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1.
动物育种目标性状经济重要性研究的方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
动物育种者的主要目的是根据适宜的育种目标选育优良的种用个体,确保生产群在预期的生产目标和市场条件下获得最大的经济效益。随着育种科学的发展,确定和评价动物育种目标的方法趋于在多性状的综合选择中用综合育种值表达数量化的育种目标。由于育种目标在育种方案的实施过程中得以实现,所以在育种方案中,育种目标性状通常包含对遗传进展更为有利的经济性状。而以经济效益为基础的动物育种目标,通过确定目标性状的经济重要性阐明收益性过程中遗传的作用,简化了选择方案的研究。本文根据定量经济学原理,育种目标性状经济重要性是性状边际效益和性状经贴现的标准化性状表现值的乘积量,综述了动物育种目标性状的边际效益以及各性状经贴现的标准化性状表现值获得的方法对育种目标性状经济重要性研究的方法。 相似文献
2.
东北梅花鹿优化育种规划中育种目标的确定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
讨论了东北梅花鹿依据经济指标确定育种目标的问题 ,以及在东北梅花鹿育种规划中 ,应如何挑选在综合育种目标中的生产性状及其对应的选择性状。并着重介绍了应用综合育种值作为数量化育种目标的方法。指出在确定以茸用为主的东北梅花鹿育种目标时 ,除了主要考虑茸用性状外 ,还应适当地考虑繁殖和使用寿命等性状 ,同时对于直接影响茸鹿生产效益的直接性状和次级性状不容忽视。 相似文献
3.
以天津市未来１０ａ养猪生产，市场及群体生产性能参数为依据，结合差额法和系统分析原理模拟商品猪群生物经济学过程。计算天津长白猪育种目标性状（窝活仔数、日增重、饲料转化效率、瘦肉率及肉质指数）的边际效益。结果，以上五个性状的边际效益分别为１１．６６、０．４１、－９１．９５、１０．１４、２．０４元。 相似文献
4.
一、育种原理1.确定育种目标目标的着眼点是经济效益最大值。AT=∑AiWi,式中的AT为综合育种值,Ai为性状i的育种值,Wi为性状i的经济加权系数。对于数量性状的育种,需考虑两个问题,一是目标性状,二是目标性状的经济加权值。2.利用加性遗传效应基因的传递过程中,加性效应是相对稳定的。加性效应值就是性状的育种值。这就要通过选择来获得加性效应的遗传进展。为此需要3个基本条件:(1)性状有变异。群体内变异幅度越大,获得的选择反应也越大。(2)变异是可以遗传的。有些变异是环境因素造成的,选择不会产生作用。相反,表型值变异中加性遗传效… 相似文献
5.
整个猪育种环节中最重要和最基础的一步便是确定目标性状，它是通过育种工作获得最大经济效益的导向，直接体现了整个育种工作期望达到的目的。因此，确定育种中的目标性状是整个育种过程的重心，所有育种工作都要始终围绕合理的育种目标而开展。笔者就猪的主要性状、影响目标性状选择的因素进行了阐述，以期为在猪的遗传育种工作中确定育种的目标性状有所帮助。 相似文献
6.
奶牛繁殖性状的育种值估计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北京市8个荷斯坦奶牛群的头胎繁殖性状资料，用BLUP法估计了公牛繁殖力的育种值。利用20头公牛的2299头与配母牛头胎繁殖性状资料．估计了公牛雄性繁殖力的育种值。利用19头公牛的2001头女儿的头胎繁殖性状资料．估计了公牛雌性繁殖力的育种值。分别比较了考虑场、年、季之间互作效应的和未考虑场、年、季之间互作效应的育种值估计准确性．分析了不同场、不同输精年份、不同输精月份对公牛繁殖力的影响。结果表明，考虑场、年、季之间互作效应时的准确性最高．未考虑时的准确性最低；本文中不同场、年、季水平对公牛繁殖力的影响是显著的。结论：估计公牛繁殖性能的育种值时，应事先或模型中加以剔除这些固定效应。 相似文献
7.
