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1.
Stephanie Stauffer Beckie Cordner Jonathon Dixon Thomas Witte 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):951-958
Objective
The aim of this preliminary proof-of-concept study was to evaluate and compare the success and complication rate of infiltration of the maxillary nerve of cadaver heads using previously described surface landmarks, standard ultrasound and a novel needle guidance positioning ultrasound system (SonixGPS).Study design
Prospective, anatomical, method-comparison study.Animals
Thirty-eight equine cadaver heads.Methods
Twenty-six veterinary students performed the three methods consecutively on cadaver heads using an 18 gauge, 8.9 cm spinal needle and 0.5 mL iodinated contrast medium. Computed tomography was used to quantify success (deposition of contrast in contact with the maxillary nerve) and complication rate (contrast identified within surrounding vasculature or periorbital structures) associated with each method.Results
Perineural injection of the maxillary nerve was attempted 76 times, with an overall success rate of 65.8% (50/76) and complication rate of 53.9% (41/76). Success rates were 50% (13/26) with surface landmark, 65.4% (17/26) with standard ultrasound guidance and 83.3% (20/24) with SonixGPS guidance approaches (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.046). No significant difference in complication rate was found between the three methods.Conclusions
Ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve blocks were significantly more successful than surface landmark approaches when performed by inexperienced operators, and the highest success rate was achieved with guidance positioning system (GPS) needle guidance.Clinical relevance
Local anaesthesia of the equine maxillary nerve in the fossa pterygopalatina is frequently used for diagnostic and surgical procedures in the standing sedated horse. Due to vague superficial landmarks with various approaches and the need for experience via ultrasound guidance, this block remains challenging. GPS guidance may improve reliability of maxillary and other nerve blocks, and allow a smaller volume of local anaesthetic solution to be used, thereby improving specificity and reducing the potential for side effects. 相似文献2.
3.
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of ultrasound- and electrostimulation-guided nerve blocks of the brachial plexus and to determine whether ultrasound guidance is feasible in conscious dogs.Study design
Blinded, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Six clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The nerves of the brachial plexus of the right thoracic limb were blocked under ultrasound guidance (UNB) in conscious dogs and under electrostimulation guidance (ENB) in anesthetized dogs with bupivacaine (0.4 mL kg–1, 0.25%). Saline (0.4 mL kg–1) was injected in control animals. Sensory nerve blockade was evaluated by scoring cutaneous sensation in targeted nerves. Motor nerve blockade was evaluated based on weight bearing, conscious proprioception and withdrawal reflex scores. Times to execute the technique in UNB and ENB were compared using t tests (p < 0.05). Scores for sensory and motor nerve blockades in each treatment were compared with scores before treatment and with control treatment scores using nonparametric repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance. Time to onset and duration of sensory nerve block were assessed using scores for four sensory nerve functions. A successful sensory nerve block was defined by decreases in scores for these functions. Success rates of nerve blocks were compared among treatments using McNemar’s test.Results
In UNB and ENB, onset times of sensory nerve blocks were 1 hour and 1.5 hours, respectively. Onset times of motor nerve blocks were 0.5 hour in both treatments. In UNB and ENB, durations of sensory nerve block were 3 hours and 0.5 hour, respectively, and durations of motor nerve block were 7.5 hours and 6.5 hours, respectively. Success rates did not differ between the techniques.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The UNB brachial plexus block had a shorter onset time and longer duration than ENB. UNB can be performed in conscious dogs or those under mild sedation. 相似文献4.
5.
