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重金属污染对水稻土微生物及酶活性影响研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水稻土受到重金属污染不仅影响水稻的产量品质，而且对水稻土微生物及酶活性的影响不容忽视。本文系统综述了水稻土重金属污染的来源，重金属污染对水稻土微生物生物量、种群数量、群落结构以及土壤酶活性的影响，并针对重金属污染对水稻土微生态效应研究的不足提出了未来应该研究的重点和方向，指出：①加强水稻-重金属-微生物三者相互作用、相互影响方面的研究；②在研究重金属污染与水稻土土壤微生物生态特征的关系的基础上，加强对重金属、土壤理化性状和水稻等因素进行综合并定量化分析，将是明确重金属对土壤微生物生态特性的影响及相关机理的关键；③应用分子生物学方法以及系统生物学方法，促进重金属污染胁迫下水稻土微生物活性及功能的演变规律及响应适应过程；④加强基于长期定位实验的研究，在较长的时间尺度和较大的空间尺度上认识水稻土生态系统在重金属胁迫下的演变规律和机制；⑤重金属污染对水稻土酶活性的研究应重点从机理方面入手，注重结合土壤酶的动力学参数和热力学参数，深化土壤酶与复合污染的作用机理，进一步揭示复合污染致毒途径及其机理，同时借助分子手段，探索重金属污染水稻土中更多未发现的酶的特性，寻找更加敏感、更能普遍推广的重金属污染土壤的综合性指标，以期为重金属污染水稻土的风险评价和生物修复提供科学依据。 相似文献
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中国耕地土壤重金属污染情况不容乐观，如何安全利用重金属污染耕地仍是当今亟需解决的农业和环保问题。本文综合分析了近几年不同污染程度耕地土壤的安全利用措施，提出重金属低积累作物种植、重金属钝化技术、农艺调控及种植结构调整为当前污染耕地土壤安全利用的主要手段，并指出污染源防控力度不足、土壤污染与作物安全性关系不明、原位钝化技术风险及低积累作物利用效果的局限性仍然是中国污染耕地土壤安全、高效利用面临的主要问题，建议进一步完善污染土壤评价标准、健全污染土壤防控体系、优化污染土壤安全利用技术，以推动重金属污染耕地土壤的安全、高效和可持续利用。 相似文献
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空间分析在土壤重金属污染研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
空间分析技术是土壤重金属污染研究中的一个重要工具。与经典数据统计分析方法学相比,空间分析考虑了数据的空间位置和空间关联性,能挖掘土壤重金属在二维甚至三维空间上的空间分异和时空变异特征,并对这些结果进行可视化使之以更加直观的形式呈现出来。本文概述了探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)、空间回归分析、地统计学及空间插值分析、空间随机模拟等主要空间分析理论和方法。在此基础上,综述了空间分析在土壤重金属污染调查采样设计、空间统计分析、空间变异分析及制图、土壤重金属污染来源解析及污染不确定性研究等方面的应用和研究动态,介绍了一些应用于土壤重金属污染研究的空间分析新方法,并就空间分析方法在土壤重金属研究中的应用前景和发展趋势做了展望。 相似文献
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模拟酸雨对红壤中铝和水溶性有机质溶出及重金属活动性的影响 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：29
在模拟酸雨作用下 ,研究了重金属污染和未污染的酸性红壤和黄红壤中铝和水溶性有机质的溶出以及对重金属活动性的影响。结果表明 ,随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,土壤pH值和盐基饱和度明显降低 ,而交换性酸度明显增加 ,污染土壤中交换性氢含量比未污染土壤高 ,而交换性铝含量比未污染土壤低。铝溶出量与模拟酸雨pH值密切相关 ,当模拟酸雨pH值在 5 .60～ 3.5 0时 ,供试红壤浸出液中铝浓度几乎在同一水平 ;当pH≥ 4 .5 0时 ,供试黄红壤中溶出铝亦未明显变化 ;当模拟酸雨pH =3.5 0时 ,未污染黄红壤中铝溶出明显增多 ;当pH =3.0 0时 ,供试土壤中铝溶出量急剧增加。随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,污染土壤中铝溶出比未污染土壤低 ,而有效态重金属活动性明显增加 ;污染土壤中水溶性有机质比未污染土壤溶出明显增加 ,水溶性有机质 -重金属络合体促进了重金属的溶解迁移行为。 相似文献
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试验研究水趋光抑制法快速监测重金属污染土壤的生态毒性结果表明,水趋光指数与土壤Cd、Pb添加量(模拟污染浓度)呈极显著相关性。同一污染水平下土壤生物毒性表现为酸提液>水提液;同浓度重金属含量下土壤溶液生物毒性则表现为Cd>Pb,水提液 重金属>酸提液 重金属,远低于重金属在ISO标准水中的生物毒性。水趋光抑制法能综合、快速、灵敏地反映土壤重金属污染状况及土壤生态毒性,可为土壤健康质量的生物监测及评价提供理论依据。 相似文献
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土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展 总被引：134，自引：9，他引：134
阐述了土壤重金属污染物的来源和重金属污染土壤修复技术研究现状,分析了各种修复技术的优缺点、实用性与发展动态,为土壤重金属污染综合治理与修复提出了新的思路。 相似文献
