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1.
Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in Finland. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze fatal farm injuries in Finland in 1988 to 2000. The information regarding farm-related fatalities was collected by the Kuopio Regional Institute of Occupational Health. The material of this study consisted of all fatal injuries that occurred on a farm or away from a farm in the course of agricultural work. A total of 217 farm-related fatalities occurred in Finland between 1988 and 2000. Of these, 120 were tractor-related, and 97 were other fatal farm injuries. Most of the injuries involved middle-aged or older male farmers. The most typical fatalities with tractors were tractor overturns during driving on a road or working in a field. Other fatal farm incidents occurred mainly in construction work, animal husbandry, or forest work. Elderly farmers and children proved to be risk groups for fatal injuries. 相似文献
2.
In 2004, the Agricultural Safety and Health Centers, supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, launched an initiative to conduct research on the consequences of and approaches to control of agricultural tractor-related injuries. The most significant cause of fatal injuries is associated with tractor overturns, and a recognized intervention to control these injuries is equipping the tractor with a rollover protective structure (ROPS). The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of tractor-related fatal and nonfatal injuries and their social costs. Based upon the annual average incidence of 125 tractor-overturn-related fatalities in the U.S. for the period 1992 to 2002, an analysis was conducted of injuries over the 25-year period 1997 to 2021. Using the number of fatalities as an index value, the analysis found that in 1997, there were a total of 2,412 tractor overturns. These overturns were associated with 125 deaths and 573 nonfatal injuries requiring at least outpatient treatment. Compared to ROPS-equipped tractors, 123 (98.6%) deaths and 543 (95%) of nonfatal injuries were associated with non-ROPS tractor overturns. The undiscounted social cost of these injuries totaled $1.5 billion in 2006 dollars for the 25-year period when using cost factors for the agricultural population. When discounted at 3%, this total was $1.1 billion, and when discounted at 5%, it was $0.9 billion. In an alternative analysis, when using cost factors for all occupations including agriculture, the undiscounted social cost totaled $2.9 billion, $2.1 billion when discounted at 3%, and $1.7 billion discounted at 5% for the 25-year period. Non-ROPS tractors as compared to ROPS-equipped tractors account for at least 97% of the costs, no matter the discount rate or cost factors used. 相似文献
3.
The Amish and other Old Order Anabaptists have been inseparably linked with agriculture since coming to America. However few efforts have been identified which analyze the issues involved with Old Order Anabaptist farm injuries or present best practices for addressing these problems. As part of an effort to develop culturally appropriate and effective injury prevention strategies for use within the Old Order Anabaptist community, this article identifies important cultural issues that should be considered in understanding and attempting to reduce farm injures in this population, summarizes statistics concerning farm-related fatalities among Old Order Anabaptists, and discusses methods which have been effectively used to address farm injuries within these communities. In the statistical analysis, 92 cases were identified that were classified as being work-related or occurring in a farm work-related setting during the period 1980 to 2000. Approximately 64% of the identified cases were children 15 years and under; and approximately 77% were male. Run-over incidents were the most frequent primary cause of the fatal injuries, while animal-related behavior was the most frequent secondary cause, reflecting agricultural practices that remain highly dependent upon the use of horses and mules. The authors believe evidence suggests that certain Old Order Anabaptist choices concerning farm safety issues may be directly related to their socio-religious beliefs, and that effective intervention strategies must also be sensitive to socio-religious beliefs. 相似文献
4.
Jenkins PL Sorensen JA Yoder A Myers M Murphy D Cook G Wright F Bayes B May JJ 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2012,18(2):103-112
Tractor overturns contribute significantly to the number of work-related deaths that occur every year on U.S. farms. Although the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries have the highest fatality rates of any industries, researchers predict that the elimination of tractor overturn fatalities could result in a noticeable reduction in the farm fatality rate. Rollover protection structures (ROPS) are 99% effective in preventing overturn fatalities. However, roughly 50% of U.S. tractors do not have a ROPS. In order to identify prominent barriers and motivators to installing ROPS, a phone survey was conducted with a random sample of farmers (n = 327) in Vermont and Pennsylvania, two states interested in developing ROPS installation programs. Results indicated that cost and perceived need were the most frequently highly rated barriers to ROPS installation in both states, while working near hills or ditches and concerns regarding liability were the most frequently highly rated motivators for installing ROPS. Additionally, older farmers identified limited use of a tractor as a highly rated barrier. 相似文献
5.