基于鲁西牛育种、生产和市场体系,通过构建与目标性状相联系的遗传变量和经济变量的利润函数,采用偏微分预算法和基因流动法分析价格与目标性状经济值,以及目标性状经济值与育种效果之间关系的稳健性和灵敏性。结果表明,目标性状的经济值和育种效果随着市场体系的变化而变化,且育种效果的变化和目标性状经济值的变化相关联。以上结果说明,当前市场价格体系下获得的目标性状经济权重随着市场价格变化应做适宜的调整。 相似文献
8.
中国美利奴羊的育种目标及其选择标准 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文讨论了畜禽育种中依据经济指标确定育种目标以及决定选择标准的问题。在育种目标性状中，应该包括长期影响生产坊获利性的所有性状，并且相应地根据这些性状的经济重要性分别加权。研究结果表明，在中国美利奴羊育种目标中，应当主要考虑毛用性状，适当地考虑生长发育和肉用性状，对于直接影响细毛羊生产经济效益的次级性状应给予足够的重视；中国美利奴羊育种目标中的性状有：净毛量、纤维直径、长度、育成羊体重、成母羊体重和繁殖育成数。 相似文献
9.
为开展平凉红牛生长性状与胴体性状育种值预计趋势研究，本实验以296头平凉红牛（274头母牛、22头公牛）的育种值预计趋势数据为基础，与美国主要肉牛品种育种值预计趋势进行对比，并开展生长性状与胴体性状间相关性分析，绘制生长性状与胴体性状标准化评分雷达图。研究结果显示，平凉红牛RFI、ADG、WWT、YWT育种值的遗传趋势较安格斯牛、利木赞牛及西门塔尔牛逊色，即各项生长性状的发育较其他品种肉牛慢；平凉红牛Marb、Fat育种值的预计趋势评分高于利木赞牛，但较安格斯与西门塔尔牛低；REA育种值的预计趋势评分较安格斯、西门塔尔及利木赞牛高；HCW育种值的预计趋势评分较安格斯、西门塔尔及利木赞牛低；生长性状中除RFI与胴体性状育种值预计趋势呈一定程度的负相关外，其余指标与胴体性状均呈正相关。本实验研究结果表明，平凉红牛与其他品种肉牛相比，在胴体性状特别是眼肌面积方面表现优秀，因此今后平凉红牛选育工作重点可放在高档肉培育方面。 相似文献
10.
各国奶牛群体的选育目标建立之后,选育目标一直在不断发展,选择指数中性状的组成、定义和权重等都在不断变化。奶牛的选育是从关注产奶性能而开始,随后增加了体型外貌性状。由于奶牛的健康和繁殖问题的增加以及社会对动物福利的不断关注,20世纪末,世界范围内平衡育种理念在奶牛育种中逐渐形成,一些重要的功能性状加入各国的选择指数中;进入21世纪后,随着奶牛养殖业和社会的发展,育种家们开始关注和研究更多的性状,部分新性状已经开始在育种实践中选育应用。本文通过整理奶牛育种中有关新性状的研究并收集各国奶牛选育方案中的相关信息,综述了近十年奶业发达国家在奶牛遗传选育中正在研究或已经开始应用的新性状,并将这些新性状分为生产效率相关的新性状、应对环境挑战的新性状、健康福利相关的新性状、产品和加工相关的新性状及管理相关的新性状五大类,总结了这些性状的选育背景、定义方法、遗传基础和选育应用情况等,最后还总结了奶牛育种中新性状的研究应用过程,以期为我国奶牛遗传育种研究和育种目标完善提供一定的借鉴。 相似文献
11.
