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1.
During the period February to May 2008, bulk milk samples were collected from 57 dairy farms throughout Wales in the framework of a voluntary somatic cell count project. Bulk milk samples were tested for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and Leptospira Hardjo, and samples were also tested for the presence of BVDV antigen by PCR. A questionnaire was used to determine whether the herd was open or closed, what the vaccination status was, and to obtain general farm information such as the herd size and average milk yield. Vaccination against BVD, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and leptospirosis was practised on 37, 12 and 35 per cent of the farms, respectively. The presence of bulk milk antibodies on farms that did not use vaccination was 75 per cent for BVDV, 54 per cent for BHV-2 and 76 per cent for L Hardjo. Open herds had 10 times the odds (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 1.7 to 59.4)of having bulk milk antibodies for BVDV and 16.7 times the odds (95 per cent CI 2.0 to 49.7) of having bulk milk antibodies to BHV-1 compared with closed herds. A farm with bulk milk antibodies to one disease had significantly higher odds of having bulk milk antibodies to a second disease (P<0.05).  相似文献   

2.
Milk samples from 135 herds in Brittany were tested by a blocking ELISA for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and used to assess the relationship between the bulk milk result and the within-herd prevalence of antibody-positive lactating cows. This relationship was first quantified by using a general linear model and controlling for the number of cows contributing milk to the bulk tank, for the percentage of primiparous cows in the herds and for the number of milkings contributing to the bulk tank. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was then used to define classes of percentage inhibition in the bulk milk associated with minimum intraclass and maximum between-class variances of the within-herd prevalence. Only the percentage inhibition of bulk milk had a significant positive effect on within-herd prevalence (R2 = 0.85). The ROC analysis provided three classes of bulk milk results corresponding to different expected levels of within-herd prevalence. Herds with bulk milk percentage inhibitions of 0 to 35 per cent, 35 to 60 per cent and 60 to 100 per cent had mean (sd) observed prevalences of 4.8 (5.7) per cent, 21.6 (14.6) per cent and 66.0 (29.3) per cent, respectively. Herds with a bulk milk inhibition of 0 to 35 per cent were expected to be BVDV-free. A herd with two consecutive bulk milk results four months apart of 60 per cent or more was likely to have a very high prevalence (median of 93 per cent) and could be suspected of harbouring an active infection.  相似文献   

3.
An ELISA developed to diagnose Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle by detecting serum antibodies was adapted and validated for use with samples of bulk-tank milk. The prevalence of the infection in 61 dairy herds was established by using serum antibody levels or faecal egg counts measured in a proportion of the cows in each herd. The correlation between the results of the ELISA and the herd seroprevalence was 0.83. Using a cut-off value of 27 per cent positive, the bulk-tank ELISA identified herds in which more than 25 per cent of the cows were infected with a diagnostic sensitivity of 96 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 89 to 100 per cent) and a diagnostic specificity of 80 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 66 to 94 per cent). By applying the ELISA to 623 herds in England and 445 herds in Wales, the prevalence of F hepatica infection in England was estimated to be 48 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 46 to 54 per cent), and in Wales 86 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 84 to 90 per cent).  相似文献   

4.
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5.
An iodophor teat disinfectant was applied before milking by dip or spray to 50 cows and 50 cows were left untreated in each of three commercial herds. The mean incidence of clinical mastitis was reduced by 57 per cent, the total bacterial count by 70 per cent and the count of thermoduric organisms by 32 per cent. These results were not statistically significant, except that one herd showed a significant decrease in total bacterial count. There was no effect on somatic cell count, milk production or milk iodine residues. Atmospheric iodine concentrations increased in the two herds which applied the treatment as a spray, but the levels attained were not likely to be detrimental to human health.  相似文献   

6.
AIMS: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of a bulk tank milk (BTM) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect likely infection of a dairy herd with bovine vi- ral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The ELISA was subsequently used to estimate the prevalence of likely infected herds in parts of the North Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: BTM samples from 724 randomly selected dairy herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand were tested for BVDV antibodies. From this group, 20 herds were again randomly selected from each of the quartiles of the ELISA percentage inhibition (%INH) result. From each participant herd, serum from 15 randomly selected calves aged 6–18 months and 15 cows was collected and tested using an indirect blocking ELISA for BVDV antibodies.

