共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
2.
Inger Hilde Zahl Anders Kiessling Ole Bent Samuelsen Rolf Erik Olsen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(3):719-730
Stress in response to anesthesia with benzocaine, MS-222, metomidate and isoeugenol was studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with no concomitant stress from handling or confinement in association with anesthesia or sampling. All of the anesthetics
tested induced a stress response in all species, displayed by a release of cortisol to the water. MS-222 anesthesia elicited
the highest cortisol release rates, reaching maximum levels 0.5 h post-exposure and returning to basal levels after 3–4 h.
Benzocaine anesthesia caused a bimodal response where the initial peak in cortisol release rate was followed by a second increase
lasting towards the end of the trial (6 h). This bimodality was more profound in Atlantic salmon than in Atlantic halibut
and Atlantic cod. Metomidate anesthesia induced the lowest release of cortisol of the agents tested in both Atlantic halibut
and Atlantic cod, but resulted in a bimodal response in Atlantic salmon where the initial increase in cortisol release was
followed by a larger increase peaking at 2–2.5 h post exposure before returning to basal levels after 5 h. The stress induced
in Atlantic salmon by isoeugenol anesthesia resembled that of MS-222, but did not reach the same elevated level. Overall,
the cortisol release was most profound in Atlantic salmon followed by Atlantic halibut and Atlantic cod. 相似文献
3.
Inger Hilde Zahl Anders Kiessling Ole Bent Samuelsen Magne Kjerulf Hansen 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,295(1-2):52-59
The efficacy of the anaesthetic agents benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222), metomidate and 2-phenoxyethanol was studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with average body weights of 10 ± 4 g, 99 ± 33 g and 1022 ± 274 g at water temperatures of 8 °C and 16 °C. The agents were tested individually and as combination anaesthesia comprising pre-anaesthetic sedation with a low dosage of metomidate or 2-phenoxyethanol followed by anaesthesia with benzocaine or MS-222. All agents were administered through bath immersion with an exposure time of 5 min. The different treatments resulted in average induction and recovery times ranging from 52 ± 6 s to 182 ± 16 s and 77 ± 26 s to 659 ± 46 s respectively. Induction and recovery times varied in relation to water temperature and were generally shorter at 16 °C for all weight groups and treatments compared to 8 °C. For benzocaine and MS-222 induction and recovery times were found to increase with increasing body weight. For metomidate the recovery time increased with increasing weight whereas there were no weight related differences in induction time. No differences in either induction or recovery times associated to body weight were found for 2-phenoxyethanol. Acute stress prior to anaesthesia with MS-222 resulted in significantly shorter induction time and prolonged recovery time, as well as deeper anaesthetised fish. The dosage of MS-222 had to be reduced in order to avoid mortality in fish subjected to acute stress. Combination anaesthesia allowed a reduction of the dosages used for inducing anaesthesia and produced markedly reduced recovery times compared to agents administered individually. 相似文献
4.
Inger Hilde Zahl Anders Kiessling Ole Bent Samuelsen Magne Kjerulf Hansen 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(9):1235-1245
The efficacy of the anaesthetic agents benzocaine, metacaine (MS‐222), metomidate, 2‐phenoxyethanol, quinaldine and isoeugenol was studied in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Fish with an average body weight of 33 g were anaesthetized at 8 °C and fish with an average body weight of 1243 g were anaesthetized at 8 and 15 °C. Agents were tested individually and as combination anaesthesia comprising pre‐anaesthetic sedation, followed by anaesthesia. Induction and recovery times varied in relation to the body weight and water temperature. Large fish had longer induction times and shorter recovery times, and displayed reduced responsiveness to handling compared with small fish. A higher temperature resulted in shorter induction times, longer recovery times and increased responsiveness to handling. Lower dosages were used for all agents in combination anaesthesia. In small fish, this had no effect on the induction times but resulted in shorter recovery times and reduced responsiveness to handling. In large fish, combination anaesthesia resulted in shorter induction times whereas no uniform trend in recovery times and no differences in responsiveness to handling were observed. Neither individual agents nor combinations blocked all reflex reactions to external stimulation in all fish of any treatment group. MS‐222 and benzocaine, used separately or in combination anaesthesia, were the most effective agents in reducing reflex reactions. 相似文献
5.
6.
