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1.
Mary E. Thompson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1986,31(1-2):17-26
The rationale of the cation denudation rate (CDR) model is reviewed, and the history of the application of the model is described. The CDR model was first applied to rivers in Nova Scotia, some of which are strongly colored and carry significant amounts of organic matter. Analytical problems encountered in strongly colored coastal rivers in the determinations of sulfate ions, and their effects upon the application of the model are discussed. The methyl thymol blue (MTB) method for sulfate incorporates part of the organic anion, here called soluble reactive organic anion, or SRA?. Charge balance is obtained between MTB ‘sulfate’ and major ionic species. The CDR model requires charge balance; therefore MTB ‘sulfate’ yields are used for the model. This is equivalent to using sulfate plus SRA? yields for the model. Comparing the status of these rivers in the early 1970s and in the early 1980s, we find that the excess sulfate yields are lower in the latter period, and the mean pHs are generally higher. The model is used to predict the mean pH of these rivers to be expected in the absence of SRA?, or of excess sulfate, or of both, that is, for simple cation-bicarbonate waters. 相似文献
2.
Hoang Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen Nhu Ha Vy Tu Thi Cam Loan 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,182(1-4):73-81
The aquatic system of Hochiminh City comprises two main rivers: the Sai Gon and Nha Be rivers. Five canals discharge into these two rivers: NhieuLoc-ThiNghe, TauHu-BenNghe, TanHoa-LoGom, ThamLuong-BenCat and Doi-Te. The rivers and these canals collect effluent water from domestic and industrial sources. Most of these flows are not treated or at most are only primarily treated. A total of 33 sediment cores were taken from these rivers and canals. Chemical composition of these aquatic sediments has very high concentrations of several “urban” metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn. Most of the samples have exceeded the US EPA’s toxicity reference values for Cu, Zn and Cr (82, 82 and 70%, respectively). The highest concentrations of these metals appear to be associated with the uncontrolled and untreated industrial runoff to the discharge canals. These concentrations in fluvial sediment are relatively low, which indicates the dilution process of the contaminants. This finding indicates that the anthropogenic inputs play an important role in the elevation of heavy metals in the aquatic system and organic matter seems to exert a strong geochemical control on the amount of heavy metals. The Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn, are 0.89; 0.72; 0.93 and 0.87, respectively. 相似文献
3.
F. Oulehle T. G. Jones A. Burden M. D. A. Cooper I. Lebron P. Zieliński C. D. Evans 《European Journal of Soil Science》2013,64(6):787-796
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important component of the global carbon (C) cycle and has profound impacts on water chemistry and metabolism in lakes and rivers. Reported increases of DOC concentration in surface waters across Europe and Northern America have been attributed to several drivers, including changing climate, changing land‐use to eutrophication and declining acid deposition. The latter of these suggests that acidic deposition suppressed the solubility of DOC, and that this historic suppression is now being reversed by reducing emissions of acidifying pollutants. We studied a set of four parallel acidification and alkalization experiments in organic matter‐rich soils, which, after three years of manipulation, have shown distinct soil solution DOC responses to acidity change. We tested whether these DOC concentration changes were related to changes in the acid/base properties of DOC. Based on laboratory determination of DOC site density (S.D. = amount of carboxylic groups per milligram DOC) and charge density (C.D. = organic acid anion concentration per milligram DOC) we found that the change in DOC soil–solution partitioning was tightly related to the change in degree of dissociation (α = C.D.:S.D. ratio) of organic acids (R2 = 0.74, P < 0.01). Carbon turnover in soil organic matter (SOM), determined by soil respiration and β‐D‐glucosidase enzyme activity measurements, also appears to have some impact on DOC leaching, via constraints on the actual supply of available DOC from SOM; when the turnover rate of C in SOM is small, the effect of α on DOC leaching is reduced. Thus, differences in the magnitude of DOC changes seen across different environments might be explained by interactions between physicochemical restrictions of DOC soil–solution partitioning and SOM carbon turnover effects on DOC supply. 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):3379-3391
Abstract The influence of soil organic matter on selenite sorption was investigated in the selenite adsorption capacity and the surface particle charge change by ligand exchange reaction using the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment and the ignition treatment of two Andosols. The removal of organic carbon (C) in soils accelerated selenite sorption, implying that organic matter of soils had negative influence on the selenite adsorption on the soils. Positive charge decrease on soil particles, concomitant proton consumption, and release of silicon (Si), sulfate (SO4 2‐), and organic C were observed in selenite sorption by the soils. The development of surface particle negative charge with selenite sorption was smaller in the H2O2‐treated soil than in the original soils and was scarcely observed in the ignition‐treated soil. It can be assumed that the increase of negative charge by selenite sorption was attributed to new negative sites borne by released insoluble organic matter and negative charge development directly by selenite sorption was small. 相似文献
5.