Sachie Shimada Miki Shimizu Miori Kishimoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1208-1215
Objective
To determine whether an ultrasound (US)-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach could be successfully achieved in sedated dogs; to measure the time to execute the nerve block, onset time, duration, and complete block rate in sensory and motor nerves; and to examine any differences between two volumes for injection.Study design
Blinded crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 10 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The femoral nerve of the right pelvic limb was infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.4 (treatment 0.4B) or 0.2 mL kg?1 (treatment 0.2B), or saline at 0.4 mL kg?1 (control) in sedated dogs. The sensory and motor nerve functions were scored on a scale of 0 (complete blockade) to 2 (normal). The onset time and duration of the sensory and motor nerve blockade were compared between treatments 0.4B and 0.2B using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Sensory and motor nerve function scores for each of the three treatments were compared at multiple time points using a nonparametric multiple comparisons test.Results
The time to execute the nerve block was 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes (n = 30). For both 0.4B and 0.2B treatments, the onset times of both the sensory and motor nerve blockades were 15 minutes. The durations of the sensory nerve blockade for 0.4B and 0.2B were 9.9 ± 1.4 and 10.0 ± 1.2 hours, respectively, and those of the motor nerve blockades were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 10.2 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were noted. No significant difference was observed between 0.4B and 0.2B.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A US-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach demonstrated a short onset and long duration with 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2 mL kg?1 and can be performed under sedation in dogs. 相似文献6.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in asymptomatic Swedish Norfolk terriers.Animals
Seventy-nine privately owned Norfolk terriers.Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted where dogs were recruited via the Swedish Norfolk terrier club. All dogs were examined using the same protocol including physical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results
Fifteen dogs (19%) had a murmur at the time of the examination. A total of 35 dogs (44%) had MR, including 23 dogs (29%) with both MR and tricuspid valve regurgitation and 12 dogs (15%) with MR only, identified on Doppler echocardiography. In addition, 7 dogs (9%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation only. The prevalence of MR increased with increasing age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mitral valve regurgitation is common in asymptomatic Norfolk terriers with and without murmurs and the prevalence increases with age. The impact of MR in this breed on survival remains to be elucidated by a longitudinal study. 相似文献7.
E.T. Hostnik B.A. Scansen A.M. Habing G.A. Chiappone R.R. Layman R.D. White 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):480-491
Introduction
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the primary tool for the assessment of cardiac structure and function in dogs but is challenging in English bulldogs due to dorsoventral compression of the thorax, obesity, and narrow intercostal spaces. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography (CTA) may overcome the conformational obstacles of cardiac imaging in this breed.Animals
Eleven client-owned English bulldogs.Materials and Methods
Prospective clinical trial with paired analysis of TTE and CTA studies.Results
Eight of the 25 linear cardiac dimensional measurements were significantly different between TTE and CTA (p<0.033). Intraobserver agreement was strong with average coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.34% for TTE and 2.50% for CTA. Interobserver agreement CV averaged 6.5% for TTE and 8.75% CTA. Ejection fraction, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume were significantly different between modalities (all p<0.002). No significant difference was present between end-diastolic volume for TTE compared with CTA.Discussion
High-quality cardiac angiographic studies were accomplished using CTA without the use of general anesthesia in English bulldogs. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography and TTE are not interchangeable modalities in the clinical setting.Conclusion
Multi-detector-CT ECG-gated cardiac angiography is possible in sedated, non-intubated English bulldogs. Differences were found between some cardiac dimensions as measured by TTE in the awake dog and compared with sedated CTA, indicating the two methodologies are not equivalent. Sedated, non-intubated CTA yielded high-quality imaging with strong intraobserver and interobserver measurement repeatability in English bulldogs. 相似文献8.
Background
False tendons (FTs) are string-like structures in the left ventricle. A FT might produce focal thickening at its insertion region of the left ventricle, which could be mistaken for focal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Objectives
To perform a prospective, echocardiographic follow-up examination of feline FTs and compare the wall thickness at the FT insertion region and a normal region without FTs at both examinations.Animals
One hundred twenty-eight cats with one or multiple FTs without other cardiac abnormalities or systemic disease.Methods
Measurements of the interventricular septum at end-diastole at a region with and without FT insertion were performed using two-dimensional echocardiography at both examinations and compared statistically using a Student's t-test.Results
The follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 110 months (mean, 33 months). Myocardial wall segments with FT insertions were significantly thicker compared with neighboring wall regions in the long axis, but not in the short-axis views obtained. Comparing the wall thickness of follow-up examinations with the initial examination, revealed a significant growth of both FT and non-FT segments. However, differences in growth between the FT region and region without FTs were not statistically different.Conclusions and clinical importance
Many normal cats have FTs, associated with focal thickening compared with neighboring regions. This thickening can increase over time, proportionate to growth in other (non-FT) segments. The association of such thickening with an FT and the absence of disproportionate growth in this segment over time suggests that these segments are simply thicker related to FT insertion. 相似文献9.