Data from the Vital Statistics Mortality (VSM) public use file and the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance systems were used to describe fatal injuries among youth 16-19 years of age in the United States that occurred on farms for the years 1982 through 1994. The VSM captures all deaths in the United States, while the NTOF only captures occupational injury deaths. There were 550 total on-farm fatalities to youth 16-19 years of age in the VSM, and 221 occupational on-farm deaths from the NTOF for the same age group. These numbers suggest that 40% of the on-farm deaths were occupational. It was found that the proportions of deaths attributable to work increased with age. Fatality rates for on-farm nonoccupational deaths decreased slightly during the time period (from 8.4 deaths/100,000 for 1982-1985 to 6.8 deaths/100,000 for 1991-1994), while on-farm occupational fatality rates dropped dramatically (12.0 deaths/100,000 for 1982-1985 down to 4.9 deaths/100,000 for 1991-1994). The leading causes of death for on-farm occupational fatalities were machinery (54%) and electrical current (20%). The most common causes of on-farm fatalities that were nonoccupational were drowning (38.9%) and firearms (28.6%). For the years 1991 through 1994, drowning and firearms accounted for approximately the same number of on-farm deaths as machinery. Nonoccupational risks are a concern for youth 16-19 years of age on the farm. 相似文献
6.
Myers JR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2010,16(4):265-278
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are an effective engineering control known to prevent tractor overturn deaths, the leading cause of occupational fatalities for farmers and farm workers in the U.S. However, the use of ROPS is known to vary greatly from farm to farm. A national sample of 11,458 farm operators from the 2004 Occupational Injury Surveillance of Production Agriculture (OISPA) survey was used to assess the association between the prevalence of ROPS and ten farm operator and farm demographic variables using logistic regression. The variable were: operator's age, operator's sex, operator's education, farm sales, full- or part-time farming, acreage, type of operation, number of hired workers, number of injuries, and region. All ten variables were found to have significant associations with the prevalence of non-ROPS tractors on farms in the univariate logistic regressions. For the multivariate model, all variables except for the sex of the farm operator remained significant. Farms with less than three adult injuries, no hired workers, less than 300 acres in size, a Midwest location, and a primary farm type of tobacco, fruit and nuts, dairy, or poultry and eggs all had adjusted odds ratios of 2 or greater. Increasing the prevalence of ROPS-equipped tractors is essential for reducing the leading cause of death on farms, tractor overturns. Economic factors play a major role in the prevalence and distribution of non-ROPS tractors on farms. The identified associations can be used to effectively target areas of the U.S. for ROPS promotion activities. 相似文献
7.
山西省西山地区退耕还林效益评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山西省西山地区生态环境系统十分脆弱,历来以水土流失严重而受到广泛关注。退耕还林工程的实施有力地促进了西山地区生态环境的改善,并对当地经济社会的可持续发展产生了深远的影响。对退耕还林工程效益进行评价,能够反映出工程实施对区域生态、社会、经济产生的影响。以山西省吉县为例,采用综合评价法,对其2000—2008年间的退耕还林工程进行生态、社会、经济效益综合评价和效益分析。结果表明,吉县退耕还林工程效益2000年为负值,从2001年开始发挥出来,2000—2008年间综合效益逐年增加,在时间序列上呈积累式增加趋势。 相似文献
8.