PCR survey for Paramoeba perurans in fauna,environmental samples and fish associated with marine farming sites for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present PCR survey, the focus was to identify reservoir species or environmental samples where P. perurans could be present throughout the year, regardless of the infection status in farmed Atlantic salmon. A total of 1200 samples were collected at or in the proximity to farming sites with AGD, or with history of AGD, and analysed for the presence of P. perurans. No results supported biofouling organisms, salmon lice, biofilm or sediment to maintain P. perurans. However, during clinical AGD in Atlantic salmon, the amoeba were detected in several samples, including water, biofilm, plankton, several filter feeders and wild fish. It is likely that some of these samples were positive as a result of the continuous exposure through water. Positive wild fish may contribute to the spread of P. perurans. Cleaner fish tested positive for P. perurans when salmon tested negative, indicating that they may withhold the amoeba longer than salmon. The results demonstrate the high infection pressure produced from an AGD‐afflicted Atlantic salmon population and thus the importance of early intervention to reduce infection pressure and horizontal spread of P. perurans within farms. 相似文献
7.
Repeated sublethal freshwater exposures reduce the amoebic gill disease parasite,Neoparamoeba perurans,on Atlantic salmon 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Daniel William Wright Barbara Nowak Frode Oppedal Phil Crosbie Lars Helge Stien Tim Dempster 《Journal of fish diseases》2018,41(9):1403-1410
Freshwater bathing is one of the main treatment options available against amoebic gill disease (AGD) affecting multiple fish hosts in mariculture systems. Prevailing freshwater treatments are designed to be long enough to kill Neoparamoeba perurans, the ectoparasite causing AGD, which may select for freshwater tolerance. Here, we tested whether using shorter, sublethal freshwater treatment durations are a viable alternative to lethal ones for N. perurans (2–4 hr). Under in vitro conditions, gill‐isolated N. perurans attached to plastic substrate in sea water lifted off after ≥2 min in freshwater, but survival was not impacted until 60 min. In an in vivo experiment, AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar subjected daily to 30 min (sublethal to N. perurans) and 120 min (lethal to N. perurans) freshwater treatments for 6 days consistently reduced N. perurans cell numbers on gills (based on qPCR analysis) compared to daily 3 min freshwater or seawater treatments for 6 days. Our results suggest that targeting cell detachment rather than cell death with repeated freshwater treatments of shorter duration than typical baths could be used in AGD management. However, the consequences of modifying the intensity of freshwater treatment regimes on freshwater tolerance evolution in N. perurans populations require careful consideration. 相似文献
8.
N.S. Liland G. Rosenlund M.H.G. Berntssen T. Brattelid L. Madsen B.E. Torstensen 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2013,19(3):289-300
Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; approximately 800 g start weight) were fed diets with a high replacement of fish meal (FM) with plant proteins (70% replacement), and either fish oil (FO) or 80% of the FO replaced by olive oil (OO), rapeseed oil (RO) or soybean oil (SO) during 28 weeks in triplicate. Varying the lipid source only gave non‐significant effects on growth and final weight. However, a significantly reduced feed intake was observed in the SO fed fish, and both feed utilization and lipid digestibility were significantly reduced in the FO fed fish. Limited levels of dietary 18:3n‐3, precursor to EPA and DHA, resulted in no net production of EPA and DHA despite increased mRNA expression of delta‐5‐desaturase and delta‐6‐desaturase in all vegetable oil fed fish. Net production of marine protein, but not of marine omega‐3 fatty acids, is thus possible in Atlantic salmon fed 80% dietary vegetable oil and 70% plant proteins resulting in an estimated net production of 1.3 kg Atlantic salmon protein from 1 kg of FM protein. Production of one 1 kg of Atlantic salmon on this diet required only 800 g of wild fish resources (Fish in ‐ Fish out < 1). 相似文献
9.
Ole K. Berg Gunnbjørn Bremset Michael Puffer Kjersti Hanssen 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2014,23(4):544-555
Interactive segregation has been suggested as the ruling competition mechanism determining niche and niche segregation between juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Results from allopatry–sympatry observations of habitat use in both nature and in experiments were contrary to predictions derived from the interactive segregation hypothesis. Habitat use parameters under natural conditions such as distance to shore for Atlantic salmon parr were nearly identical in allopatric (mean ± SD; 3.2 ± 1.4 m) and sympatric (3.3 ± 1.4 m) situations. Occupied water depths largely reflected available water, but water depths <15 cm were avoided by salmon parr. Under experimental conditions, habitat use of allopatric salmon was density independent and salmon size had only minor effects, with smaller fish being more likely to occur in the shallow. Habitat use of salmon in sympatry with trout did not differ from allopatric salmon habitat use, and only salmon size had minor effects on depth choice – occurrence of trout or fish density had no effect. Allopatric trout was in general more frequent in the shallow habitat than salmon. Habitat use of sympatric trout was affected by the occurrence of salmon and trout size, resulting in a higher use of the shallow habitats for small trout. To conclude, selective segregation has a dominant role in salmon habitat use (not affected by trout occurrence), whereas a mixed situation occurs in trout habitat use with elements of interactive segregation when competing with Atlantic salmon (affected by salmon occurrence). 相似文献
10.