Diego A. Portela Luis Campoy Pablo E. Otero Manuel Martin-Flores Robin D. Gleed 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):636-645
Objective
To describe ultrasound-visualized anatomy and the spread characteristics of a dye injected in the thoracic paravertebral (TPV) space under ultrasound guidance.Study design
Anatomic cadaver study.Animals
Seven dog cadavers.Methods
One cadaver was used to observe, identify, and describe the relevant TPV anatomy. In the remaining six, the left fifth TPV space was randomly assigned to be injected with either a low volume (LV; 0.05 mL kg?1) or high volume (HV; 0.15 mL kg?1) of dye. Subsequently, the contralateral side was injected with the alternative volume. Anatomic dissections were conducted to determine the incidence of complete spinal nerve staining (>1 cm circumferential coverage), number of contiguous spinal nerves dyed and the absence or presence of solution in particular locations.Results
The ultrasound-visualized anatomy of the TPV space was defined as the intercostal space abaxial to the vertebral body, delimited by the parietal pleura ventrally and the internal intercostal membrane dorsally. The endothoracic fascia divides the paravertebral space into dorsal and ventral compartments. The target nerve was completely dyed in five of six and six of six injections in the LV and HV conditions, respectively. In one LV injection, the nerve was partially dyed. No multisegmental spread affecting contiguous spinal nerves was found in either treatment. Multisegmental spread was found in the ventral compartment of the TPV space, affecting the sympathetic trunk on 3 (0–3) and 3.5 (1–6) vertebral spinal levels in the LV and HV conditions, respectively, but differences between volumes were not significant. No intrapleural, ventral mediastinal or epidural migration was observed.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Ultrasound-guided TPV block is a potentially reliable technique. The LV appeared sufficient to dye a single spinal nerve and multiple sympathetic trunk vertebral levels. Multiple TPV injections may be needed to provide adequate thoracic analgesia in dogs undergoing thoracic surgery. 相似文献10.
M. Colpitts M. Malinowski R. Phillion R. Coleman L. Mitchell A. Malone L. Eberhart R. Sanders D. Langholz 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):502-513
Objectives
To determine the feasibility of acquiring quality transesophageal (TEE), epicardial (EE), and intracardiac (ICE) echocardiographic images in ovine subjects and to discuss the merits of each technique with a focus on ICE image acquisition.Animals
Eleven male castrated Dorset adult sheep.Methods
Transesophageal echocardiography was performed under general anesthesia. Epicardial echocardiography was performed as part of an open chest (thoracotomy or sternotomy) experiment. Subjects were recovered with permanent jugular vein indwelling catheter and ICE from this approach was described. Feasibility of each technique was qualitatively assessed based on subjective image quality from three images for each image plane in each sheep.Results
Transesophageal echocardiography was technically challenging and did not provide adequate image quality for consistent interpretation. Epicardial echocardiography and ICE had more favorable results with ICE demonstrating unique benefits for post-operative serial monitoring.Conclusions
Epicardial echocardiography and ICE were effective imaging techniques. Epicardial echocardiography required the least specialized training but was considered to have limited feasibility due to its requirement for an open chest procedure. Even with the necessity for permanent indwelling jugular cannulation, ICE was the least invasive of the three imaging techniques and potentially the most practical approach for chronic studies by minimizing post-operative stress. Transesophageal echocardiography was not a feasible technique in this study. 相似文献11.