Agricultural driveline-related incidents have been identified as an important cause of farm-related injury resulting in death and permanently disabling conditions to children and adolescents. A database of driveline-related injuries, including both PTO drivelines and secondary shafts and drivelines on agricultural equipment, developed at Purdue University was mined to identify all cases involving children and adolescents under age 18 who had been involved in a driveline-related incident from 1970 through 2004. Although these incidents did not account for a high percentage of all childhood farm-related injuries, this age group was found to make up nearly one in four documented agricultural driveline incidents. Of the 685 cases in the database with known ages, 151 were identified as youth under age 18. Findings indicated that these incidents often resulted in catastrophic injuries including amputation, spinal cord injuries, and compound bone fractures. Over the period studied, the trend in documented cases is declining, with recent years reporting below the yearly average and 2004 reporting no fatalities. Youth, primarily males, age 13 had the highest frequency of incidents, and over 50% of all cases occurred to youth ages 12 to 17. Fall was identified as the season with the most reported incidents. Amputations were documented in nearly 50% of all cases, and augers, elevators, and conveyors were the machines most frequently identified as being involved in the incident. Recommendations and strategies that specifically target the childhood injury problem related to agricultural drivelines are provided. 相似文献
9.
农业建筑工程设施是现代化农业产业化发展的基础设施，确定农业建筑工程设施合理的设计年限，对指导农业设施的设计和建造，促进设施园艺和设施养殖规模化、标准化发展，创导节约型现代农业生产，具有十分重要的意义。该文从农业建筑的自然属性与社会属性出发，重点分析研究了影响建筑结构耐久性的各种损耗，提出了农业建筑设计年限的确定原则包括一次性原则、自然属性原则、功能性原则及经济性原则。最后给出按属性、功能和效益的设计年限计算方法、按单项工程确定及经济使用年限推测的三种确定方法。 相似文献
10.
Helmkamp JC Biddle E Marsh SM Campbell CR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2012,18(3):233-243
The objective of this study was to estimate the societal economic burden associated with work-related ATV fatalities among civilian persons more than 17 years of age in the U.S. from 2003 through 2006. ATV death data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' annual Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Costs were estimated using a model employing a cost-of-illness method developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. From 2003 to 2006, a total of 129 work-related ATV deaths occurred among persons more than 17 years of age in the U.S., nearly doubling from 20 deaths in 2003 to 39 deaths in 2006. The collective lifetime cost of the deaths was $103.6 million (M), with a four-year mean of $803,100 and a four-year median of $772,100. Decedents age 35 to 54 years accounted for one-third of the deaths (n = 41) at a cost of $50.1 M. Montana had the most deaths (13). Fifty-two percent of the deaths were overturns costing $48.3 M. Eighty-four (65%) of the deaths were workers in agricultural production at a cost of $62.3 M. Short-term investment in prevention measures, such as training and helmets for workers, could provide lasting dividends by preventing work-related ATV deaths and reducing their economic impact. 相似文献
11.
In order to provide injury surveillance for youth on farms in the U.S., the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), in partnership with the USDA, developed the Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey (CAIS). CAIS data for all youth less than 20 years of age on farms have been collected for the calendar years of 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2006. CAIS data from 2006 indicated that an estimated 30.7 million youth lived on, worked on, or visited U.S. farms. These youth experienced almost 23,000 injuries while on the farm. The majority of these injuries occurred to males (15,223) and youth between the ages of 10 and 15 years (10,158). Approximately 25% (5,773) of the injuries were related to work being done on the farm. Youth living on the farm incurred 51% (11,654) of the injuries, hired youth sustained 6% (1,363), and 40% were to visiting youth (9,729). Although youth injuries on farms have declined by 30% since 1998, the numbers are still unacceptably high. Further indepth evaluation of subsets of the youth population may serve to better direct safety intervention programs and research. 相似文献
12.