RESULTS: Among serum results from calves from 50 herds available for analysis, 34 (68%) herds were classified as likely non-infected (0-3 seropositive among 15 calves) and 16 (32%) as likely infected (5–15 seropositive among 15 calves). Receiver- operator characteristic (ROC) analysis identified an optimal cut-off for BTM of 80%INH associated with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity for likely herd infection. The prevalence of BVDV antibodies in cows within herds and %INH for BVDV in bulk milk were positively correlated (p<0.01). The association between bulk milk %INH and the prevalence of BVDV antibodies in calves was stronger than the same association in cows. Based on the threshold of 80%INH, the 95% confidence interval (CI) for prevalence of likely infection in the 724 herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand was 12–17%. Vaccination against BVDV was not significantly associated with the likely infection status of the herd based on prevalence of BVDV antibodies among calves.

CONCLUSION: An ELISA test result for BVDV antibodies in BTM ≥80%INH can be used as a threshold to indicate the presence of likely infection with BVDV in dairy herds in New Zealand, with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity.  相似文献   

7.
Beaudeau F  Fourichon C  Robert A  Joly A  Seegers H 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,72(1-2):163-7; discussion 215-9
Variations in test-day bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) according to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection status of the herd were quantified. Infection statuses were defined, based on bulk-milk antibodies measured twice 4 months apart. On each test-day, BMSCC was calculated as the weighted mean of the individual cow-level somatic cell counts. A total of 97,985 test-days in 7252 herds were considered. The effect of the BVDV-infection on BMSCC was assessed using mixed linear models, controlling for herd (random), proportion of primiparous cows and average days in milk on test-day. Considering test-days contemporary to the BVDV-status definition-period, the increase in BMSCC was 12,000 (P<0.001), 27,000 (P<0.001) and 6000 (P=0.97) cells/ml in past-infected recently recovered, past-but-still-infected and recently infected herds respectively, compared with not recently infected herds. A carry-over effect (at least 1 year) of BVDV-infection on BMSCC was also evidenced in past-infected recently recovered, past-but-still-infected and recently infected herds.  相似文献   

8.

Background

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is considered eradicated from Denmark. Currently, very few (if any) Danish cattle herds could be infected with BVD virus (BVDV). The Danish antibody blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been successfully used during the Danish BVD eradication program, initiated in 1994. During the last decade, the cattle herd size has increased while the prevalence of BVDV has decreased. In this study, we investigated how these changes could affect the performance of the Danish blocking ELISA and of the SVANOVIR®BVDV-Ab indirect ELISA. The latter has successfully been used to eradicate BVD in Sweden.Data (2003–2010) on changes in median herd size and milk production levels, occurrence of viremic animals and bulk milk surveillance were analysed. Additionally, the Danish blocking ELISA and the SVANOVIR ELISA were compared analyzing milk and serum samples. The prevalence of antibody positive milking cows that could be detected by each test was estimated, by diluting positive individual milk samples and making artificial milk pools.

Results

During the study period, the median herd size increased from 74 (2003) to 127 cows (2010), while the prevalence of BVDV infected herds decreased from 0.51 to 0.02 %. The daily milk yield contribution of a single seropositive cow to the entire daily bulk milk was reduced from 1.61 % in 2003 to 0.95 % in 2010 due to the increased herd size. It was observed that antibody levels in bulk milk decreased at national level. Moreover, we found that when testing bulk milk, the SVANOVIR®BVDV-Ab can detect a lower prevalence of seropositive lactating cows, compared to the Danish blocking ELISA (0.78 % vs. 50 %). Values in the SVANOVIR®BVDV-Ab better relate to low concentrations of antibody positive milk (R2 = 94-98 %), than values in the blocking ELISA (R2 = 23–75 %). For sera, the two ELISAs performed equally well.

