质取得的原状土壤结皮样本进行扫描电镜观察,对土壤物理结皮的形成,与土壤的含水量、颗粒组成、含盐量等的关系,以及对土壤抗风蚀性的作用进行了详细的论述,以便使其在干旱、寒冷地区土壤荒漠化防治中受到足够的重视,减少人为因素对土壤结皮的破坏,利用人为手段促使结皮的形成,减少冬春季节风沙对土壤的侵蚀。  相似文献   

18.
Application of a bioassay on serial dilutions of rhizomania-infested soil provided adequate information on the level of infestation withPolymyxa betae and beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). Different combinations of dilution ratios ratios and numbers of replicates (N) that had the same average precision were compared. A most probable number (MPN) computer programme was written to enable the comparison, because MPN tables available in literature are limited to certain dilution ratios and values of N. Most probable numbers of infective units per ml soil assessed for infested soil from the Noordoostpolder and from Tholen (the Netherlands) were 48 forP. betae with 7.1 for BNYVV and 16 forP. betae with 1.6 for BNYVV, respectively. So in these soils 10–15% of the infective population ofP. betae was viruliferous. The inoculum potential of stored soil samples was not affected by conditions during storage for 28 months (dry and warm or wet and cool).  相似文献   

19.
内蒙古浑善达克沙地土壤水分状况的分析   总被引:35,自引:3,他引:32  
为探明浑善达克沙地土壤湿度的时空变化规律 ,于 1 998一 1 999年在浑善达克沙地中部取样分析了地形和植被与土壤含水量的相关性及生长季内土壤含水量的动态。发现在坡度 <1 5°时 ,随坡度的增大 ,土壤含水量降低 ,在坡度 >1 5°时 ,沙丘阴坡上土壤的含水量随坡度的增大而增加。高沙丘阳坡的土壤含水量 ,受坡度的影响很小 ,略有降低。由于沙地土壤类型复杂 ,土壤剖面变异也比较大 ,所以随深度的增加土壤含水量的变化规律也不同。土壤含水量的动态特征在不同土层也有差异 ,表土层 ,春末夏初之前土壤比较干 ,以后在波动中上升 ,8月份土壤含水量比较大 ,8月底以后又迅速下降到春末夏初的水平。心土层则在前期土壤比较湿润 ,而后逐渐下降 ,在 6月中旬至 7月中旬出现土壤含水量的低谷 ,7月中以后又逐渐升高 ,并在 8月底达最大含水量 ,9月中旬后又降到年初的水平。6、7月间含水量的低谷可能是由于植物大量耗水造成的。表土层和心土层 (70 cm以上土层 )在 9月上旬基本降到了5月初的水平。但底土层土壤含水量在波动中升高 ,9月上旬虽有所下降 ,但仍高于 5月初的土壤湿度。在某些地形部位 ,随植被盖度的增加 ,土壤含水量有增大的趋势。  相似文献   

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