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为确定花生耐涝品种的干物质积累与分配特征及洪涝灾害的防控对策,选用18个耐涝性差异稳定的花生品种,在适合水旱轮作(土壤渗水性强)的大田条件下于营养生长末期进行短期湿涝10d(W10)、长期湿涝88d(W88)和正常灌溉(NI)处理,研究湿涝对不同花生品种各器官干物质积累和分配的影响。结果表明,短期湿涝对整个花生品种生物量的影响,以叶片最甚,其他依次是茎秆、荚果,而根系略增重;长期湿涝会降低叶片生物量,而促进根系、茎秆、荚果的增加,说明光合器官叶片对湿涝最敏感,其次是茎秆,荚果受短期湿涝影响小且因长期湿涝而增产,而根系具有稳定耐性。短、长涝期时实际产量较高的品种一般表现出矮秆、叶多、根系发达、根冠比较高,而耐性系数多偏低,短、长涝时叶片与根系增重可实现耐渍涝与高产的统一,根系、叶片生物量比重高是维持长涝耐性的基础。筛选出豫花15、花119、彩珠、桂红花、金花1012等耐渍涝品种。 相似文献
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花生等农作物耐湿涝性研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
湿涝危害是世界湿润地区、半干旱地区农作物生产中的一个严重问题.一些农作物的湿涝研究已取得一定进展,但有关花生湿涝的研究有待拓宽和深化.为此,从湿涝对花生等作物的影响、作物耐湿涝机制以及作物耐湿涝的遗传改良等方面,综述了世界花生及其它农作物的耐湿涝性研究进展. 相似文献
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灌浆期涝渍害对弱筋小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
长江中下游是我国主要的弱筋小麦产区,该区小麦生育后期涝渍害频发,严重影响小麦的高产和稳产。为探明涝渍害对弱筋小麦产量及品质的影响,以优质弱筋小麦品种扬麦13、扬麦15、扬麦22为材料,采用人工模拟涝渍害的田间试验方法,研究了灌浆期涝渍害对弱筋小麦籽粒产量及其构成要素、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值、吹泡仪参数、溶剂保持力SRC和粉质仪参数等主要品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)灌浆期涝渍害导致小麦产量显著下降,有效穗数和穗粒数降低是引起扬麦13减产的主要因子,扬麦15和扬麦22的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均降低导致减产。(2)涝渍害处理的扬麦13和扬麦22的湿面筋含量较对照显著上升,蛋白质含量和SDS沉淀值在处理间无显著差异。涝渍害处理7 d对供试小麦吹泡仪参数影响较大,扬麦13和扬麦15的L值和W值在涝渍害处理7 d后均显著提升,扬麦13的水SRC较对照显著下降。涝渍害处理7 d对供试小麦的粉质仪参数无显著影响。(3)供试的3个弱筋小麦品种籽粒品质受基因型的影响大于涝渍害。 相似文献
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石灰性土壤中花生耐低铁基因型差异的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以土培和田间试验相结合的方法。评价52个花生品种在石灰性土壤上的耐低铁性。(1)不同花生品种苗期耐低铁性存在显著的基因型差异，主要表现为苗期干物重、新叶叶绿素值、活性铁含量的差异，以这3个指标进行系统聚类分析，初步把52个花生品种分为5类，从Ⅰ至Ⅴ类耐低铁能力逐步减弱。(2)田间试验表明开花期是花生对低铁胁迫最敏感的时期；与耐低铁品种相比，铁敏感品种在石灰性土壤上的产量较低。单株饱果数较少。豫花7号、农大818、95—3、79266、徐花4号等为耐低铁品种，对铁胁迫反应不敏感，可在低铁条件下获得较高的产量。 相似文献
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旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。 相似文献
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花生斑驳病毒(PMV)的坏死毒株在花生上引起不同的反应,反应是以病情指数来评价。63个引进花生品种中仅有11个发生了轻微的或不矮化的轻型斑驳;这是对坏死毒株一种很轻微的反应。用美国的田间优势毒株PMV的轻型毒株(M_2)接种的11个引进种中的两个种进行了产量试验,PMV—M_2在易感的栽培品种“星”上引起了籽仁减产31％,而在引进种(PI261945和PI261946)上不减产,引进种由于不减产被认为具有耐病性。另外,在两个易感的栽培种上病毒感染率高达2—4倍以上。 虽然美国花生斑驳病毒(PMV)的优势毒株在花生(Arachis hypogaea)上引起很轻微的症状,但减产10—30%。1973年进行的田间系统调查表明估计佐治亚州年度损失超过10万美元。美国应用的主要花生栽培种是PMV的易感品种。经对文献的查阅没有发现有关花生对病毒抗性方面的报导。1968年的筛选试验,所有供试的花生品系(37个栽培种和428个普通引进种)对PMV的优势毒株表现了相似的症状;没有发现抗病类型。最近在筛选试验项目中使用了PMV的重型毒株,初步结果指出发病是显著的。这个试验的目的是改进对花生PMV的抗性、鉴定抗原、确定抗性的测定技术。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
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Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献