K. J. Wilkinson H. G. Jones P. G. C. Campbell M. Lachance 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1992,61(1-2):57-74
Inorganic ion balances for lake waters lying on the Canadian Shield in the province of Quebec, Canada, consistently show significant anion deficits (mean deficit 70 to 90 μeq L?1). Models taking into account organic anions have been tested for their ability to eliminate this anion deficit. The data set consisted of the chemical composition (pH, all major ions, major trace metals, dissolved organic and inorganic C, total alkalinity) of ≈1200 lakes from four hydrographic regions. The relative performances of three models (the 1983 Oliver et al. model and two derived models) were evaluated by comparing the capacity of each model to compensate fully for the anionic deficit of the waters. The study showed that without calibration all models systematically underestimated the anionic deficit. The two derived models were recalibrated and validated by regional discrimination of the data; charge balances calculated with the recalibrated models were markedly improved. Based on calculated anion deficits, the contribution of natural organic acids to Quebec surface water acidity increases from southwest to northeast and greatly exceeds that previously reported. 相似文献
6.
B. Ludwig B. John R. Ellerbrock M. Kaiser & H. Flessa 《European Journal of Soil Science》2003,54(1):117-126
The sequestration of carbon (C) in soil is not completely understood, and quantitative information about the amounts of organic carbon in the various fractions and their rates of turnover could improve understanding. We aimed (i) to quantify the amounts of C derived from maize at various depths in the soil in a long‐term field experiment with and without fertilization using 13C/12C analysis, (ii) to model changes in the organic C, and (iii) to compare measured and modelled pools of C. The organic C derived from the maize was measured in soil samples collected to a depth of 65 cm from four plots, two of which had been under continuous maize and two under continuous rye during long‐term field experiments with NPK and without fertilization. The fractionation procedures included particle‐size fractionation and extractions in water and in pyrophosphate solution. We used the Rothamsted Carbon Model to model the dynamics of the carbon from 13C data. The amounts of C derived from maize in the Ap horizon after 39 years of continuous maize cropping were 9.5% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 14.0% where NPK had been applied. Fertilization did not affect the residence time of carbon in the soil. The amounts of C derived from maize in water extracts were 21% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 22% where NPK had been applied. The extracts that were soluble in pyrophosphate and insoluble in acid were depleted in C from maize (the amounts were 5% and 7% of the total organic C, respectively). The results of the 13C natural abundance technique were used to model the dynamics of the organic C. Both the total organic C and the C derived from maize in the particle‐size fraction 0–63 μm agreed well with the total and maize‐derived sums of the model pools ‘inert organic matter’, ‘humified organic matter’ and ‘microbial biomass’. The model suggested that 64% (unfertilized) or 53% (NPK) of the organic C in the Ap horizon were inert. Only one of three published equations to determine the size of the inert pool agreed well with these model results. 相似文献
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8.