Conclusions

The SVANOVIR ELISA is recommended for analysis of bulk milk samples in the current Danish situation, since infected dairy herds e.g. due to import of infected cattle can be detected shortly after BVDV introduction, when only few lactating cows have seroconverted. In sera, the two ELISAs can be used interchangeably.  相似文献   

9.
AIMS: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of a bulk tank milk (BTM) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect likely infection of a dairy herd with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The ELISA was subsequently used to estimate the prevalence of likely infected herds in parts of the North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: BTM samples from 724 randomly selected dairy herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand were tested for BVDV antibodies. From this group, 20 herds were again randomly selected from each of the quartiles of the ELISA percentage inhibition (%INH) result. From each participant herd, serum from 15 randomly selected calves aged 6-18 months and 15 cows was collected and tested using an indirect blocking ELISA for BVDV antibodies. RESULTS: Among serum results from calves from 50 herds available for analysis, 34 (68%) herds were classified as likely non-infected (0-3 seropositive among 15 calves) and 16 (32%) as likely infected (5-15 seropositive among 15 calves). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis identified an optimal cut-off for BTM of 80%INH associated with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity for likely herd infection. The prevalence of BVDV antibodies in cows within herds and %INH for BVDV in bulk milk were positively correlated (p<0.01). The association between bulk milk %INH and the prevalence of BVDV antibodies in calves was stronger than the same association in cows. Based on the threshold of 80%INH, the 95% confidence interval (CI) for prevalence of likely infection in the 724 herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand was 12-17%. Vaccination against BVDV was not significantly associated with the likely infection status of the herd based on prevalence of BVDV antibodies among calves. CONCLUSION: An ELISA test result for BVDV antibodies in BTM >/=80%INH can be used as a threshold to indicate the presence of likely infection with BVDV in dairy herds in New Zealand, with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity.  相似文献   

10.
Five goat herds were examined to determine the prevalence and causes of subclinical mastitis and to assess the value of some laboratory tests currently used on milk samples as aids in the diagnosis of caprine mastitis. In the 170 samples taken from the pairs of mammary glands of 85 goats, the prevalence of infection in the different herds ranged from 15 per cent to 79 per cent of halves. Just over one-third (36 per cent) of all halves were infected, the organisms isolated being coagulase-negative staphylococci (80 per cent), coagulase-positive staphylococci (16 per cent), alpha-haemolytic streptococci (2 per cent) and Pasteurella haemolytica (2 per cent). Neither anaerobic organisms nor mycoplasmas were found. Tests confirmed that the coagulase-positive staphylococci were pathogens but that the coagulase-negative staphylococci rarely caused detectable disease in the caprine udder. The large between-herd variation in the geometric mean cell counts of uninfected milk samples means that somatic cell counts, the Whiteside test and the California mastitis test, are unreliable as aids in the diagnosis of caprine mastitis.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of paratuberculosis sero-status on milk yield, fat, protein, somatic cell count and calving interval in Irish dairy herds. Serum from all animals over 12 months of age (n = 2,602) in 34 dairy herds was tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using an ELISA. Herds were categorised by sero-status into positive, non-negative and negative, where a positive herd contained two or more positive cows, a non-negative herd contained only one positive cow and a negative herd contained no positive cows. Data at animal, parity and herd-level were analysed by multiple regression using general linear models. Positive herds (mean herd size = 129 cows) and non-negative herds (81 cows) were larger than negative herds (72 cows) (P < 0.01). Negative herds had the highest economic breeding index (EBI), while positive herds had the highest estimated breeding value (EBV) for milk yield. There was no significant effect of paratuberculosis sero-status at animal, parity or herd-level on milk yield, milk fat or protein production, somatic cell count score (SCCS) or calving interval. Negative herds tended to have a lower SCCS than positive and nonnegative herds (P = 0.087). This study only examined the effects of paratuberculosis sero-status but did not examine the clinical effects of Johne's disease at the farm or dairy industry levels.  相似文献   