The National Coalition for Agricultural Safety and Health (NCASH) in 1988 addressed issues in agriculture and noted "a sense of urgency... arose from the recognition of the unabating epidemic of traumatic death and injury in American farming . . ." This article provides an update to the NCASH conference on traumatic injuries in agriculture, a history on how the facts and figures were arrived at for the NCASH conference, and a current report on the status of traumatic injuries in agriculture in the U.S. Fatal and nonfatal injuries are addressed along with national and regional surveillance systems. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) was used for reporting national agricultural production fatal injuries from 1992-1998 (25.8 deaths per 100,000 workers), the Traumatic Injury Surveillance of Farmers (TISF) 1993-1995 was used to report nonfatal injuries occurring nationally (7.5/100 workers), and Regional Rural Injury Studies I and II (RRIS-I and RRIS-II) were used to illustrate a regional approach along with in-depth, specific analyses. Fatality rates, which showed some decline in the 1980s, were fairly constant during the 1990s. Changes in nonfatal injury rates for this sector could not be assessed due to a lack of benchmark data. The main concerns identified in the 1989 NCASH report continue today: tractors are the leading cause of farm-related death due mostly to overturns; older farmers continue to be at the highest risk for farm fatalities; and traumatic injuries continue to be a major concern for youth living or working on U.S. farms. Fatal and nonfatal traumatic injuries associated with agricultural production are a major public health problem that needs to be addressed through comprehensive approaches that include further delineation of the problem, particularly in children and older adults, and identification of specific risk factors through analytic efforts. Continued development of relevant surveillance systems and implementation of appropriate interventions are the primary challenges for the current decade. 相似文献
13.
Kallioniemi MK Raussi SM Rautiainen RH Kymäläinen HR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2011,17(1):63-78
This article presents suggestions toward safer animal handling utilizing the results of a qualitative study of women dairy farmers in Finland. A major proportion of injuries (43%) occur in livestock-related work in Finnish agriculture. An even greater proportion of women's farm injuries (77%) is related to animals. We investigated the working conditions often women dairy farmers. Data were collected by observing farm work and performing semi-structured interviews. The study farms represented different milk production technologies with an average farm size of 106 ha (262 acres) of cultivated land, 51 ha (126 acres) of forest, and 45 dairy cows. Farm-related injuries were frequent; eight respondents out often had suffered one or several injuries during the previous two years. The women considered farm animals as the greatest hazard, and unexpected animal behavior was viewed as the most significant work-related injury risk. Dangerous situations often resulted from stress in cows caused by unpleasant circumstances or making animals fearful of people. Experiences from some farms suggested that dairy farm work can be relatively safe and that improving the trust between the cows and their handlers plays a key role in safety. We synthesized our findings into four animal handling strategies that can potentially reduce the risk of injury among stockpersons. We developed practical guidelines on how to gradually build a good cow-handler relationship based on our findings and the literature on cattle handling strategies and animal welfare science. 相似文献
14.
农业建筑工程设施是现代化农业产业化发展的基础设施,确定农业建筑工程设施合理的设计年限,对指导农业设施的设计和建造,促进设施园艺和设施养殖规模化、标准化发展,创导节约型现代农业生产,具有十分重要的意义。该文从农业建筑的自然属性与社会属性出发,重点分析研究了影响建筑结构耐久性的各种损耗,提出了农业建筑设计年限的确定原则包括一次性原则、自然属性原则、功能性原则及经济性原则。最后给出按属性、功能和效益的设计年限计算方法、按单项工程确定及经济使用年限推测的三种确定方法。 相似文献
15.
基于灰色关联法的哈尔滨市土地可持续利用评价研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
土地可持续利用是区域资源环境、经济社会可持续发展的前提和基础。以哈尔滨市市域为研究区,从资源环境协调性、经济可行性和社会可接受性三方面建立了土地可持续利用评价指标体系,运用熵值法计算指标权重,采用灰色关联法计算2001—2008年土地可持续利用水平。结果表明:2001—2008年哈尔滨市资源环境协调性、经济可行性和社会可接受性的变化态势差异显著,资源环境协调性呈大范围波动增长态势,经济可行性呈持续快速增长态势,社会可接受性在小范围内反复波动。2001—2008年间,哈尔滨市土地可持续利用水平总体呈上升态势,2001—2006年为中等可持续利用水平,2007—2008年为较高可持续利用水平。 相似文献
16.