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土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测现状、问题及展望 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前广泛采用的全量检测法并不能准确地反映土壤重金属的生物毒性。为了更好地了解土壤重金属的污染情况及其生物毒性,需快速有效检测土壤重金属的赋存形态及有效态含量。本文介绍了土壤有效态重金属的定义及其在土壤-有机体系统中的转移;并结合国内外相关研究领域的文献资料,按检测对象将土壤重金属有效态的检测方法分为直接检测方法(化学检测方法和物理检测方法)和间接检测方法(生物指示法),系统阐述了化学检测方法中的浸提法,物理检测方法中的梯度扩散薄膜技术和光谱分析法,及生物指示法中的指示植物检测法、微生物检测法和动物检测法的研究进展、适用范围及优缺点,概括了目前检测方法存在的主要问题是不能同时满足大面积监测和精确检测两个方面。并指出快速、大面积、原位测定污染物种类和含量,采取相应措施保障粮食安全及人类身体健康是目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文将土壤-植物-人作为一个整体,了解重金属有效态在该系统中的迁移富集机理,认为在此基础上选择合适的数据处理方法及建模参数,结合遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对土壤重金属污染进行原位立体监测,是未来土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测研究的主要发展方向。 相似文献
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扬中地区农田土壤重金属污染调查与评价 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
对扬中地区主要农田土壤进行了采样监测,按照国家无公害农产品产地的环境质量标准,采用单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的8个重金属污染指标进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,扬中农田土壤均受到重金属轻污染,其中Cd、Hg污染主要与化肥、农药等大量施用有关;As、Pb、Cu、Zn污染可能与工厂废气及汽车尾气排放有关;而Cr、Ni污染主要与长江石灰性冲积母质特征有关。结合1990年的土壤数据,计算了重金属的累积速率,反映近年来重金属的不断输入。污染区的农产品生态效应研究表明,重金属污染已经威胁到农产品安全。 相似文献
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Background Regional soil environmental quality is a hotspot and difficulty in the environmental sciences for the spatial variability
of pollutants and the relationship between them. Beijing, the capital of China, has been undergoing a rapid economical development
during the past three decades, and thus might encounter the same issues as the developed countries. However, there is little
information about the soil environmental quality of Beijing, especially at the regional scale. The real soil environmental
situation of heavy metals remains unknown, even less the sources of possible pollutants.
Objectives The main objectives were to identify the spatial variability and main sources of heavy metals in Beijing soils by conducting
multivariate statistical analyses, including geostatistical analysis assisted with GIS tools. These results will contribute
to the establishment of the soil quality baseline and the management of regional environment.
Materials and Methods Seven hundred and seventy-three samples of topsoils (0–20 cm) were collected from all over Beijing, China. The samples were
digested with HNO3 and H2O2. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed with a FL-AAS and those of Cd with a GF-AAS. The concentrations
of As were determined with AFS-2202. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial correlation analysis (CA) were used and
geostatistics was conducted for the data processing.