12.
A commercial ELISA detecting antibodies against bovine viral diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) was analysed for its applicability for bulk-milk screening. Detection limits were analysed using native and concentrated milk samples (milk treated with rennet and ammonium sulfate precipitated) from 10 cows whose sera showed different reactivity levels in the ELISA and from two cows which gave birth to persistently infected calves during the last year. Further this and a second commercial ELISA were used to screen 591 randomly selected bulk-milk samples. To clarify discrepancies thirty-nine herds were included in a follow-up study. A second bulk-milk sample and serum samples from 10 young cattle of 6 to 28 month of age per herd were analysed for antibodies against BVDV. The results of this second testing and the detection of viremic animals in 4 herds confirmed the results from initial bulk-milk testing with both tests. The analysed test is suitable for bulk-milk testing although its application is limited by vaccination.  相似文献   

13.
A 12-month prospective study of clinical mastitis was conducted in 482 British dairy herds with a bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) of less than 150,000 cells/ml. The mean proportion of cows in the herd with clinical mastitis was 23.1 per cent (range 0 to 80), with a mean of 1.50 quarter cases per cow. The mean incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 36.7 quarter cases per 100 cow years (range 0 to 208.2). Twelve per cent of the quarter cases showed systemic signs, including inappetence and severe lethargy. Over 22 per cent of quarter cases occurred in the first seven days of lactation and over 50 per cent occurred in the first 90 days of lactation. Cluster analysis indicated that the main difference between herds with a low and average incidence of mastitis was the proportion of clinical cases occurring in the first seven days of lactation, 14 per cent compared with 44 per cent, respectively. The risk of severe clinical mastitis compared with mild clinical mastitis decreased significantly as the individual cow somatic cell count (SCC) in the month before clinical mastitis was diagnosed increased.  相似文献   

14.
Rikula U  Nuotio L  Aaltonen T  Ruoho O 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,72(1-2):139-42; discussion 215-9
The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) situation among dairy herds and suckler-cow herds was monitored annually from 1998 to 2004. Bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples from all dairy herds and serum samples from beef animals at slaughter were examined for BVDV antibodies using a commercial indirect ELISA test. New BTM antibody-positive herds and herds with a history of BTM antibodies, but previously untested were sampled individually and tested for evidence of BVDV. The reason for the antibody-positivity or the source of infection was investigated. The percentage of BTM antibody-positive herds ranged from 0.45% in 2000 to 0.15% in 2003. The number of herds with persistently infected (PI) animals ranged from 10 in 2001 to 0 in 2003. The most common cause for a herd to become BTM antibody-positive was the purchase of a seropositive animal or a PI animal or a dam carrying a PI fetus. The new BVD decree of 2004 will be described in brief.  相似文献   