The current review for the first time summarizes the findings of the 30 years of research on cold‐water vibriosis (CWV). The diseased caused by Aliivibrio salmonicida (earlier known as Vibrio salmonicida) was for the first time described in 1986 and became one of the most important bacterial diseases in salmon aquaculture. The lack of appropriate vaccine hampered development of Atlantic salmon aquaculture until the late 1980s when a novel vaccine allowed dramatic increase in the Atlantic salmon farming. In December 2007, the genus Vibrio was split into two genera and several bacterial species including V. salmonicida were transferred to genus Aliivibrio. The change of the names create significant difficulties with the designation of the CWV disease agent since its abbreviation A. salmonicida became similar to another well‐known salmon pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida). The disease was considered as controlled by vaccination, but reappeared at Atlantic salmon farms in 2011, this time affecting vaccinated Atlantic salmon. The current review summarizes the knowledge on pathogenesis, vaccination and treatment of CWV and proposes further directions for studying the disease. 相似文献
11.
Irene Cano Robin McCullough Brian Mulhearn Susie Gunning Ava Waine Claire Joiner Richard Paley 《Journal of fish diseases》2020,43(7):779-790
Neoparamoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). Two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting the parasite 18S rRNA and the Atlantic salmon EF1α, used as internal control, were designed. The N. perurans LAMP assay did not amplify close relatives N. pemaquidensis and N. branchiphila, or the host DNA. This assay detected 106 copies of the parasite 18S rRNA gene under 13 min and 103 copies under 35 min. Five “fast-and-dirty” DNA extraction methods were compared with a reference method and further validated by TaqMan™ qPCR. Of those, the QuickExtract buffer was selected for field tests. Seventy-one non-lethal gill swabs were analysed from AGD-clinically infected Atlantic salmon. The pathogen was detected under 23 min in fish of gill score >2 and under 39 min for lower gill scores. About 1.6% of the tests were invalid (no amplification of the internal control). 100% of positives were obtained from swabs taken from fish showing gill score ˃3, but only ~50% of positives for lower gill scores. The present LAMP assay could be implemented as a point-of-care test for the on-site identification of N. perurans; however, further work is required to improve its performance for lower scores. 相似文献
12.
Competitive interactions among multiple non‐native salmonids and two populations of Atlantic salmon 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Competitive interactions with non‐native species can have negative impacts on the conservation of native species, resulting in chronic stress and reduced survival. Here, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two allopatric populations (Sebago and LaHave) that are being used for reintroduction into Lake Ontario were placed into semi‐natural stream tanks with four non‐native salmonid competitors that are established in Ontario streams: brown trout (S. trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Brown trout and rainbow trout reduced the survival and fitness‐related traits of Atlantic salmon, whereas Chinook salmon and coho salmon had no impact on these traits. These data support theories on ecological niche overlap and link differences in observed aggression levels with competitive outcomes. Measurements of circulating hormones indicated that the Atlantic salmon were not chronically stressed nor had a change in social status at the 10‐month time point in the semi‐natural stream tanks. Additionally, the Sebago population was better able to coexist with the non‐native salmonids than the LaHave population. Certain populations of Atlantic salmon may thus be more suitable for some environments of the juvenile stream phase for the reintroduction into Lake Ontario. 相似文献
13.
Tim Burton Simon McKelvey Dave C. Stewart John D. Armstrong Neil B. Metcalfe 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2013,22(2):317-321
We investigated the independent effects of age at smolting and body condition at the time of spawning on egg production by female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). For a given body size, female salmon that had smolted as juveniles after 2 years in fresh water produced smaller, more numerous eggs than females that smolted 1 year later. Furthermore, fecundity (but not egg size) was related positively to maternal body condition at spawning. Given that age at smolting is closely related to juvenile growth rate; results from this study suggest that conditions experienced by female Atlantic salmon during both early life and adulthood have implications for the size and number of eggs that they produce. 相似文献
14.
15.