《Geoderma》2007,137(3-4):497-503
Soil amendment with sewage sludge (SS) from municipal wastewater treatment plants is nowadays a common practice for both increasing soil organic matter and nutrient contents and waste disposal. However, the application of organic amendments that are not sufficiently mature and stable may adversely affect soil properties. Composting and thermal drying are treatments designed to minimize these possible deleterious effects and to facilitate the use of SS as a soil organic amendment. In this work, an arid soil either unamended or amended with composted sewage sludge (CSS) or thermally-dried sewage sludge (TSS) was moistened to an equivalent of 60% soil water holding capacity and incubated for 60 days at 28 °C. The C–CO2 emission from the samples was periodically measured in order to study C mineralization kinetics and evaluate the use of these SS as organic amendments. In all cases, C mineralization decreased after the first day. TSS-amended soil showed significantly higher mineralization rates than unamended and CSS-amended soils during the incubation period. The data of cumulative C–CO2 released from unamended and SS-amended soils were fitted to six different kinetic models. A two simultaneous reactions model, which considers two organic pools with different degree of biodegradability, was found to be the most appropriate to describe C mineralization kinetics for all the soils. The parameters derived from this model suggested a larger presence of easily biodegradable compounds in TSS-amended soil than in CSS-amended soil, which in turn presented a C mineralization pattern very similar to that of the unamended soil. Furthermore, net mineralization coefficient and complementary mineralization coefficient were calculated from C mineralization data. The largest losses of C were measured for TSS-amended soil probably due to an extended microbial activity. The results obtained thus indicated that CSS is more efficient for increasing total organic C in arid soils. 相似文献
9.
有机质对三峡库区水体中土壤胶体颗粒凝聚影响机制研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用联合测定法和光散射技术分别研究了有机质对土壤颗粒表面电荷性质和水体中胶体颗粒凝聚过程的影响。结果表明:添加有机质能显著改变土壤表面电荷性质,使得土壤颗粒表面电荷数量降低6.8%,比表面积增加12.3%,使颗粒表面电荷密度减小,表面电位降低;进一步理论计算表明添加有机质降低了胶体颗粒间的静电排斥力,使得净引力增大,胶体颗粒更易发生凝聚。通过动态光散射分析水体中土壤胶体颗粒的凝聚特征,发现有机质去除前后的临界聚沉浓度(CCC)分别为91.6 mmol/L和139.3mmol/L,去除有机质土壤显著大于未去除有机质的土壤,相应浓度下的临界电位值计算结果均为-150mV左右,与颗粒间出现净引力的临界浓度值基本一致。有机质对水体中胶体颗粒凝聚特性的影响主要是通过改变颗粒表面性质使得颗粒间的相互作用发生变化而引起。 相似文献
10.
邻苯二甲酸和水杨酸在可变电荷土壤中的吸附行为 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
研究了2种低分子量有机酸邻苯二甲酸和水杨酸在2种代表性可变电荷土壤红壤和砖红壤中的吸附行为。结果表明,可变电荷土壤对有机酸的吸附容量较大,对邻苯二甲酸的吸附亲和力大于对水杨酸的亲和力,在砖红壤中2种有机酸的吸附量大于在红壤中的,这与土壤的游离铁、铝氧化物的含量一致。土壤氧化铁在有机酸吸附中起着重要作用,粘土矿物如高岭石对有机酸的吸附量很小。有机酸的吸附涉及专性吸附和静电吸附2种机制,并以前者为主。当pH小于4.5时,pH的改变对有机酸的吸附影响不大;当pH大于4.5时,有机酸的吸附量随pH的增加而减小。 相似文献
11.
Michel Meybeck 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,70(1-4):443-463
Atmospheric C (TAC) is continuously transported by rivers at the continents’ surface as soil dissolved and particulate organic C (DOC, POC) and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) used in rock weathering reactions. Global typology of the C export rates (g.m?2.yr?1) for 14 river classes from tundra rivers to monsoon rivers is used to calculate global TAC flux to oceans estimated to 542 Tg.yr?1, of which 37 % is as DOC, 18 % as soil POC and 45 % as DIC. TAC originates mostly from humid tropics (46 %) and temperate forest and grassland (31 %), compared to boreal forest (14 %), savannah and sub-arid regions (5 %), and tundra (4 %). Rivers also carry to oceans 80 Tg. yr?1 of POC and 137 TG.yr?1 of DIC originating from rock erosion. Permanent TAC storage on land is estimated to 52 Tg.yr?1 in lakes and 17 Tg.yr?1 in internal regions of the continents. 相似文献
12.