Jenelle Izer Ronald Wilson Krista Hernon Akif Ündar 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):133-137
Objective
To describe an ultrasound-guided approach for venous and arterial vascular access and catheterization in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred pigs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Ten adult female Yorkshire cross-bred pigs, weighing 78.4 ± 5.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Using ultrasound guidance and the Seldinger technique, a 7 Fr, 20 cm triple-lumen central venous catheter was placed in the external jugular vein and an 18 gauge, 16 cm catheter was placed in the femoral artery. The success rate of catheterization and the incidence of catheter patency over 24 hours of general anesthesia were recorded.Results
Catheterization of the external jugular vein was successful in 10 out of 10 pigs and catheterization of the femoral artery was successful in eight out of 10 pigs. A surgical dissection technique on the femoral artery was performed in two pigs. Venous and arterial catheter patency was maintained in all pigs over the 24 hour study period.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Ultrasound guidance resulted in success rates of 100% for catheterization of the external jugular vein and 80% for catheterization of the femoral artery in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred pigs. This technique is a noninvasive, easily performed alternative to surgical exposure of the vessels in large pigs undergoing surgical instrumentation for biomedical device testing. 相似文献12.
Preet M. Singh Katherine Reid Ravindra Gaddam Madhav Bhatia Stefan Smith Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1149-1155
Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline in vivo and in vitro and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of choline.Study design
Randomized, controlled studies.Animals
In vivo trials used 16 Romney sheep. In vitro experiments utilized RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.Methods
Hypoxaemia induced in 16 sheep by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 μg kg–1 xylazine, an α-2 agonist, was measured in sheep at 0, 1 and 4 minutes using arterial blood gas analysis with and without 50 mg kg–1 IV choline chloride premedication. Cell culture studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages with and without choline chloride premedication. TNF-α release was compared to thalidomide suppressed and untreated cells.Results
Choline premedication in sheep mitigated a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) but did not prevent development of clinically significant hypoxaemia. Decrease in mean PaO2 of choline treated sheep was 6.36 kPa (47.7 mmHg) compared to 9.81 kPa (73.6 mmHg) in control sheep. In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-α expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-α expression. Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 ± 4.52 ng mg–1 TNF-α while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 ± 3.20 ng mg–1.Conclusions
Choline is able to prevent macrophage activation in vitro when administered prior to LPS activation and may reduce hypoxaemia in sheep developing pulmonary oedema after xylazine administration. This effect requires premedication with choline.Clinical relevance
Pharmacological manipulation of autonomic inflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of inflammation. However, the complex cellular mechanisms involved in this reflex means that an adequate therapy should approach multiple pathways and mechanisms of the inflammatory response. 相似文献13.
Manuel Martin-Flores Daniel M. Sakai Chia T. Tseng Robin D. Gleed Luis Campoy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):182-187
Objective
To assess the ability to visually detect fade during train-of-four (TOF) or double burst stimulation (DBS) in anesthetized dogs recovering from nondepolarizing neuromuscular block.Study design
Online anonymous survey.Population
Data from 112 participants.Methods
A web-based survey containing 12 videos of the response to ulnar nerve stimulation with TOF and 12 with DBS obtained at different levels of recovery from rocuronium-induced block was distributed to participants of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia and the Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia and Analgesia e-mail lists. Participants were asked to provide their highest training degree in anesthesiology, watch each video no more than twice, and determine whether fade was present. The probability to correctly recognize fade was calculated using binomial general linear models. General linear models and Tukey’s tests were used to assess the effects of level of neuromuscular block, pattern of stimulation, and observers’ training on the probability to detect fade.Results
The survey was completed by 53 diplomates, 29 licensed veterinary technicians, 24 residents and six doctors of veterinary medicine (DVMs). The probability to detect fade decreased as partial neuromuscular block became more shallow (p < 0.0001). A TOF or DBS ratio of 0.7 had a 50% chance of being detected. DBS was superior to TOF for detecting fade when the ratio was 0.3–0.69. TOF was superior to DBS when the ratio was 0.7–0.9 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences among groups of observers when assessing fade with TOF or DBS.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Detection of fade from observations of the response to TOF in dogs is unreliable. Advance training in anesthesiology or the use of DBS confers little to no advantage for this subjective test. 相似文献14.
