共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
W.P. Adderley D.A. Davidson C.A. Salt I.C. Grieve D.W. Hopkins 《Soil Use and Management》2004,20(2):190-194
Abstract. Soil protection policies are being developed in many countries, particularly those in the European Union where pan-national regulatory frameworks now exist. We report an analysis of a survey of the views of a wide range of stakeholders in the soil resource of Scotland, including representatives of rural and urban land users, public bodies and authorities, non-governmental environmental organizations, and soil scientists based in Scotland. The four soil issues considered of particular importance were soil pollution, soil erosion, loss of soils to development, and loss of biodiversity. Comments were strongly polarized, either strongly promoting issues or indicating lack of awareness, on a set of topics: the loss of valued soils, loss of archaeological sites, and changes in terrestrial carbon store. It is argued that an integrated approach is required to implement any future soil protection strategies, and that special attention should be paid to monitoring long-term changes and to provision of soil survey data from urban areas. 相似文献
2.
健康土壤是保障粮食安全、耕地产能提升和农业高质量发展的基础。目前土壤健康评价已成为全球土壤学领域研究的焦点和热点,国内外学者对于土壤健康评价方法及指标的选择进行了系统总结,然而缺乏具体评价过程中的实操性建议。本文重点剖析了土壤健康的特点与多功能性、评价的通用原则、指标选择的n+X模式及评价方法的选择与落地实现,提出了土壤健康差与基准值、基础指标和约束性指标的选择及指标选择的制宜性,明确了土壤健康指标体系建立需要考虑土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用方式、气候条件等因素,建议土壤健康技术和模式落地实现需要与相关政策结合。未来需要继续开展土壤健康驱动机制和健康土壤培育机理研究;基于长期定位试验和耕地质量长期监测网点,构建基于土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用、管理目标和评价尺度的指标体系和阈值、数据库和决策支持系统;结合相关政策和区域环境的约束性,形成跨区域、跨国家的共识、公约和行动,推动全球土壤健康行动落地和农业可持续发展。 相似文献
3.
土壤健康指标体系与评价方法研究进展 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
健康土壤能够保障健康食物生产,维持土壤生态系统多功能性,是农业绿色发展的基础。明确土壤健康现状,系统开展土壤健康诊断是培育健康土壤和提高土壤生产力的基础。然而,以往人们基于单一土壤功能即土壤生产力开展了大量的指标选择和评价工作,忽视了其他土壤功能,评价指标中土壤生物学特性未引起足够重视,对土壤过程的动态监测少。随着对可持续发展的关注以及农业绿色发展的需求,土壤健康指标体系和评价方法正在不断完善。针对不同空间尺度和不同作物体系,建立多目标协同的土壤健康评价体系成为土壤可持续利用的热点和前沿。本文总结了土壤健康指标体系的选择原则,分析了生物学指标在土壤健康评价中的重要性,重点阐述了我国、美国、新西兰等国家土壤健康评价方法以及基于土壤功能和土壤管理等评价方法的进展、优缺点和应用区域,提出了完善土壤健康评价系统的途径。未来需要构建基于区域自然禀赋环境特征的土壤-作物管理大数据平台,发展生物学指标,建立长期和全程动态监测体系,并与快速无损测试技术、智能化信息技术相结合,形成多目标协同、适用于不同区域和作物体系的土壤健康评价方法,通过多主体参与,为农业绿色发展提供重要支撑。 相似文献
4.