Results Concentrations of topsoil As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the Beijing area were measured and contour maps were constructed
to describe the metals’ spatial distribution. Except for the background effect of the soils, anthropogenic factors made the
soil heavy metal concentrations increase, especially in the center of the city. Combined with the PCA results, it was found
that vehicle exhaust and smelters were the main sources of soil heavy metals. Pedogenic factors were also controlling the
spatial features of metals.
Discussion Combined with the results of PCA, 7 heavy metals could be divided into 4 factors. F1 was the metals, i.e., Cu, Pb, Zn, mainly
controlled by the human activities. Cr and Ni was in F2, Cd in F3 and As in F4. These 3 factors might be controlled by the
soil parent materials. Concentrations of 7 heavy metals were comparable with the first level of environmental quality standard
for soils of China and much lower than the second level of national standard for soils.
Conclusion The heavy metal concentrations in the topsoil of Beijing are mostly comparable with the background values, especially for
As, Cr and Ni. In the city center of Beijing, Cu, Pb and Zn had a high concentration of distribution. The spatial features
of As, Cr and Ni are mainly controlled by pedogenic factors, whereas Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are controlled by anthropogenic and
parent factors. Traffic and smelting contribute greatly to the increase of Pb, Zn and Cu in the soil, especially in the center
of the city. Landfill may have also affected the soil quality around it.
Recommendation Different factors were controlled by parent materials, which might be related to the different soil minerals. Further research
should be conducted in Beijing to elucidate the relationship between heavy metals and soil minerals.
ESS-Submission Editor: Chengron Chen, PhD (c.chen@griffith.edu.au) 相似文献
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环境矿物材料在土壤环境修复中的应用研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
环境矿物材料(包括天然矿物及改性和人工合成矿物等材料)已经广泛应用到有机污染、重金属污染及病毒污染土壤中。本文在回顾环境矿物材料研究进展的基础上重点综述了环境矿物材料在修复重金属、有机污染物和病毒污染土壤中的应用。其中,重点论述了硅酸盐矿物、磷灰石、金属氧化物等天然矿物材料,以及改性和人工合成矿物材料在修复重金属污染土壤中的应用效果及其机理;同时阐述了硅酸盐矿物和金属氧化物在修复有机污染和病毒污染土壤中的应用效果及其机理;最后展望其主要研究方向。 相似文献
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不同程度重金属污染对水稻土团聚体组成的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以太湖地区长期受重金属污染的稻麦轮作条件下的水稻土为研究对象,分别采取水稻收获期和小麦收获期不同重金属污染水平的土壤和临近非污染土壤(对照土壤),利用低能量超声分散分离技术将原状土进行团聚体分级,并结合土壤碳库分析,研究不同程度重金属污染对水稻土团聚体组成的影响。结果表明:随着重金属污染程度的增加,小麦收获期土壤2~0.2 mm与0.2~0.02 mm粒级的团聚体含量呈显著降低趋势,0.02~0.002 mm与0.002 mm粒级团聚体含量显著增加,但这种趋势在水稻收获期表现不显著;重金属污染降低了水稻季团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),从而降低了土壤的团聚程度,但这在小麦季并未表现出显著的降低作用;而小麦季重金属污染对原土及团聚体中有机碳含量没有显著影响,水稻季重金属污染则显著增加了土壤有机碳的含量。这些结果表明不同重金属污染程度对土壤团聚体组成的影响在不同的作物收获期表现不同,这可能与土壤团聚体周转过程受农田水分管理等措施影响有关,尚需深入研究。 相似文献
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农田土壤重金属污染对食品安全和人体健康构成巨大的威胁。重金属主要通过经口摄入土壤、吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触和食物链摄取等暴露途径进入人体,其中经口摄入重金属污染土壤和农产品是主要的暴露途径。人体健康风险评估在农田土壤质量分类和风险管控中起着重要作用。因此,梳理了中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估的发展状况,介绍了人体健康风险评估的基本流程和评估技术,论述了影响人体健康风险评价准确性的主要因素及优化措施。在农田土壤重金属健康风险评估中,应加强耦合污染源识别技术、重视食物消费暴露途径、精准识别不同敏感受体、本土化敏感受体的暴露参数、纳入重金属的生物可给性,同时提高农田土壤重金属健康风险评估的准确性。未来可从加强应对健康风险评估过程不确定性的技术方法、考虑各种饮食的暴露途径和建立本土化的重金属毒性标准数据等多方面深化农田土壤重金属健康风险评估,以期推动中国农田土壤重金属人体健康风险评估的理论和技术发展。 相似文献