Marit Espe Shiwei Xie Shijun Chen Araujo Pedro Elisabeth Holen 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2019,25(3):737-746
The following study aimed to develop a fatty liver model in primary hepatocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon. In order to induce the fatty liver, oleic acid (OA) at 0.2 or 0.4 mM was used. Metformin, known to prevent and cure fatty liver in mammalian cells, was used at 1 or 10 mM for 24 hr before addition of OA to test possible prevention effect of metformin on the OA‐induced fatty liver phenotype. Cells grown in 0.2 mM OA did not increase the mean number of lipid droplets, while cells grown in 0.4 mM OA increased the number of lipid droplets within the liver cells (p < 0.0001). Metformin pretreatment prior to OA supplementation reduced the mean number of lipid droplets. Gene expression of ApoB100, CD36 and PPARa increased in cells treated with metformin and most so at 10 mM. On the other hand, gene expression of LXR, SREBP2 and CPT‐1 decreased at both concentrations of metformin, while OA treatment did not affect these genes. Gene expression of IL‐8 increased by 0.4 mM OA (p = 0.002). Metformin reduced the gene expression of IL‐8. Thus, metformin efficiently enhanced the expression of genes related to transport and oxidation of lipids in hepatic cells of salmon, but required higher concentrations of OA and metformin than those required in rodent models to increase and prevent lipid accumulation, respectively. 相似文献
16.
17.
The use of swabs relative to organs as a sample collection method for the detection of Tasmanian salmon reovirus (TSRV) in farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was evaluated by RT‐qPCR. Evaluation of individual and pooled sample collection (organs vs swabs) was carried out to determine the sensitivity of the collection methods and the effect of pooling of samples for the detection of TSRV. Detection of TSRV in individual samples was as sensitive when organs were sampled compared to swabs, and in pooled samples, organs demonstrated a sensitivity of one 10‐fold dilution higher than sampling of pooled swabs. Storage of swabs at 4 °C for t = 24 h demonstrated results similar to those at t = 0. Advantages of using swabs as a preferred sample collection method for the detection of TSRV compared to organ samples are evident from these experimental trials. 相似文献
18.
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon caused by the aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISA was first detected in Norway in 1984 and was characterized by severe anaemia and circulatory disturbances. This review elucidates factors related to the pathogenesis of ISA in Atlantic salmon, the dissemination of the virus in the host and the general distribution of the 4‐O‐acetylated sialic acids ISAV receptor. The knowledge contributes to the understanding of this disease, and why, almost 30 years after the first detection, it is still causing problems for the aquaculture industry. 相似文献
19.
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stress response was examined by measuring plasma cortisol, glucose and chloride in fish after water level reduction within rearing tanks. Maximum plasma cortisol levels (366±43 (SD) nM and 534±280 nM for Groups 1 and 2, respectively) were observed 20 min after application of the stressor. Cortisol levels were down to control levels 24 h later. The pattern for cortisol changes observed within these two groups were comparable. Plasma glucose and chloride concentrations did not change significantly in either of the experimental groups. The fish in group 2 were then repeatedly subjected to the same stressor every third day. After the fifth exposure to the stressor, blood was obtained from fish at times corresponding to sampling after the first exposure. Their maximum plasma cortisol level only reached 223 (±96) nM, and was down to prestress levels within 2 h. Plasma glucose and chloride concentrations did not change significantly in this second experiment. This challenge test revealed an acute primary response in Atlantic salmon without any apparent harmful secondary responses, that may thus serve as a standardized reference stressor using other fish groups under comparable conditions. 相似文献
20.
E. Bombardier R. K. Booth H. J. Green R. S. McKinley 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(3):355-365
The adaptability/plasticity of the highly oxidative red muscle in Atlantic salmon was demonstrated during spawning migration.
Substrate concentrations and the enzymatic pathways of ATP production were examined in red muscle obtained from Atlantic salmon
at different sites along their migratory route in the Exploits River, Newfoundland, Canada. Individuals were chronologically
sampled from a seawater site, two sites upstream, and at spawning. The 20% decrease in salmon body weight during the later
stages of migration was accompanied by large decreases (mg dry weight−1) in both glycogen (P < 0.01) and total muscle lipid (P < 0.01). In contrast, water content and protein concentration (mg dry weight−1) of the red muscle increased by 25 and 34%, respectively, at spawning. Enzymes of the glycolytic pathways demonstrated a
significant (P < 0.001) decrease in maximal activity as migration proceeded whereas enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation pathways, specifically
the citric acid cycle enzymes, exhibited an increase (P < 0.001) in maximal activity at spawning. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase also demonstrated an increase (P < 0.001) in maximal activity during the latter stages of migration. These adaptations imply that the red epaxial muscle of
Atlantic salmon has a more efficient means of oxidizing lipids, while minimizing free radical damage, during the later stages
of migration and spawning, thereby potentially increasing post spawning survival. 相似文献