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1.
Allan J. Williamson Joao H.N. Soares Noah D. Pavlisko Robert McAlister Council-Troche Natalia Henao-Guerrero 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):738-745
Objective
To characterize the isoflurane-sparing effects of a high and a low dose of fentanyl in dogs, and its effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR).Study design
Prospective, randomized crossover trial.Animals
Eight healthy male Beagle dogs weighing 12.1 ± 1.6 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and approximate age 1 year.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized using isoflurane and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in duplicate by the bracketing method using an electrical stimulus on the tarsus. Animals were administered fentanyl: low dose (33 μg kg?1 loading dose, 0.2 μg kg?1 minute?1) or high dose (102 μg kg?1 loading dose, 0.8 μg kg?1 minute?1) and MAC was re-determined (MACISO-F). Blood was collected for analysis of plasma fentanyl concentrations before administration and after MACISO-F determination. All values are presented as mean ± SD.Results
Isoflurane MAC (MACISO) was 1.30 ± 0.23% in the low dose treatment, which significantly decreased to 0.75 ± 0.22% (average MAC reduction 42.3 ± 9.4%). MACISO was 1.30 ± 0.18% in the high dose treatment, which significantly decreased to 0.30 ± 0.11% (average MAC reduction 76.9 ± 7.4%). Mean fentanyl plasma concentrations were 6.2 and 29.5 ng mL?1 for low and high dose treatments, respectively. MAP increased significantly only in the high dose treatment (from 81 ± 8 to 92 ± 9 mmHg). HR decreased significantly in both treatments from 108 ± 25 to 61 ± 14 beats minute?1 with the low dose and from 95 ± 14 to 42 ± 4 beats minute?1 with the high dose.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Fentanyl administration resulted in a dose-dependent isoflurane MAC-sparing effect with bradycardia at both doses and an increase in MAP only at high dose. Further evaluation is needed to determine the effects of fentanyl on the overall cardiovascular function. 相似文献2.
Ryan S. Bailey Linda S. Barter Bruno H. Pypendop 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):876-882
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine when administered as a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of six healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the anesthetic dose was reduced to 0.7 × MAC, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg?1) was infused IV over 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 360 minutes following termination of the infusion. Samples were transferred into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged immediately. The plasma was harvested and stored at –80 °C until analyzed. Concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time and concentration data using nonlinear regression.Results
A three-compartment model best fit the data set. Median volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life were 3169 mL kg?1 (range, 2182–3859 mL kg?1) and 80 minutes (range, 72–88 minutes), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were characterized in this study. Data from this study can be used to determine dosing regimens for dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. 相似文献3.
Peter M. DiGeronimo Anderson F. da Cunha Bruno Pypendop João Brandão Rhett Stout Max Rinaldi Thomas N. Tully 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):287-294
Objective
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.Study design
Randomized up-and-down study.Animals
A total of 14 Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) weighing 1.70–2.75 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane. Monitoring included the electrocardiogram and invasive arterial pressures. Chickens were administered bupivacaine IV over 2 minutes using a dose based on the response of the previous animal. Dose was decreased when HR and/or MAP in the previous animal increased or decreased ≥30% after bupivacaine administration, or increased when HR or MAP changed <30%. The ED50 was defined as the dose resulting in ≥30% variation in HR or MAP in 50% of the population studied.Results
The IV ED50 of bupivacaine was 1.94 mg kg?1 using Dixon’s up-and-down method and 1.96 mg kg?1 by logistic regression.Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that 1.33 and 1.96 mg kg?1 of IV bupivacaine are associated with a respective 1 or 50% probability of a clinically significant change in MAP in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Identification of the cardiovascular changes associated with different doses of bupivacaine can be used as the basis for studies of therapeutic applications in the domestic chicken. Further studies are required to determine interspecies variation. 相似文献4.
Muriel Sacks Simone K. Ringer Andrea S. Bischofberger Sabrina M. Berchtold Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1128-1138
Objective
To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols (isoflurane–dexmedetomidine versus medetomidine) on sedation, cardiopulmonary function and recovery in horses.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
Sixty healthy adult warm blood horses undergoing elective surgery.Methods
Thirty horses each were sedated with dexmedetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 (group DEX) or medetomidine 7 μg kg?1 (group MED) intravenously. After assessing and supplementing sedation if necessary, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and dexmedetomidine 1.75 μg kg?1 hour?1 or medetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 hour?1. Ringer's lactate (7–10 mL kg?1 hour?1) and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. Controlled mechanical ventilation maintained end-tidal expired carbon dioxide pressures at 40–50 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired gas composition and arterial blood gases were measured. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 or medetomidine 2 μg kg?1 was administered for timed and scored recovery phase. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-square test. Significance was considered when p ≤ 0.05.Results
In group DEX, significantly more horses (n = 18) did not fulfil the sedation criteria prior to induction and received one or more supplemental doses, whereas in group MED only two horses needed one additional bolus. Median (range) total sedation doses were dexmedetomidine 4 (4–9) μg kg?1 or medetomidine 7 (7–9) μg kg?1. During general anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Recovery scores in group DEX were significantly better than in group MED.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Horses administered dexmedetomidine required more than 50% of the medetomidine dose to reach equivalent sedation. During isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function was comparable between the two groups. Recovery scores following dexmedetomidine were better compared to medetomidine. 相似文献5.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献6.