Water cycle, land management, and environmental sustainability are intimately linked. Sustainable land and water management practices are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and regional development. Unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity constraint over long periods can impose significant costs in terms of lost opportunities in farm production and regional development, say by causing waterlogging and salinity. On‐farm and regional salt and water balance dynamics are modeled as a sustainability or carrying capacity constraint, proxied by regional salt and water balance; on‐farm land and water management practices are then adjusted to meet the constraint, such that individual actions do not lead to a net change in the ground water and salt balance. Common actions across the farms would achieve the overall environmental sustainability. An irrigated area in southern Murray‐Darling Basin in Australia serves as a case study example. Integrated hydrologic, economic, agricultural, and environmental models called SWAGMAN series are used to evaluate the impacts of a range of on‐farm interventions on farm income and environmental sustainability. The results show that policies such as restrictions on area under certain crops, and tradable groundwater recharge/salinity credits both offer higher total gross margin and net present value than the business as usual scenario, specifically in the long run—win–win options for the farmers and the environment. The modeling results thus confirm the widely held view that unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity can impose significant costs on regional communities. In‐depth hydrological and economic analyses are needed to shape and guide society's vision for sustainable land and water management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Soil and water conservation measures like bench terraces can reduce erosion in highland crop production. A cost‐benefit analysis for 11 cases of bench terraces was undertaken on the basis of both measured data and data obtained from farmers. It showed that the profitability of bench terraces was lower than believed by farmers. Whether terracing was financially attractive to a farmer, depended on his personal opportunity cost of labour. For most farmers an opportunity cost of labour below the market wage could be justified, as they had only temporarily off‐farm work. Considering these opportunity costs, the labour input in bench terracing was in most cases worthwhile. The costs and benefits of bench terraces were both much higher than the value of external project incentives. The incentives barely influenced the profitability of the bench terraces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
脆弱性是在社会发展过程中应对外界环境、经济、社会和资源等发生变化自我恢复的能力。当自我恢复能力达到某一临界值时,该地区处于健康的社会发展状态。从经济、社会和生态环境3个层面构建中国西北地区脆弱性综合评价体系,并运用熵值法确定指标权重,建立脆弱性模型计算2004—2013年西北地区脆弱性指数。研究发现:近10年来西北地区脆弱性总体上逐渐减小,各省最大下降率分别为:陕西46.83%、甘肃47.40%、青海29.84%、宁夏45.95%和新疆24.62%。演化过程段可分为2004—2008年的高脆弱性指数和2009—2013年的低脆弱性指数,且省区域脆弱性指数差距逐渐缩小。子系统演变特征分析上,各省子系统脆弱性整体呈波动性下降趋势。经济系统脆弱性可分为快速下降时期(2004—2008年)和缓慢下降时期(2009—2013年),并表现出经济主导型脆弱性向资源主导型脆弱性转变。探究西北地区社会发展与变化规律,以综合视角和科学测度方法来建立决策支持系统,促进其可持续发展。 相似文献
19.
大中型拖拉机残值模型的研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
折旧是农业生产中的一项重要成本,而科学的折旧要以正确估计农业机器的残值为基础,ASABE的残值函数对估计农业机器残值提供了通用的方法,但这些模型是根据美国的实际情况模拟,并不能适合中国的实际情况.该文以上海农场近15年出售的116台拖拉机历史数据为观察样本,以机龄和年平均工作小时数为自变量,对6种不同的备选残值模型进行了回归分析和比较,在此基础上优选了双平方根模型为最佳残值模型,并用实际观察数据进行了验证.结果表明,用ASABE的模型来预测中国大中型拖拉机残值偏差很大,而本模型的预测精度是满意的,可用来预测中国大中型拖拉机残值;在残值模型变量中,机龄为决定残值的主要因素. 相似文献
20.
采用改进后的相对资源承载力模型测算了1995—2013年忻州市的相对资源人口承载力和相对资源经济承载力,并探讨了全市14个县市相对资源承载力的演变规律及空间差异。模型改进工作主要体现在增加了水资源与能源承载力,并运用优势资源牵引效应及劣势资源束缚效应,克服了原模型中权重的主观任意取值。结果显示:（1）以山西省为参照区,土地资源和水资源是忻州市可持续发展的优势资源,而经济资源与能源为劣势资源;1995—2013年忻州市的人口承载状态总体呈从富余到超载,再到富余,以2001—2003年为界限;经济承载状态处于非常富余状态。（2）2004—2012年14个县市的相对资源人口承载力和相对资源经济承载力空间差异显著;农业发展、煤炭产业与区位条件成为影响相对资源人口承载力和经济承载力的驱动力。 相似文献