15.
Bulk and individual milk samples from 117 herds located in Brittany (west France) were used to assess: (i) the performance characteristics of an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) applied to individual milk for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV); and (ii) the relationship between the bulk milk result obtained from this test and the within‐herd prevalence of antibody‐positive lactating cows. This ELISA test was based on a monoclonal antibody directed against non‐structural protein NS2‐3 of pestiviruses. At the individual level, based on 1113 matched milk/serum samples, the sensitivity and specificity of this test applied to milk, compared with the virus neutralization test on serum, were 95.0 and 97.7%, respectively. At the herd level, the relationship between the optical density percentage (OD%) of bulk milk and the within‐herd prevalence of antibody‐positive lactating cows was assessed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Classes of OD% of bulk milk were determined so that they were associated with minimum intraclass and maximum between‐class variances of within‐herd prevalence of antibody‐positive cows. The ROC analysis resulted in two classes of bulk milk results corresponding to different expected levels of within‐herd prevalence. Herds with an OD% of bulk milk <75% and ≥75% had a mean observed prevalence of antibody‐positive cows of 8.9 and 60.6%, respectively. Herds with a bulk milk result <75% were expected to be BVDV free, whereas large variations in prevalence of antibody‐positive cows existed in the herds with OD% ≥75%. The test described in this study is suitable to identify herds likely to have a low prevalence of BVDV antibody‐positive cows.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of paratuberculosis on culling, milk production, and milk quality in infected dairy herds. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 689 lactating dairy cows in 9 herds. PROCEDURE: Milk, blood, and fecal samples were obtained from all cows. Fecal samples were evaluated via mycobacterial culture. Serum samples were tested with a commercially available ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, and preserved milk samples were tested with an ELISA for antibodies against M paratuberculosis. Mixed effect and proportional hazards models were used to determine the effect of paratuberculosis on 305-day milk, fat, and protein production; somatic cell count linear score; and the risk of culling. RESULTS: Cows with positive results of bacteriologic culture of feces and milk ELISA produced less milk, fat, and protein, compared with herdmates with negative results. No difference in 305-day milk or fat production was detected in cows with positive results of serum ELISA, compared with seronegative cows. The 3 survival analyses revealed that cows with positive results of each test were at higher risk of being culled than cows with negative results. Paratuberculosis status, as determined by use of all 3 diagnostic tests, was not associated with milk somatic cell count linear score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that for the 9 herds in this study, paratuberculosis significantly decreased milk production and cow longevity.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Abstract

Data from a questionnaire regarding housing factors were merged with data from the milk recording databases (herd mean annual milk yield per goat, somatic cell count (SCC) and bulk milk bacterial count), and the material included 235 herds. Associations with housing factors were tested at herd level and at individual goat level. Housing in insulated buildings with no access to outdoor areas during the winter season, expanded metal grating and no use of bedding predominated. None of the housing factors evaluated were significantly associated with milk yield. In herds using water nipples, SCC was lower compared to herds using water bowls. SCC was also lower in herds with milking facilities in separate milking stalls as compared with combined feeding milking stalls in common pens. No significant associations were found between housing factors and bacterial counts, but the counts were lower in herds with high average milk yields per goat.  相似文献   

19.
Clinical mastitis was monitored in six Somerset dairy herds for one year. The herds all had three-month geometric mean bulk milk somatic cell counts of less than 250,000 cells/ml. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated on all the farms and in all months of the year. Environmental pathogens accounted for 61.4 per cent of all cases of clinical mastitis and for 79.3 per cent of the mastitis cases in which an aetiological agent was identified. The mean annual incidence was 41.6 cases per 100 cows (range 14 to 75). Affected cows suffered a mean of 1.5 cases and 16.4 per cent of quarters suffered at least one repeat case. Mastitis due to E. coli was more severe than mastitis due to other causes and it tended to be more severe in early lactation and during the housing period. Mastitis was significantly more severe (grades 2 and 3) in the herd with the lowest bulk milk somatic cell count and in the herd which was kept indoors throughout the year than in the other four herds. Mastitis was fatal in 2.2 per cent of cases and resulted in the death of 0.6 per cent of the lactating cows.  相似文献   

20.
Antibodies against non-structural protein 3 (NS3, p80) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were determined in milk from cows vaccinated with an inactivated BVDV vaccine and compared to serum antibody levels. Animals in one herd were vaccinated with an inactivated BVDV vaccine according to the standard protocol and animals from a second herd with an intensive schedule. Serum and milk samples were tested for BVDV NS3 antibodies using five commercial ELISAs. With a few exceptions, vaccination according to the standard schedule did not induce BVDV NS3-specific antibodies in serum or milk. However, after vaccination according to the intensive schedule, anti-NS3 antibodies were detected for a short time in serum and, to a lesser extent, in milk. Bulk milk was a suitable substrate for BVDV monitoring of herds vaccinated with the inactivated BVD vaccine.  相似文献   

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