Buch LH Sørensen MK Berg P Pedersen LD Sørensen AC 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2012,129(2):138-151
We tested the following hypotheses: (i) breeding schemes with genomic selection are superior to breeding schemes without genomic selection regarding annual genetic gain of the aggregate genotype (ΔG(AG) ), annual genetic gain of the functional traits and rate of inbreeding per generation (ΔF), (ii) a positive interaction exists between the use of genotypic information and a short generation interval on ΔG(AG) and (iii) the inclusion of an indicator trait in the selection index will only result in a negligible increase in ΔG(AG) if genotypic information about the breeding goal trait is known. We examined four breeding schemes with or without genomic selection and with or without intensive use of young bulls using pseudo-genomic stochastic simulations. The breeding goal consisted of a milk production trait and a functional trait. The two breeding schemes with genomic selection resulted in higher ΔG(AG) , greater contributions of the functional trait to ΔG(AG) and lower ΔF than the two breeding schemes without genomic selection. Thus, the use of genotypic information may lead to more sustainable breeding schemes. In addition, a short generation interval increases the effect of using genotypic information on ΔG(AG) . Hence, a breeding scheme with genomic selection and with intensive use of young bulls (a turbo scheme) seems to offer the greatest potential. The third hypothesis was disproved as inclusion of genomically enhanced breeding values (GEBV) for an indicator trait in the selection index increased ΔG(AG) in the turbo scheme. Moreover, it increased the contribution of the functional trait to ΔG(AG) , and it decreased ΔF. Thus, indicator traits may still be profitable to use even when GEBV for the breeding goal traits are available. 相似文献
12.
该文主要针对2018年国内外家兔传统育种、分子育种和繁殖技术3个方面的研究进展展开综述，其中传统育种方面主要研究了选择效应及性状评定、遗传与环境互作和种质性能测定；分子育种方面主要涉及生长、肉质、皮毛、繁殖等性状相关基因的研究；而家兔繁殖技术方面主要包括精液冷冻研究及添加物和环境对家兔繁殖的影响。2018年国内在家兔传统育种和分子育种方面研究较多，传统育种主要对一些地方品种种质性能进行了测定和比较；分子育种主要集中于肉质、皮毛和繁殖性状的研究，并获得了新的相关分子标记和基因；但家兔繁殖技术方面研究相对较少。而国外传统育种主要研究了选择与性状评定和遗传与环境互作；分子育种主要集中在筛选生长与肉质及繁殖性状分子标记的研究方面，但在皮毛性状方面的研究相对欠缺，且国外分子育种主要是使用传统的研究方法筛选分子标记或研究性状相关基因的功能，而国内多采用高通量测序技术筛选对研究性状具有重要调控功能的基因及调控网络。作者对2018年国内外家兔育种研究进行了综述，以期为今后家兔育种提供参考。 相似文献
13.
为了加快我国瘦肉型猪育种的研究进展,制定出符合我国瘦肉型猪育种现状的经济权重。本研究依据中国杜长大三元杂交猪育种现状,选择了适合中国当前杜长大三元杂交体系的目标性状;以生物经济模型为基础模拟猪的生产流程,计算生产周期各阶段成本和收入;先采用差额法计算目标性状的边际效益,再通过各性状的遗传标准差校正得到各育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,目前中国瘦肉型猪育种的繁殖、生长和胴体品质性状主要包括窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚。在我国现有生产水平和市场条件下,上述各性状的边际效益分别为：19.52、-1.07、-286.95、-8.41、-13.20元。通过计算不同品种的经济权重,得到杜洛克的饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚相对经济权重分别为：50.42%、34.50%、15.08%;长白和大白群体窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚的相对经济权重分别为：16.82%、0.22%、39.56%、31.42%、11.98%和32.77%、0.41%、33.22%、24.43%、9.17%。结果显示,目前,在中国瘦肉型猪育种过程中,饲料利用效率应作为育种的主要目标性状,对于不同品种应选择最适合的性状进行育种。 相似文献
14.
