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1.
Visceral leishmaniasis in the German shepherd dog. II. Pathology   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Three German shepherd dogs were inoculated with Leishmania chagasi and three with Leishmania donovani and the infection was followed for 82 days. All infected dogs developed splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly. In lymph nodes there was a reduction in lymphocyte population in paracortical areas, extensive proliferation of macrophages in paracortical areas and medullary cords, follicular hyperplasia, and increased numbers of plasma cells. The spleen had decreased numbers of lymphocytes in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, proliferation of macrophages in these regions, follicular hyperplasia, and enlargement of the red pulp with clusters of macrophages and plasma cells. The morphology of the tonsil was similar to the lymph nodes. Clusters of macrophages, often containing Leishmania spp, were present in liver, bone marrow, lung, and the intestines. The morphologic changes in lymph nodes and spleen were suggestive of a suppressed cell-mediated immunity and an active humoral immunity. The German shepherd dog may be a useful laboratory model for the study of immunopathologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

2.
An analysis of 319 interoestrous intervals of 36 beagles, 36 German shepherd dogs and 20 labrador retrievers was made to study the influence of whelping on the length of this interval and the within-year variation in length of interoestrous intervals and timing of the oestrous periods. The mean interoestrous interval was significantly longer for beagles (247±5 days) than for German shepherd dogs and labrador retrievers (both 198±5 days)(P<0–001). For bitches that had not whelped there were no significant differences between breeds (beagles 172+10; German shepherd dogs 166±6; and labrador retrievers 172±7 days). The mean interoestrous interval after whelping was significantly lengthened in all breeds (P<0–001). This increase was more pronounced for beagles (84 days)(P<0–001) than for German shepherd dogs (58 days) and labrador retrievers (52 days). Heat periods were evenly distributed over the year for the labrador retrievers and German shepherd dogs that were kept as family pets. For the beagles kept as a colony and housed outdoors without heating or supplementary light, there were significant differences between months (P<0001), with a peak in May. The longest interoestrous intervals were found in beagle bitches that had been in oestrous and whelped during autumn.  相似文献   

3.
German shepherd dogs are overrepresented in the group of dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. A congenital predisposition for early degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc has been suspected. Our aims were to assess the morphologic appearance of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc and the lumbosacral junction in healthy German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds and to evaluate for an early onset of degenerative changes. The lumbosacral spine of 110 clinically sound German shepherd dogs and 47 healthy dogs of other large breeds was examined using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The degeneration of every intervertebral disc was graded using an established classification system. Signal intensity of the entire lumbosacral disc and the nucleus pulposus was determined independently. Lumbosacral malalignment was assessed according to a previously described method. The findings for the German shepherd dogs were compared to those of the other breeds. Although most dogs were younger than 18 months at the date of examination, significantly higher grades of degeneration were detected for the lumbosacral intervertebral disc of German shepherd dogs (P < 0.003). Degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc was independent from findings in the other lumbar discs. We conclude that the German shepherd dog has a predisposition for degenerative changes in the lumbosacral intervertebral disc.  相似文献   

4.
The concentration of serum alpha-tocopherol was measured in German shepherd dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyopathy, and in German shepherd dogs and dogs of other breeds unaffected by the condition. The mean concentration was significantly higher in German shepherd dogs with the condition than in other breeds of dog unaffected by it, but it was not significantly higher than in unaffected German shepherd dogs. Estimates of components of variance indicated that the concentration varied more widely in individual affected dogs than in unaffected dogs, irrespective of breed. These results suggest that chronic degenerative radiculomyopathy in German shepherd dogs is unlikely to be due to uncomplicated vitamin E deficiency.  相似文献   

5.
A desirable dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg and measures 53 to 64 cm in height at the withers as an adult. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for birth weight, 42-d weight, mature weight, and mature height for 2,334 German shepherd dogs and 2,028 Labrador retrievers raised by the Seeing Eye, Inc., Morristown, NJ, from 1979 to 1997. Data included 5,006 observations for German shepherd dogs from 113 dams and 33 sires and 4,123 observations for Labrador retrievers from 89 dams and 29 sires. A mixed effects model was considered with sex and birth year as fixed effects. Random effects were animal, maternal, and litter incorporating all pedigree information available. A derivative-free REML method was used to estimate parameters. The maternal component was higher than the additive genetic component for birth weight. Heritability of mature weight was estimated as 0.57 +/- 0.07 for German shepherd dogs and 0.44 +/- 0.07 for Labrador retrievers. Mature height heritability was estimated as 0.35 +/- 0.08 for German shepherd dogs and 0.46 +/- 0.08 for Labrador retrievers. Selection for lighter dogs at maturity is predicted to decrease the average mature height, and selection for taller dogs at maturity is predicted to increase the average mature weight. The estimated genetic parameters will aid in the development of strategies to increase the probability of breeding dogs for optimum mature size.  相似文献   