Rachel E. Creamer Pat Bellamy Helaina I. J. Black Clare M. Cameron Colin D. Campbell Paul Chamberlain Jim Harris Nisha Parekh Mark Pawlett Jan Poskitt Dote Stone Karl Ritz 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):623-633
The use of indicators in soil monitoring schemes to detect changes in soil quality is receiving increased attention, particularly
the application of soil biological methods. However, to date, the ability to compare information from different laboratories
applying soil microbiological techniques in broad-scale monitoring has rarely been taken into account. This study aimed to
assess the consistency and repeatability of two techniques that are being evaluated for use as microbiological indicators
of soil quality: multi-enzyme activity assay and multiple substrate-induced respiration (MSIR). Data were tested for intrinsic
(within-assay plate) variation, inter-laboratory repeatability (geometric mean regression and correlation coefficient) and
land-use discrimination (principal components analysis). Intrinsic variation was large for both assays suggesting that high
replicate numbers are required. Inter-laboratory repeatability showed diverging patterns for the enzyme assay and MSIR. Discrimination
of soils was significant for both techniques with relatively consistent patterns; however, combined laboratory discrimination
analyses for each technique showed inconsistent correspondence between the laboratories. These issues could be addressed through
the adoption of reliable analytical standards for biological methods along with adequate replication. However, until the former
is addressed, dispersed analyses are not currently advisable for monitoring schemes. 相似文献
5.
伊朗东北部的农业和牧场土壤孔隙大小分布作为土壤物理质量指标 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Assessment of soil quality is important for optimum production and natural resources conservation. Agricultural and pasture soil qualities of Deh-Sorkh region located at south of Mashhad, northeastern Iran were assessed using the integrated quality index (IQI) and Nemero quality index (NQI) models in combination with two datasets, i.e., total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS). In this study 6 soil properties considered as MDS were selected out of 18 properties as TDS using principle component analysis. Soil samples were divided into 3 groups based on optimum ranges of 8 soil physical quality indicators. Soil samples with the most indicators at optimum range were selected as group 1 and the samples having fewer indicators at optimum range were located in groups 2 and 3. Optimum ranges of soil pore size distribution functions were also determined as soil physical quality indices based on 8 soil physical quality indicators. Pore size distribution curves of group 1 were considered as the optimum pore size functions. The results showed that relatively high organic carbon contents could improve pore size distribution. Mean comparisons of soil physical quality indicators demonstrated that mean weight diameter of wet aggregates, structural stability index, the slope of moisture retention curve at inflection point, and plant available water content in agricultural land use decreased significantly in relation to pasture land use. In addition, the results demonstrated that the studied MDS could be a suitable representative of TDS. 78% of pasture soils had the optimum pore size distribution functions, while this parameter for agricultural soils was only 13%. In general, the soils of the studied region showed high limitations for plant growth according to the studied indicators. 相似文献
6.
土壤是维持陆地生态系统功能和持续性的至关重要的有限资源。土壤质量和土壤健康与农牧业的可持续发展和环境质量的改善息息相关。土壤健康可简单定义为:“土壤作为一个动态生命系统具有的维持其功能的持续能力”。土壤微生物是土壤生物区系的关键性功能要素,一些微生物学参数可以综合判断土壤健康状况。文中提出土壤健康评价的指标体系可区分为土壤中微生物的量、活性、多样性和功能性4个方面,其中与微生物生物量水平相关的基本指标和衍生参数可成为土壤健康的敏感性量化指标,并有潜力作为土壤生态系统受污染和胁迫的预警性监测指标。 相似文献
7.
Gustavo Pereira Valani Aline Fachin Martíni Laura Fernanda Simes da Silva Renata Cristina Bovi Miguel Cooper 《Soil Use and Management》2021,37(1):22-36
Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems. 相似文献
8.
Gómez-Sagasti María T. Alkorta Itziar Becerril José M. Epelde Lur Anza Mikel Garbisu Carlos 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(6):3249-3262
Soil pollution with heavy metals is a worldwide environmental problem. Phytoremediation through phytoextraction and phytostabilization appears to be a promising technology for the remediation of polluted soils. It is important to strongly emphasize that the ultimate goal of a heavy metal remediation process must be not only to remove the heavy metals from the soil (or instead to reduce their bioavailability and mobility) but also to restore soil quality. Soil quality is defined as the capacity of a given soil to perform its functions. Soil microbial properties are increasingly being used as biological indicators of soil quality due to their quick response, high sensitivity, and, above all, capacity to provide information that integrates many environmental factors. Indeed, microbial properties are among the most ecologically relevant indicators of soil quality. Consequently, microbial monitoring of the recovery of soil quality is often carried out during heavy metal phytoremediation processes. However, soil microbial properties are highly context dependent and difficult to interpret. For a better interpretation of microbial properties as indicators of soil quality, they may be grouped within categories of higher ecological relevance, such as soil functions, ecosystem health attributes, and ecosystem services.