低分子量有机酸对砖红壤表面电荷的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文研究了4种低分子量有机酸对砖红壤表面电荷性质的影响,结果表明存在于体系中的有机酸增加了表面负电荷量,同时减少表面正电荷的量。在低有机酸加入量下,有机酸对正电荷的影响程度比其对负电荷的影响程度大得多。4种酸对土壤表面电荷影响的大小顺序为:柠檬酸>苹果酸>草酸>醋酸。有机酸对表面电荷的影响随体系pH而变化,它们对正电荷的影响程序随pH的增加而减小,而对负电荷的的影响呈相反的变化趋势。有机酸主要通过其阴离子在土壤表面的吸附来影响土壤的表面电荷性质。 相似文献
13.
Kjell Johansson Ewa Bringmark Lena Lindevall Anders Wilander 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(2):779-784
Heavy metals in running water are analysed within the Swedish Surface Water Monitoring Programme at about 80 stations. Data for selected rivers and brooks has been used to assess the effect of soil acidification on the concentrations of metals in waters. In southern Sweden, acidification shows a significant effect on Zn and Cd. In the upper parts of the drainage areas, there is an marked increased leakage of these metals from soils to waters indicated by elevated concentrations of Zn and Cd in brooks and also by high maxima during periods of low pH values. The increased leaching from forest soils also influences the concentrations in rivers in southern Sweden. During periods of high water flow, the pH values of the rivers decreases and the concentrations of Zn and Cd increases. At pH levels of 6.2–6.5 the concentrations of these metals are mostly 2–5 times higher as compared to pH levels of about 7.0. Since high concentrations of Zn and Cd coincides with high water flow, the transport of these metals has most certainly increased several times compared to the pre-industrial period. Hence, the by far most important human impact on the loading of Zn and Cd on the marine areas, surrounding southern Sweden is the increased leakage of these metals due to acidification. In northern Sweden the effects of acidification on Zn and Cd are less evident. In general, the concentrations of these metals are lower and the connection between pH and these metals are much less significant in the rivers. The links between acidification and the concentrations of Pb and Cu in the watercourses are comparatively much weaker. These two metals are more related to the content of organic matter in the waters and a possible effect of acidification is overshadowed by natural transport processes in soils and waters. 相似文献
14.
The processes controlling the solid–solution partitioning of organic matter in soils are central to understanding carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, yet are poorly understood at present. We studied the partitioning of soil organic matter between solid and solution in batch titrations of 12 soil samples from three European forests in a range of climates. We also examined the release of soil organic matter on repeated leaching. The partitioning was simulated using a model that pictures the pool of potentially mobile organic matter to consist of fractions of differing solubilities. Desorption of organic matter was then effected by an increase in the electrical charge of the organic molecules due to their chemical reactions with other soil components. The model could simulate the partitioning of organic matter in all the soils using two parameters describing the amounts of soil organic matter in each fraction. The release of organic matter on repeated leaching was reasonably well described. The model predicted that dissolved organic matter should have become more hydrophilic with depth in the soil, due to the retention of more hydrophobic components in the upper horizons. This accorded with observed compositions of the soil organic matter. The model also showed that at the ambient pH of the soils, only a small proportion of the potentially mobile organic matter (comprising fulvic acids and hydrophilic moieties) was involved in partitioning to the solution. 相似文献
15.
B. Vasiliadis J. Antelo A. Iglesias R. López S. Fiol & F. Arce 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(6):1358-1363
We have tested to see if the generic set of NICA‐Donnan model parameters, used to describe isolated humic substances, can also describe soil humic substances in situ. A potentiometric back‐titration technique was used to determine the variable surface charge of two organic peat soils at three different ionic strengths. The non‐ideal, competitive‐adsorption NICA‐Donnan model was used to simulate the surface charge, by assuming a bimodal distribution of H+ affinity on the soil solid phase. The model provided an excellent fit to the experimental data. The Donnan volume, VD, varied slightly with ionic strength, although the variation was less than for humic substances in solution. The values obtained for the parameters that define the affinity distributions, the intrinsic proton binding constant (log Kiint) and the heterogeneity of the site (mi), were similar to those observed for isolated soil humic acids. The abundance of carboxylic groups in the whole soil represented 30% of the typical value for isolated soil humic acids. The composition of the organic matter of the whole soils, obtained by 13C CPMAS NMR, was comparable to the characteristic composition of soil humic acids. 相似文献
16.