6.
Tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP), a disease of dogs caused by the rickettsial agent, Ehrlichia canis, is being recognized with increased frequency in many parts of the world. The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, is an efficient vector of E. canis and transstadial transmission occurs. Infections persist and are characterized by rising antibody titers and hypergammaglobulinemia. Dogs cleared of infection with tetracycline are fully susceptible to reinfection with the homologous strain of E. canis and often develop severe disease. Experimental infections in beagle and German shepherd dogs have shown that severity of disease is related to the breed of dog. German shepherd dogs often develop a severe hemorrhagic syndrome 60 or more days following infection. Recent studies have shown that bone marrow hypoplasia is important in the pathogenesis of severe chronic TCP. Differences in response to infection may reflect underlying immunological defects, particularly in the cell-mediated system.  相似文献   

7.
An optimum-sized dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg and measures 53 to 64 cm in height at the withers when mature body size is attained. Effects of selection index with and without restrictions, independent trait selection, directional selection, stabilizing selection, and negative assortative mating were modeled using data from German shepherd dogs and Labrador retrievers raised by the Seeing Eye, Inc., Morristown, NJ from 1979 to 1997. The selection goals were to decrease mature weight and mature height in German shepherd dogs and to decrease mature weight and increase mature height in Labrador retrievers. Mature weights were recorded for 1,333 German shepherd dog offspring and their 69 dams and 17 sires, and 1,081 Labrador retriever offspring and their 51 dams and 13 sires. Mature heights also were recorded for offspring and parents, including 871 German shepherd dogs from 70 dams and 15 sires, and 793 Labrador retrievers from 40 dams and 13 sires. Selecting on mature weight alone produced the highest aggregate genetic-economic gain for German shepherd dogs compared with the selection indices with and without restrictions, generating a 2.10-kg decrease in mature weight and a correlated 0.36-cm decrease in mature height. In Labrador retrievers, selecting for mature height alone produced the highest aggregate genetic-economic gain but caused an increase in mature weight. Weighting the two traits equally but in the opposite direction without restrictions was the only index that produced the desired effect of decreasing mature weight and increasing mature height in Labrador retrievers. Response to selection for one generation of directional selection for a single trait included a 0.50-kg decrease in mature weight for German shepherd dogs, a 0.59-kg decrease in mature weight for Labrador retrievers, a 0.18-cm decrease in mature height for German shepherd dogs, and a 0.91-cm increase in mature height for Labrador retrievers. Increasing the percentage of dogs attaining optimum size may decrease the cost of production for the Seeing Eye, Inc., because fewer dogs would need to be raised and trained to provide assistance to the same number of blind individuals.  相似文献   

8.
This study was performed to compare acid-phosphatase staining with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria repens infection. The infection of D. repens was confirmed in Korean reared German shepherd dogs. Knott's tests were carried out for the detection of microfilaria in 543 Korean reared German shepherd dogs (255 females and 288 males). Eighty four of the 543 dogs (15.5%) showed microfilaria-positive reactions with the modified Knott's test, and the test-positive microfilariae were then examined by both acid phosphatase staining and PCR analysis. Six (7.1%) and 17 (20.2%) of the 84 microfilaria-positive samples, by the Knott's tests were positive to D. repens by acid-phosphatase staining and in D. repens-specific PCR analysis, respectively. All samples found to be positive by the acid-phosphatase staining were also found to be positive by PCR analysis. Therefore, we conclude that PCR analysis (20.2%) is more valuable for the diagnosis of D. repens infection than acid-phosphatase staining (7.1%) (p<0.001).  相似文献   