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利用粘粒矿物修复重金属污染农业土壤研究进展 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses risks and hazards to humans.The remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils has become a hot topic in environmental science and engineering.In this review,the application of clay minerals for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils is summarized,in terms of their remediation effects and mechanisms,influencing factors,and future focus.Typical clay minerals,natural sepiolite,palygorskite,and bentonite,have been widely utilized for the in-situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils,especially Cd-polluted paddy soils and wastewater-irrigated farmland soils.Clay minerals are able to increase soil pH,decrease the chemical-extractable fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils,and reduce the heavy metal contents in edible parts of plants.The immobilization effects have been confirmed in field-scale demonstrations and pot trials.Clay minerals can improve the environmental quality of soils and alleviate the hazards of heavy metals to plants.As main factors affecting the immobilization effects,the pH and water condition of soils have drawn academic attention.The remediation mechanisms mainly include liming,precipitation,and sorption effects.However,the molecular mechanisms of microscopic immobilization are unclear.Future studies should focus on the long-term stability and improvement of clay minerals in order to obtain a better remediation effect. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):3193-3204
Abstract Contamination of soils by heavy metals is one of the environmental problems that the scientific community faces today. Such soils are difficult to treat because the heavy metals cannot be destroyed. Moreover, they are usually bonded with other contaminants, in particular organic ones. The presence of these organic pollutants can make the removal of metals from soils substantially more complicated. One way of coping with the problem which has been studied in recent years is the use of fixing agents which make the heavy metals unavailable to the plants, or prevent their leaching towards the groundwater. Inorganic fixing agents in particular have been tested and found to be suitable, but some organic ones can also be used, at least as temporary fixing materials. This paper gives preliminary results on remediation techniques using compost and Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr. as heavy metal fixing agents. 相似文献
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Axel Gzik Matthias Kuehling Ingo Schneider Bernd Tschochner 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(1):29-34
In soils, animals and plants from selected sites in the Rustenburg mining area, a part of the South African ore belt, the
heavy metal burden was examined. These sites belong to different soil types and are characterized by different land-use (agriculture,
grassland). The heavy metal contamination of the soil samples is relatively high and is dominated by chromium and nickel,
metals, which are extracted in the mine near the sampling sites. These high heavy metal concentrations had no clear inhibitory
influence on micro-organisms or the enzyme activity of soils. It appears that the high clay content of the soils may counteract
the influence of heavy metals. On the other hand, tolerant microbial populations may have been established. In addition, the
investigated culture plants there was no correlation between the heavy metal content of the soils and the concentrations in
roots and shoots. The dangerous, potential contamination of organs in humans seems to be modest, with the exception of tobacco
leaves. The heavy metal content of tissues in the examined animals reflect the environmental habitat in situ with no obvious
influence on the health of the animals. 相似文献
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采用现场采样及室内测试方法对沈抚灌区农田土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd等重金属的含量进行了测定分析,利用污染指数法对灌区土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对灌区土壤重金属通过土壤摄食途径所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,灌区土壤中重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cu：22．1～40．8mg·kg^-1,Hg：0．036-0．310mg·kg^-1,Ni：29．8～44．4mg·kg^-1,Cd：0．145～0．956mg·kg^-1。4种重金属浓度平均值大小为Ni〉Cu〉Cd〉Hg;土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd所引起的成人和儿童的平均个人风险均低于可接受水平10^-6,且在这两类调查人群中,健康风险大小顺序均为Cd〉Ni〉Hg〉Cu;儿童比成人更易受到土壤重金属的影响,致癌风险是成年的3倍;灌区土壤环境质量环境评价结果显示,灌区土壤重金属污染处于轻微水平。 相似文献