Boenigk K Hamann H Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,119(5-6):258-269
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental sources of variation for results of behaviour tests recorded at juvenile and breeding performance tests in the Hovawart dog. For these analyses behaviour test results of 1882 (juvenile evaluation), respectively 929 dogs (breeding performance test) born in 1995 to 2000 had been used. Variance component estimation was performed for the traits appearance, play instinct, hunting affinity, group of people, shoot, acoustical and optical influences and temperament using multivariate linear animal models and Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML). The models included test-year-season, sex, litter size, age and inbreeding coefficient of the animal as fixed effects. Additive genetic effects of the animal, permanent environmental effect of the litter and the effect of the kennel were considered as random factors.The sex of the dog was significant for appearance, play instinct, hunting affinity, acoustical and optical influences of juvenile evaluation and for the traits temperament, play instinct, hunting affinity, acoustical and one of the optical influences of breeding performance test.The age of the dog at test significantly influenced the traits play instinct, hunting affinity and acoustical influences of juvenile evaluation and optical influences and hunting affinity of breeding performance test. All traits with exception of hunting affinity and group of people were significantly affected by the test-year-season. The inbreeding coefficient was significant for appearance of juvenile evaluation and play affinity of breeding performance test. The effect litter size did not influence any of the traits significantly.The estimated heritabilities for the behaviour traits of juvenile and breeding performance test ranged from h2 = 0.01 to h2 = 0.13, respectively h2 = 0.01 to h2 = 0.14, with standard errors of up to 0.03. The additive genetic correlations between most of the traits were moderately to highly positive (r(g) = 0.20 to r(g) = 1.0, respectively r(g) = 0.29 to r(g) = 1.0). Negative additive genetic correlations were only found for a few traits of juvenile (r(g) = -0.02 to r(g) = -0.58) and breeding performance test (r(g) = -0.28 to r(g) = -0.83). Progress in breeding for the behaviour traits investigated here may only be meaningful when information from all relatives is used in an animal model instead of selection based on the phenotype of the single animal. 相似文献
15.
Albertsdóttir E Eriksson S Sigurdsson Á Árnason T 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2011,128(2):124-132
Genetic evaluation of Icelandic horses is currently based on results from breeding field tests where riding ability and conformation of the horses are evaluated over the course of 1-2 days. Only a small part of registered horses attend these field tests, and it can be assumed that these are not a random sample of the population. In this study, the trait test status was introduced, describing whether a horse was assessed in a breeding field test. This trait was analysed to find out whether it has a genetic variation and how it correlates genetically to other traits in the breeding goal. Breeding field test data included 39,443 mares born in Iceland in 1990-2001, of which 7431 were assessed in the period 1994-2007. The trait was defined in relation to age, gender and stud of horses. Variance and covariance components were estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method by applying the Gibbs sampler procedure in the DMU program. Three multivariate analyses were performed where the test status trait was analysed with breeding field test traits. Animal models and sire models were applied. Based on estimated heritabilities (0.51-0.67) and genetic correlations (0.00-0.87), the test status trait showed significant genetic variation and was strongly correlated to some traits. The test status trait reflects preselection in the breeding field test traits and should be included in the genetic evaluation to enhance the procedure, reduce selection bias and increase accuracy of the estimation. 相似文献
16.
Four methods of selection for net merit comprising 2 correlated traits were compared in this study: 1) EBV-only index (I?), which consists of the EBV of both traits (i.e., traditional 2-trait BLUP selection); 2) GEBV-only index (I?), which comprises the genomic EBV (GEBV) of both traits; 3) GEBV-assisted index (I?), which combines both the EBV and the GEBV of both traits; and 4) GBV-assisted index (I?), which combines both the EBV and the true genomic breeding value (GBV) of both traits. Comparisons of these indices were based on 3 evaluation criteria [selection accuracy, genetic response (ΔH), and relative efficiency] under 64 scenarios that arise from combining 2 levels of genetic correlation (r(G)), 2 ratios of genetic variances between traits, 2 ratios of the genomic variance to total genetic variances for trait 1, 4 accuracies of EBV, and 2 proportions of r(G) explained by the GBV. Both selection accuracy and genetic responses of the indices I?, I?, and I? increased as the accuracy of EBV increased, but the efficiency of the indices I? and I? relative to I? decreased as the accuracy of EBV increased. The relative efficiency of both I? and I? was generally greater when the accuracy of EBV was 0.6 than when it was 0.9, suggesting that the genomic markers are most useful to assist selection when the accuracy of EBV is low. The GBV-assisted index I? was superior to the GEBV-assisted I? in all 64 cases examined, indicating the importance of improving the accuracy of prediction of genomic breeding values. Other parameters being identical, increasing the genetic variance of a high heritability trait would increase the genetic response of the genomic indices (I?, I?, and I?). The genetic responses to I?, I?, and I(4) was greater when the genetic correlation between traits was positive (r(G) = 0.5) than when it was negative (r(G) = -0.5). The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the GEBV-assisted index I? is affected by heritability of and genetic correlation between traits, the ratio of genetic variances between traits, the genomic-genetic variance ratio of each index trait, the proportion of genetic correlation accounted for by the genomic markers, and the accuracy of predictions of both EBV and GBV. However, most of these affecting factors are genetic characteristics of a population that is beyond the control of the breeders. The key factor subject to manipulation is to maximize both the proportion of the genetic variance explained by GEBV and the accuracy of both GEBV and EBV. The developed procedures provide means to investigate the efficiency of various genomic indices for any given combination of the genetic factors studied. 相似文献
17.