相似文献9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):36-46
For the soil and plant analysis community, development and expansion of biofuels will create many opportunities to provide a wide variety of analytical services. Our objective is to explore potential areas where those services could be marketed to support sustainable development of biofuels. One of the first is to provide soil fertility and plant nutrition information for sustainable feedstock production. Chemical, physical, and biological indicators of soil quality should also be monitored and interpreted using tools such as the soil management assessment framework (SMAF) to ensure soil resources can continue to meet global food, feed, and fiber demands as well as the new demands for biofuels. Feedstock sugar profile information will be needed to help manage conversion processes, calculate economic drivers such as the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), and determine suitability for other bioproducts. There will also be an increasing need to evaluate a variety of coproducts created by corn (Zea mays) milling, soybean (Glycine max Merr.) processing, and the fledgling lignocellulosic conversion processes. For coproducts produced from wet or dry corn milling and dry grind ethanol production, accurate and efficient analysis and digestibility of fiber components [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total dietary fiber (TDF)], amino acids (lysine, trypotophan, and methionine), fatty acids, and minerals (phosphorus and sulfur) will be needed. In addition, a capacity to accurately and rapidly detect contamination by mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, zearalenone, and fumonisisn or the presence of antibiotics such as penicillin or virginiamycin could potentially be important. For the biodiesel industry, methanol concentrations in crude glycerin must be reduced to meet Food and Drug Administration guidelines and quantified to ensure this coproduct is safe for use in livestock feeds. Finally, monitoring for several processes and coproducts associated with pyrolysis, a thermochemical platform for biomass conversion to bio-oils, biochar, and other products will be needed. We conclude that sustainable development of biofuel industries will have many positive benefits for soils, plant, and animal production systems and the analysts who will provide analytical services for monitoring all aspects of the biofuels industry. 相似文献
10.
Soil biochemical properties are indicators of soil quality, but there is still no consensus as to how they should be used. We review the trends in their use over the last decade. Generally, biochemical properties related to the biocycles of the elements (C, N, P and S) are used to diagnose soil quality. These properties include both general biochemical parameters (i.e. microbial biomass C, dehydrogenase activity and N mineralization potential) and specific biochemical parameters (i.e. the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, such as phosphatase, urease and β-glucosidase). Biochemical properties can be used both individually, as simple indices, or in combination using complex equations derived from mathematical combinations or the application of statistical programs. The results described in the literature for both are contradictory and question the validity of the use of biochemical properties as quality indicators. Complex expressions, in which different properties are combined, are thought to be highly suitable for estimating soil quality, although their use is limited to the area and situation in which they have been described. Generally, the greatest problems posed by the use of biochemical properties as soil quality indicators include the lack of reference values, the contradictory behaviour shown by these properties when a soil is degraded, and the regional variations in expression levels. Most of these problems are derived from the scarce information available on the biochemical properties of soil. For this reason, obtaining soil quality indicators of general use will require a coordinated effort from the international scientific community to standardise the analytical methods and to compile databases of biochemical properties from soils under diverse geographic conditions and with different uses and management. 相似文献
11.
Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km2 grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km2 grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits. 相似文献
12.