9.
Serum immunoglobulin concentrations and densities of IgA-producing immunocytes in intestinal mucosa were compared in a group of clinically healthy dogs of various breeds, a group of clinically healthy German shepherd dogs, and a group of German shepherds with bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine. Serum concentrations of IgA, but not IgM or IgG, were significantly lower in the clinically healthy German shepherd dogs than in other purebreed and mixbreed dogs, indicating that production of IgA by gut-associated lymphoid tissue might be relatively low in this breed. However, densities of IgA-producing cells were not significantly different comparing these two groups, suggesting that any impairment of mucosal IgA production is more likely to be related to defective synthesis or secretion of IgA than to reduced numbers of IgA-producing immunocytes. Comparable findings in German shepherd dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth provided further indirect evidence that local immunity might be defective in this breed, since these luminal bacteria would be expected to stimulate mucosal IgA production. However, it is not clear whether such a defect is directly responsible for the overgrowth, or whether there is an indirect relationship between defective local immunity and bacterial overgrowth in German shepherd dogs.  相似文献   

10.
The concentration of immunoglobulins in faecal extracts was investigated as a method of assessing the production of immunoglobulins by the gut mucosa of 137 dogs. There were significant correlations between the concentrations in faecal extracts and the concentrations produced in duodenal organ cultures. Seventy-six German shepherd dogs had significantly lower median immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in their faecal extracts than 63 controls of various breeds. Sixteen of the German shepherd dogs had IgA concentrations below the 95 per cent confidence limit of the control population and six had no demonstrable faecal IgA. The faecal concentrations of immunoglobulin G and albumin were significantly higher in the German shepherd dogs than in the controls, but their immunoglobulin M concentrations were similar.  相似文献   

11.
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii was surveyed by using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that was targeted to T. gondii B1 gene in German shepherd dogs and stray cats. Sixty-four (46.3%) out of 138 German shepherd dogs and 50 (47.2%) out of 106 stray cats were tested positive by the nested PCR assay, respectively. There was no significant difference in gender or age in German shepherd dogs and stray cats. In the five positive dogs and five positive cats, the nucleotide partial sequence of the T. gondii B1 gene was identified by direct sequence analysis. All the sequences were identical to each other and the corresponding sequence, T. gondii B1 gene (Accession No. AF179871). The results suggest that the prevalence of T. gondii is high, and the nested PCR assay is useful for early detection of T. gondii for asymptomatic dogs and cats.  相似文献   

12.
Objective : To determine whether associations exist between pathogens, allergies, conformational abnormalities, endocrinopathies and signalment in canine otitis externa (OE). Methods : Medical records of 149 dogs which met predetermined inclusion criteria were evaluated retrospectively. Correlations between pathogens and the presence of allergy, endocrinopathy, conformational abnormalities and signalment were evaluated statistically. Results : The shar‐pei, German shepherd and cocker spaniel breeds were over‐represented compared with the hospital's breed distribution (P<0·001). German shepherd dogs and cocker spaniels were statistically more prone to infection with rod‐shaped organisms and Labrador retrievers less than other breeds (P=0·034). Almost all dogs that were older than five years when diagnosed with OE had cocci (P=0·01) and also had higher levels of rods (P=0·028). The incidence of rods was higher in endocrinopathies (P=0·004), while that of Malassezia spp. tended to be higher in allergies (P=0·098). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for all the other parameters examined. Clinical Significance : OE infection is usually not influenced by primary causes or predisposing factors. Endocrinopathies may be followed by a more severe otitis, however. OE may be more severe when it affects older dogs.  相似文献   

13.
Two litters of German shepherd dogs were evaluated for a haemorrhagic tendency that was characterised by excessive bleeding from the umbilicus at birth, haemorrhage and haematoma formation at vaccination, excessive bruising, and lameness due to haemarthrosis. Platelet counts, clotting times and Von Willebrand's factor (VWF) assays were assessed in all dogs. Factor VIII determination was performed in 1 puppy and its parents. Based on the clotting times and VWF assay, 6 puppies (4 male and 2 female) showed type I Von Willebrand's disease (VWD), 5 (4 male and 1 female) possible type II VWD, and 4 were unaffected. One puppy with possible type II VWD had very low factor VIII activity; its sire had a normal factor activity, whereas the dam was in the low-normal range. This article reports type I and possible type II VWD in 2 related litters of German shepherd dogs, the latter being rare in German shepherd dogs.  相似文献   