Eikje LS Schaeffer LR Ådnøy T Klemetsdal G Ødegård J 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2012,129(3):188-194
A method of approximating estimated breeding values (EBV) from a multivariate distribution of true breeding values (TBV) and EBV is proposed for use in large-scale stochastic simulation of alternative breeding schemes with a complex breeding goal. The covariance matrix of the multivariate distributions includes the additive genetic (co)variances and approximated prediction error (co)variances at different selection stages in the life of the animal. The prediction error (co)variance matrix is set up for one animal at a time, utilizing information on the selection candidate and its offspring, the parents, as well as paternal and maternal half- sibs. The EBV are a regression on TBV taking individual uncertainty into account, but with additional 'free' variation drawn at random. With the current information included in the calculation of the prediction error variance of a selection candidate, it is concluded that the method can be used to optimize progeny-testing schemes, where the progeny-tested sires are utilized with large progeny groups, e.g. through artificial insemination. 相似文献
18.
Wilson BJ Nicholas FW James JW Wade CM Tammen I Raadsma HW Castle K Thomson PC 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2011,128(3):230-243
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a common and debilitating developmental condition of the canine coxofemoral (hip) joint, exhibiting a multifactorial pattern of inheritance. British Veterinary Association hip traits (BVAHTs) are nine radiographic features of hips used in several countries to ordinally score both the right and left hip of potential breeding candidates to assess their suitability for breeding. The objective of this study was to examine some aspects of the relationship between contralateral scores for each BVAHT in a cohort of 13 124 Australian‐registered German Shepherd Dogs. Goodman and Kruskal gamma coefficients of 0.48–0.95 and correlation coefficients of 0.50–0.74 demonstrate that the association between right and left hip scores varies between moderate and strong for BVAHTs. Principal component analysis of scores detected a sizeable left‐versus‐right effect, a finding supported by symmetry and quasi‐symmetry analyses which found that seven of the nine BVAHTs display significant marginal asymmetry. Dogs showing asymmetry for one BVAHT are significantly more likely to display asymmetry at other BVAHTs. When asymmetry is expressed as a binary trait (either symmetrical or asymmetrical), it displays low to moderate heritability. Estimates of genetic correlations between right and left scores are very high for all BVAHTs (>0.945), suggesting right and left scores for each BVAHT are largely determined by the same set of genes. The marginal asymmetries are therefore more likely to be of environmental and non‐additive genetic origin. In breeding programmes for CHD, we recommend that scores from both hips be used to estimate breeding values, with a term for side‐of‐hip included in the model to account for score variation owing to asymmetry. 相似文献
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20.
家畜分子育种研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文综述了家畜（猪）的主效数量性状基因座育种和转基因育种的研究进展。主要包括构建基因图谱，并据此定位主效数量性状基因座或与之连锁的DNA标记；通过转基因技术来改良家畜重要经济性状或生产生化制剂或进行器官移植的研究。 相似文献