Two profiles from Muguga, Kenya, one cultivated and one under forest, contained similar contents of clay of apparently uniform composition. The profiles differed in their organic matter contents, surface (0–15 cm) samples containing 6.8% C and 3.8% C in forest and cultivated profiles, respectively. In both profiles the amounts of organic matter decreased with depth.The positive charge, measured at pH 4 in 0.2M NH4 Cl, increased down the cultivated profile to 3.6 me/100 g at 90–120 cm. The charge was lower in the forest profile at equivalent depths, and at 90–120 cm the value was 1.2 me/100 g. Phosphate adsorption measured at pH 5 was also higher in the cultivated profile. The amount of phosphate required to raise the solution concentration to 0.2 p.p.m., ΔP, was 45 and 11 mg/kg in the surface horizon (0–15 cm) of the cultivated and forest profiles, respectively, and increased in both profiles with depth of sample.The differences between, and within, the two profiles are largely attributed to the blocking of positively charged sites and phosphate adsorption sites by organic matter. 相似文献
17.
以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性 相似文献
18.
Effects of phthalic and salicylic acids on Cu(II) adsorption by variable charge soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the present study, the effect of two substituted benzoic acids on Cu(II) adsorption onto two variable charge soils was investigated, with the emphasis on the adsorption and desorption equilibrium of Cu(II). Results showed that the presence of organic acids induced an increase in Cu(II) adsorption onto the two soils. The extent of the effect was related to the initial concentrations of Cu(II) and organic acid, the system pH, and the nature of the soils. The effect of organic acids was greater for Oxisol than for Ultisol. Phthalic acid affected Cu(II) adsorption to a greater extent than salicylic acid did. The effect of organic acids varied with pH. The adsorption of Cu(II) induced by organic acids increased with increasing pH and reached a maximum value at approximately pH 4.5, and then decreased. It can be assumed that the main reason for the enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) is an increase in the negative surface charge caused by the specific adsorption of organic anions on soils because the desorption of Cu(II) adsorbed in organic acid systems was greater than that for the control. The desorption of Cu(II) absorbed in both control and organic acid systems also increased with increasing pH; it reached a maximum value at pH ∼5.25 for control and salicylic acid systems and at pH ∼5.1 for a phthalic acid system, then decreased. This interesting phenomenon was caused by the characteristics of the surface charge of variable charge soils. 相似文献
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20.
L. Vidal‐Beaudet C. Grosbellet V. Forget‐Caubel S. Charpentier 《European Journal of Soil Science》2012,63(6):787-797
In urban conditions, the widescale availability of organic matter to be recycled and the necessity for soil reconstitution (Technosol) has led to the input of very large quantities of organic matter (up to 50% v/v). The long‐term degradation of these large quantities of organic matter in the soil is not well known. We monitored, over a 60‐month period, the total carbon (C) content and the particulate and biochemical fractions of reconstituted soils placed in 600‐litre boxes under natural conditions. The top layer was a sandy loam amended with 20 or 40% of sphagnum peat or organic compost (sewage sludge, wood chip compost or green waste compost) lying on a layer of sandy loam. We measured C mineralization over time under controlled conditions and built a long‐term model to simulate carbon dynamics where exogenous organic carbon (EOC) was divided into two biodegradable compartments. The model yielded the proportions of EOC that either resisted degradation or contributed to soil organic C storage by mineralization and/or humification. Organic matter degradation was linked to its maturity and to its contents in certain particulate and biochemical fractions but was independent of how much of a given organic matter was introduced. We found a good correlation between the degradable organic compartment and the lignin and cutin‐like, hemicellulose and cellulose‐like fractions larger than 1 mm. The model showed that a large part of initial EOC was still present in the soil after 5 years in a potentially biodegradable but resistant compartment. The degradation of that compartment by mineralization or humification is therefore expected to take longer. 相似文献