R.M. Cervenec C.D. Stauthammer D.M. Fine H.B. Kellihan B.A. Scansen 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):240-246
Objectives
To evaluate survival time in dogs with persistent atrial standstill after pacemaker implantation and to compare the survival times for cardiac-related vs. non-cardiac deaths. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of breed and the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) at the time of diagnosis on survival time.Animals
Twenty dogs with persistent atrial standstill and pacemaker implantation.Methods
Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with persistent atrial standstill based on electrocardiogram that underwent pacemaker implantation. Survival after pacemaker implantation was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results
The median survival time after pacemaker implantation for all-cause mortality was 866 days. There was no significant difference (p=0.573) in median survival time for cardiac (506 days) vs. non-cardiac deaths (400 days). The presence of CHF at the time of diagnosis did not affect the survival time (P=0.854). No difference in median survival time was noted between breeds (P=0.126).Conclusions
Dogs with persistent atrial standstill have a median survival time of 866 days with pacemaker implantation, though a wide range of survival times was observed. There was no difference in the median survival time for dogs with cardiac-related deaths and those without. Patient breed and the presence of CHF before pacemaker implantation did not affect median survival time. 相似文献15.
Stephanie Fissekis David S. Hodgson Nora M. Bello 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):890-898
Objective
To evaluate oxygen flowmeters for accuracy and precision, assess the effects of cleaning and assess conformity to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards.Study design
Experimental study.Methods
The flow of oxygen flowmeters from 31 anesthesia machines aged 1–45 years was measured before and after cleaning using a volumetric flow analyzer set at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 L minute?1. A general linear mixed models approach was used to assess flow accuracy and precision.Results
Flowmeters 1 year of age delivered accurate mean oxygen flows at all settings regardless of cleaning status. Flowmeters ≥5 years of age underdelivered at flows of 3.0 and 4.0 L minute?1. Flowmeters ≥12 years underdelivered at flows of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 L minute?1 prior to cleaning. There was no evidence of any beneficial effect of cleaning on accuracy of flowmeters 5–12 years of age (p > 0.22), but the accuracy of flowmeters ≥15 years of age was improved by cleaning (p < 0.05). Regardless of age, cleaning increased precision, decreasing flow variability by approximately 17%. Nine of 31 uncleaned flowmeters did not meet ASTM standards. After cleaning, a different set of nine flowmeters did not meet standards, including three that had met standards prior to cleaning.Conclusions
Older flowmeters were more likely to underdeliver oxygen, especially at higher flows. Regardless of age, cleaning decreased flow variability, improving precision. However, flowmeters still may fail to meet ASTM standards, regardless of cleaning status.Clinical relevance
Cleaning anesthesia machine oxygen flowmeters improved precision for all tested machines and partially corrected inaccuracies in flowmeters ≥15 years old. A notable proportion of flowmeters did not meet ASTM standards. Cleaning did not ensure that they subsequently conformed to ASTM standards. We recommend annual flow output validation to identify whether flowmeters are acceptable for continued clinical use. 相似文献16.
Anderson F. da Cunha Sara J. Ramos Michelle Domingues Amanda Shelby Hugues Beaufrère Rhett Stout Mark J. Acierno 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1068-1075
Objectives
1) To determine which peripheral artery commonly used for invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP) monitoring yields the least bias when compared with noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) values obtained at the antebrachium of the dog, and 2) to identify and describe differences in systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressures (DAP) among different anatomical locations.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Twenty adult hound dogs weighing 24.5 ± 1.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Four peripheral arteries—dorsal pedal, median caudal, intermediate auricular and superficial palmar arteries—were catheterized with 20 gauge, 3.8 cm catheters. One NIBP cuff was placed in the middle third of the antebrachium. Four sets of IBP and NIBP measurements were simultaneously collected every 2 minutes. A linear mixed model was performed to analyze the collected data.Results
IBP values varied depending on the arterial catheterization site. The difference was greater for SAP. NIBP measured at the antebrachium had the best agreement with IBP measured at the median caudal artery.Conclusion and clinical relevance
IBP varies among anatomical locations. The smallest bias and narrowest limits of agreement were obtained at the median caudal artery, providing the best overall agreement with the equipment studied. The median caudal artery may be the preferable anatomical location for clinical comparison studies between IBP and NIBP in dogs when the cuff is on the antebrachium. 相似文献17.