基于最小数据集的吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量评价 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
黑土作为吉林中部平原粮食主产区主要土壤类型,其质量的优劣直接影响区域生态安全和农业可持续发展。该研究以吉林省典型黑土耕层土壤作为研究对象,采集1 401个土壤样本,测定8项土壤理化指标及玉米产量。采用最小数据集法筛选评价指标,对于黑土耕层土壤进行质量评价,并综合土壤质量指数和产量提出评价指标的适宜范围。结果表明:吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由耕层容重、有机质、速效磷、pH构成,由全量数据集(Total Data Set,TDS)、重要数据集(ImportantDataSet,IDS)和最小数据集(MinimumDataSet,MDS)分别计算的土壤质量指数之间存在显著正相关关系,R~2分别为0.716、0.771,表明MDS可以替代TDS对黑土耕层土壤质量进行评价。黑土玉米种植区耕层土壤质量指数分布在0.22～0.75之间,均值为0.53,呈现东部高西部低的趋势。土壤质量指数随产量先增加后降低。黑土耕层保持较高土壤质量及产量的评价指标适宜范围分别为:容重为1.23～1.43 g/cm3,酸碱度(pH值)为4.74～6.96,有机质为33.14～35.81 g/kg,有效磷为122.46～136.06 mg/kg。该研究结果可为吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量诊断、提高黑土肥力及选择适合农田管理措施提供理论及参数支撑。 相似文献
13.
土壤质量生物学指标研究进展 总被引：52，自引：7，他引：52
本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。 相似文献
14.
15.
土壤质量评价中文文献分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
基于中国知网(CNKI,http://www.cnki.net)1950~2016年关于土壤质量方面的中文文献查阅结果,概述了我国关于土壤质量的内涵认知、评价指标体系选择和权重确定方法以及土壤质量评价方法,旨在为今后的土壤质量评价提供参考。关于土壤质量的内涵,中国科研人员更接受土壤肥力和土壤质量这两个概念,进入21世纪后,中国开始更为关注基于"污染"的土壤环境质量;评价指标体系大致可以分为土壤物理指标、土壤养分和常规化学指标、土壤生物指标和污染物指标四类,土壤物理指标中,质地、含水量和耕层厚度使用频数最多,土壤养分与常规化学指标中,有机碳和pH使用频数最多,土壤生物指标中酶活性、细菌数量和真菌数量使用频数最多,但相比于物理指标和土壤养分和常规化学指标,生物指标的应用较少,污染物指标中重金属指标的使用频数最多;指标权重的确定方法中主观法的层次分析法和客观法的主成分分析占主导地位;土壤质量评价方法中综合指数法和内梅罗指数法应用的最多。土壤质量评价指标体系,因评价者、评价区域、评价对象和评价目的的不同而不同,随着我国经济、土壤微生物的研究技术的迅猛发展,预计微生物指标在土壤质量评价中将会得到越来越广泛和深入的应用。 相似文献
16.
基于监测指标复合式控制区的耕地质量监测点布设方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探寻耕地质量监测点布设方法,解决现有监测点空间布局不合理、针对性不强,监测精准化程度差和监测成本过高的问题.该文以耕地地力调查与质量评价成果为数据源,在样点数据分析基础上,采用变异系数法、可视离散化法、克里格插值法、叠加法,以及误差理论和抽样理论,确定监测控制区层级、层级划分区间及与之对应的监测点位数量,形成监测指标复合式控制区,布设监测点位.以克山县为例进行技术应用,将11个指标200个监测点位进行2200次测试化验,110 kg土壤样本消耗量、44万元监测费用的方案,优化至7个指标30个监测点位进行81次测试化验,4.05 kg土壤样本消耗量、1.62万元监测费用,增强了耕地质量监测的针对性,降低了监测成本和资源消耗,且研究布设监测点位数据对耕地地力调查与质量评价数据具有较好的代表性.该方法切实可行,具有很好的应用价值,可以通过较少的投入,获取精准、较大的信息量,可为耕地质量监测点位优化提供方法借鉴. 相似文献
17.