7.
Claudio C. Natalini Carolina L. Krahn Priscila B.S. Serpa Joanna E. Griffith Ricardo Miyasaka de Almeida 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):219-227
Objective
To investigate the efficacy of a new intravenous (IV) nanoemulsified isoflurane formulation for maintenance of general anesthesia in dogs.Study design
Prospective, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Seven healthy, mature, mixed-breed dogs, three male and four female, weighing 11.5 ± 1.5 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced with propofol for instrumentation. Measurements were obtained before administration of either inhaled isoflurane (Iso-I) or IV 15% isoflurane-loaded lipid nanoemulsion (Iso-nano). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was determined using the ‘up-and-down’ technique. A tail clamp was applied every 15 minutes for a total time of 90 minutes and isoflurane administration was adjusted according to the response. Data were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 minutes for end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe´Iso), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pe′CO2), inspired isoflurane concentration (FIIso), arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR), arterial blood pH, PaCO2, PaO2, base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3?), systemic arterial pressure (sAP), and biochemical variables of blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase and creatinine.Results
No significant differences between treatments were detected for HR, fR, SaO2 or any biochemical variables (p > 0.05). In the Iso-nano treatment, sAP was significantly decreased throughout the study. Significant decreases in pH, Pe′CO2, BE and HCO3? were measured in the Iso-nano treatment. Isoflurane MAC was significantly lower in the Iso-nano than the Iso-I treatment. The dose of isoflurane (g hour?1) required to maintain general anesthesia did not differ significantly between treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Administration of 15% isoflurane-loaded lipid nanoemulsion IV was effective in maintaining general anesthesia in dogs but did not reduce the amount of isoflurane necessary to maintain general anesthesia. Significant hypotension and nonrespiratory acidosis occurred with the injectable form. 相似文献8.
Hamaseh Tayari Giulio Tazioli Gloria Breghi Angela Briganti 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1216-1226
Objective
To evaluate intraoperative and postoperative efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided femoral (FN) and obturator (ON) nerves block, in the iliopsoas muscle compartment (IPM), using an in-plane technique.Study design
Anatomical research and randomized, prospective, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
Six dog cadavers and 20 client-owned dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery.Methods
In phase 1, anatomical dissections and US imaging of the IPM were performed to design an US-guided nerve block involving the FN and ON simultaneously. The technique was considered successful if new methylene blue solution injection (0.1 mL kg?1) stained FN–ON for ≥2 cm. In phase 2, the US-guided nerve block designed in phase 1, combined with US-guided sciatic nerve (ScN) block, was performed in 20 dogs undergoing TPLO surgery. Patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups: ropivacaine 0.3% (R3, n = 10) and ropivacaine 0.5% (R5, n = 10) at a volume of 0.1 mL kg?1 for each nerve block. Intraoperative success rate (fentanyl requirement < 2.1 mcg kg?1 hour?1) and postoperative pain score [Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (SF-GCMPS) ≥ 5/20] were evaluated.Results
In phase 1, the US image of FN–ON was detected between L6 and L7. In-plane needling technique produced a staining of >4 cm in six of six cases. No abdominal or epidural dye spread was found. In phase 2, median fentanyl infusion rates were 0.5 (0.0–0.9) μg kg?1 hour?1 for R3 and 0.6 (0.0–2.2) μg kg?1 hour?1 for R5. At 9 and 11 hours after the peripheral nerve blocks, an SF-GCMPS ≥ 5 was observed for R3 and R5, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The US-guided FN–ON block in the IPM, using an in-plane technique, combined with US-guided ScN block, provided sufficient analgesia to minimize the use of fentanyl during TPLO surgery. A longer postoperative analgesia was observed in group R5 compared with R3. 相似文献9.