Niwako Ogata Teppei Kanda Mizuki Kawahata Takayasu Ichikawa Yuki Matsumoto Waka Morimitsu Yukiko Nishino Takamasa Itoi Kayo Furumoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1091-1100
Objective
To determine the effects of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution on sedation, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), rectal temperature (RT) and noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy cats.Study design
Randomized, blinded crossover study, with 1 week washout between treatments.Animals
Six healthy purpose-bred cats.Methods
Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.1% (one or two drops; 58.6 ± 3.3 μg per drop) or a control solution (artificial tear solution) was administered to six healthy cats. Behavioural observations and measurements of HR, fR, RT and MAP were recorded before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes after topical administration. Behavioural scores were analysed using Friedman’s test for repeated measures to evaluate the time effect in each treatment and treatment effect at each time point. Physiological variables (HR, fR, RT and MAP) were analysed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures to evaluate the time and treatment effects. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
Dose-dependent behavioural and physiological responses were noted. A dose of two drops of brimonidine resulted in sedation in the cats and decreased HR and MAP. Significant sedative effects occurred between 30 and 120 minutes and for physiological responses up to 360 minutes. The most frequent adverse reaction was vomiting, occurring within 40 minutes in all six cats administered two drops and five of the six cats administered one drop of brimonidine.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The results demonstrated that ocular administration of brimonidine 0.1% ophthalmic solution induced sedation in cats and some cardiovascular effects usually associated with α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Further studies should be performed to determine clinical applications for this agent in cats. 相似文献18.
Bruno H. Pypendop Juhana Honkavaara Jan E. Ilkiw 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):52-62
Objective
To characterize the cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following intravenous (IV) administration in cats.Study design
Prospective Latin square experimental study.Animals
Six healthy adult purpose-bred cats.Methods
Cats were anesthetized with desflurane in oxygen for instrumentation with a carotid artery catheter and a thermodilution catheter in the pulmonary artery. One hour after discontinuation of desflurane, cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1), MK-467 (600 μg kg–1), or dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1) and MK-467 (600 μg kg–1). All treatments were administered IV as a bolus. Cardiovascular variables were measured prior to drug administration and for 8 hours thereafter. Only data from the dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine–MK-467 treatments were analyzed.Results
Dexmedetomidine produced significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac index and right ventricular stroke work index, and significant increases in arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. Dexmedetomidine combined with MK-467 resulted in significant but transient decrease in blood pressure and right ventricular stroke work index.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Following IV co-administration, MK-467 effectively attenuated dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects in cats. The drug combination resulted in transient reduction in arterial blood pressure, without causing hypotension. 相似文献19.
Jaime Viscasillas Richard Everson Emma Kate Mapletoft Charlotte Dawson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):246-250
Objective
To describe a novel ultrasound-guided posterior extraconal block in the dog.Study design
Prospective experimental cadaveric study.Animals
A total of 13 Beagle Cross cadaver heads.Methods
After describing the ultrasound bony landmarks and posterior extraconal local regional technique in one head, 12 heads were used to evaluate the spreading of contrast and evaluate potential complications. A 5–8 MHz microconvex ultrasound probe was positioned caudal to the orbital ligament, with the beam orientated transversely, and then tilted caudally until the orbital fissure was visualized. After identifying the bony structures consistent with the orbital fissure, a needle was advanced using an in-plane technique and 0.5 mL of a 50:50 mixture of iohexol and methylene blue was injected. Computed tomography (CT) and dissection were used to evaluate successful injections and potential complications. The injection was considered successful if radiopaque contrast medium was 5 mm from the orbital fissure. Potential complications were defined as the presence of radiopaque contrast within the globe or the intracalvarial tissues.Results
The CT images confirmed contrast at the target site in 15/24 (63%) of the injections. Only two injections were found in the temporalis muscle; the rest of the injections were located in the extraconal space. No potential complications such as intracranial spreading of contrast, intravascular or intraocular injection were found.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The technique can deliver contrast close to the main nerves which provide sensory and motor innervation to the eye. Further studies are needed to evaluate this technique in clinical cases. 相似文献20.
A. Al-Haidar N. Moula A. Leroux F. Farnir S. Deleuze C. Sandersen H. Amory 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):492-501