14.
Two young male German shepherd dogs, six and seven months old, were evaluated for progressive hindlimb ataxia and paresis. Both dogs were found to be thin and poorly muscled on physical examination, and on neurological examination, the lesions were localised to the spinal cord between T2 and L4. Microscopical examination of the spinal cords demonstrated widespread axonal degeneration similar to that seen in aged German shepherd dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy (CDRM), although the distribution of these changes was not identical to CDRM.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of season and breed on reproductive parameters in bitches raised under tropical climatic conditions. METHODS: Over a seven year period, from 1998 to 2004, 310 oestrous periods of 53 bitches were observed. The dogs were of various breeds; dobermann (number of bitches/number of oestrous cycles) (n=2/19), German shepherd dog (n=35/211), Labrador retriever (n=14/68) and Rottweiler (n=2/12). In 250 of the 310 oestrous periods, natural matings took place on days 9 and 11 after the onset of pro-oestrus. The whelping rate was analysed for bitches of each breed. Variables, including breed and the whelping rate, by month of the year, were used for analysis of the inter-oestrus interval, gestation length, total number of pups born, number of live pups born and the weight of the pups at birth. RESULTS: A low frequency of oestrous activity was found during the summer. Breeding dogs in the summer resulted in a low whelping rate. No difference (P>0.05) was seen in the whelping rate of each breed: dobermann (70.5 per cent), German shepherd dog (61.5 per cent), Labrador retriever (67.9 per cent) and Rottweiler (100 per cent). The Labrador retriever had a longer inter-oestrus interval (252 [114] and 190 [61] days) (P<0.01) and a larger litter size (8.2 [1.8] and 6.6 [2.8]) (P<0.05) than the German shepherd dog. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The environmental factors in summer tend to reduce oestrus incidence and fertility in the bitches. According to litter size, the Labrador retriever seems to have a more efficient reproductive performance than the German shepherd dog. The Labrador retriever had a longer inter-oestrus interval than the German shepherd dog.  相似文献   

16.
Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs is characterized by combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) and intrapituitary cyst formation. Activation of the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-LIF receptor (LIFR) signal transduction pathway results in a similar phenotype in (transgenic) mice. We therefore assessed the role of the LIFR in the etiology of pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs. A polymorphic microsatellite marker (UULIFR) was used to analyze the segregation of the LIFR gene in 22 German shepherd dogs from 4 pedigrees, each including one dwarf. There was no allelic association between UULIFR and the dwarfism phenotype. Based on our findings LIFR was excluded as a candidate gene for CPHD.  相似文献   

17.
Data are presented from a series of 305 cases of canine anal furunculosis in which the German shepherd dog was over-represented (n = 255) compared with dogs of other breeds (n = 50). The age and sex distribution in each group was similar. The nature and severity of pathological change in surgically resected tissue from German shepherd dogs was compared to that in dogs of other breeds. The microscopic appearance of lesions in each group was similar and did not suggest a simple reason for the breed predisposition in this disorder.  相似文献   

18.
A series of 19 different conformation characteristics, including the body length, front and hind heights, and bodyweight, was measured on German shepherd dogs ranging from 180 days old to fully mature dogs. Regressions were derived for the prediction of mature values. Variable growth rates did not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the predicted mature values.  相似文献   

19.
Four cases of intestinal volvulus in German shepherd dogs are described. A definitive diagnosis was achieved by exploratory laparotomy in three cases and after necropsy in the remaining animal. Clinical signs, laboratory investigations and radiological changes are reported for three of the dogs. These dogs were all euthanased. Treatment of complete intestinal volvulus is difficult. By the time the condition is diagnosed, the pathological changes are irreversible, with consequent poor prognosis.  相似文献   

20.
Perianal tissue obtained from 10 normal dogs and 40 dogs with anal furunculosis was immunostained in order to determine the number and distribution of B lymphocytes/plasma cells (expressing IgG, IgM or IgA) and T lymphocytes (expressing the CD3 marker) within the inflammatory infiltrates. Differences in these parameters between tissue obtained from affected German shepherd dogs (n = 20) and affected dogs of other breeds (n = 20) were recorded. The immunological phenotype of cells comprising lymphoid follicles and associated with ductal eosinophilic pustules observed in the anal sacs of dogs with anal furunculosis is described. The results of this study suggest that a simple immunological defect does not underlie the predisposition of dogs of the German shepherd breed for anal furunculosis.  相似文献   

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