为全面总结土壤质量评价方法的研究进展,从指数法、模型法及GIS的参与等方面综述当前一些定量评价土壤质量的方法。指数法计算方法较简单、实用;模型法具有较强的逻辑性和系统性;应用GIS评价土壤质量客观且潜力大,对土壤进行时空动态监测以实现土壤持续经营管理。在土壤质量评价工作中将定量与定性评价结合起来,选择适宜的土壤质量评价指标,不断完善现有的评价方法,发挥信息技术的优势,为合理开发利用土壤提供依据。 相似文献
18.
In the process of evaluating the physical quality of soil for crop production, measurable sources of stress that the soil imposes on growing crops must be identified. Approaches for monitoring or evaluating soil physical quality should then be based on properties or processes that relate to these stresses and must be measured against definable standards. We hypothesized that process capability analysis applied to measurements of soil water content and the least limiting water range (LLWR) would meet these requirements and could be used to evaluate the physical quality of soils for crop growth. Previously published data obtained over 3 years in a field with a variable landscape planted to corn under no-till were used to test the hypothesis. The temporal variability of soil water content was regarded as a process which aims to generate individual values for soil water content inside the limits specified by the LLWR. Process capability analysis successfully linked the temporal variability of soil water content in relation to the LLWR. The main process capability parameter, i.e. distance to nearest specification (DNS) varied by a factor of three across the landscape and was related to clay and organic carbon contents. Values of DNS were strongly correlated with shoot growth (R2 = 0.97) suggesting that DNS effectively characterized the spatial variability in stresses imposed on plant growth by soil and described changes in the soil physical quality for crop growth across the site. The results supported our hypothesis. 相似文献
19.
为探究黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征,基于土壤物理、化学及剖面特征,建立黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法构建耕层质量评价指标的最小数据集（minimum data set,MDS）,结合障碍因子诊断模型揭示黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征及其障碍因素。结果表明：1）研究区耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量、土壤pH、耕作层厚度、耕作层穿透阻力和耕作层压实度构成,基于最小数据集和全指标数据集的耕层土壤质量指数间显著正相关（R2=0.61,P＜0.05）,Nash有效系数和相对偏差系数分别为0.601和0.181,表明最小数据集的指标能够代替全部数据集指标对黄淮海旱作区耕层质量进行评价;2）研究区耕层土壤质量总体处于中等水平,质量指数为0.25～0.61;适宜耕层各项指标如下：耕作层厚度不小于17.20 cm,耕作层穿透阻力不大于896.10 kPa,耕作层土壤压实度不大于78.01%,pH值为8.01～9.37,有机质不小于17.87 g/kg,阳离子交换量不小于21.13 cmol/kg;3）黄淮海旱作区存在明显的障碍类型,耕层障碍可分为薄化紧实与养分贫瘠障碍耕层、养分贫瘠耕层、土壤紧实型耕层3类。其中有机质含量低、阳离子交换量低、耕作层压实度过高是黄淮海旱作区耕层质量主要障碍。研究为黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量提升和改善提供理论支撑。 相似文献
20.
The living soil is instrumental to key life support functions (LSF) that safeguard life on Earth. The soil microbiome has a main role as a driver of these LSF. Current global developments, like anthropogenic threats to soil (e.g., via intensive agriculture) and climate change, pose a burden on soil functioning. Therefore, it is important to dispose of robust indicators that report on the nature of deleterious changes and thus soil quality. There has been a long debate on the best selection of biological indicators (bioindicators) that report on soil quality. Such indicators should ideally describe organisms with key functions in the system, or with key regulatory/connecting roles (so-called keystone species). However, in the light of the huge functional redundancy in most soil microbiomes, finding specific keystone markers is not a trivial task. The current rapid development of molecular (DNA-based) methods that facilitate deciphering microbiomes with respect to key functions will enable the development of improved criteria by which molecular information can be tuned to yield molecular markers of soil LSF. This review critically examines the current state-of-the-art in molecular marker development and recommends avenues to come to improved future marker systems. 相似文献