Rachel C. Hector Marlis L. Rezende Khursheed R. Mama Eugene P. Steffey Heather K. Knych Ann M. Hess Juhana M. Honkavaara Marja R. Raekallio Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):755-765
Objective
To determine the effects of low and high dose infusions of dexmedetomidine and a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs.Study design
Crossover experimental study.Animals
Six healthy, adult Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 60-minute instrumentation and equilibration period, the MAC of sevoflurane was determined in triplicate using the tail clamp technique. PaCO2 and temperature were maintained at 40 ± 5 mmHg (5.3 ± 0.7 kPa) and 38 ± 0.5 ºC, respectively. After baseline MAC determination, dogs were administered two incremental loading and infusion doses of either dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg kg?1 then 1.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 4.5 μg kg?1 then 4.5 μg kg?1 hour?1) or MK-467 (90 μg kg?1 then 90 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 180 μg kg?1 then 180 μg kg?1 hour?1); loading doses were administered over 10 minutes. MAC was redetermined in duplicate starting 30 minutes after the start of drug administration at each dose. End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were corrected for calibration and adjusted to sea level. A repeated-measures analysis was performed and comparisons between doses were conducted using Tukey's method. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.Results
Sevoflurane MAC decreased significantly from 1.86 ± 0.3% to 1.04 ± 0.1% and 0.57 ± 0.1% with incremental doses of dexmedetomidine. Sevoflurane MAC significantly increased with high dose MK-467, from 1.93 ± 0.3% to 2.29 ± 0.5%.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in sevoflurane MAC, whereas MK-467 caused an increase in MAC at the higher infusion dose. Further studies evaluating the combined effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on MAC and cardiovascular function may elucidate potential benefits of the addition of a peripheral α2-adrenergic antagonist to inhalation anesthesia in dogs. 相似文献10.
Carrie A. Davis Reza Seddighi Sherry K. Cox Xiaocun Sun Christine M. Egger Thomas J. Doherty 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):727-737
Objective
To determine the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose of propofol and minimum infusion rate required to prevent movement in response to noxious stimulation (MIRNM) in dogs.Study design
Crossover experimental design.Animals
Six healthy, adult intact male Beagle dogs, mean ± standard deviation 12.6 ± 0.4 kg.Methods
Dogs were administered 0.9% saline (treatment P), fentanyl (5 μg kg?1) (treatment PLDF) or fentanyl (10 μg kg?1) (treatment PHDF) intravenously over 5 minutes. Five minutes later, anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg kg?1, followed by 1 mg kg?1 every 15 seconds to achieve intubation) and maintained for 90 minutes by constant rate infusions (CRIs) of propofol alone or with fentanyl: P, propofol (0.5 mg kg?1 minute?1); PLDF, propofol (0.35 mg kg?1 minute?1) and fentanyl (0.1 μg kg?1 minute?1); PHDF, propofol (0.3 mg kg?1 minute?1) and fentanyl (0.2 μg kg?1 minute?1). Propofol CRI was increased or decreased based on the response to stimulation (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 mA), with 20 minutes between adjustments. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and presented as mean ± standard error.Results
ropofol induction doses were 6.16 ± 0.31, 3.67 ± 0.21 and 3.33 ± 0.42 mg kg?1 for P, PLDF and PHDF, respectively. Doses for PLDF and PHDF were significantly decreased from P (p < 0.05) but not different between treatments. Propofol MIRNM was 0.60 ± 0.04, 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1 for P, PLDF and PHDF, respectively. MIRNM in PLDF and PHDF was significantly decreased from P. MIRNM in PLDF and PHDF were not different, but their respective percent decreases of 51 ± 3 and 63 ± 2% differed (p = 0.035).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Fentanyl, at the doses studied, caused statistically significant and clinically important decreases in the propofol induction dose and MIRNM. 相似文献11.
Alexandru Tutunaru Julien Dupont Vincent Huberty Mostafa Ibrahim Didier Serteyn Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):910-914
Objective
To determine the dose of cis-atracurium needed to produce a moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in pigs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Seven pigs [five females and two males; median (range) body weight: 47 (36–64) kg].Methods
Pigs were premedicated with intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg kg?1) and ketamine (7 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 3 (1–4) mg kg?1 and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Based on a preliminary study, the subjects were administered 0.3 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium followed by 0.48 mg kg?1 hour?1 constant rate infusion (CRI) IV. A moderate NMB was defined as a train-of-four (TOF) count of ≤2 by acceleromyography. When the TOF count was >2, 0.1 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium was administered and the CRI was increased. The cis-atracurium CRI was decreased when the TOF count was under 2 for more than 15 minutes. The total dose of cis-atracurium required to maintain a moderate NMB was calculated as the total amount of cis-atracurium used (both CRI and supplementary boluses) divided by the administration time.Results
The cis-atracurium CRI lasted for 87 (76–151) minutes. To induce and maintain a moderate neuromuscular blockade, the initial dose of cis-atracurium was 0.3 (0.3– 0.5) mg kg?1 and the CRI was 0.71 (0.37–0.98) mg kg?1 hour?1.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The doses described in our study may help researchers obtain a moderate NMB using cis-atracurium in pigs. 相似文献12.
Jonathon M. Congdon Pedro Boscan Clara S.S. Goh Marlis Rezende 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):915-924
Objective
To assess the efficacy of psoas compartment and sacral plexus block for pelvic limb amputation in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 16 dogs aged 8 ± 3 years and weighing 35 ± 14 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were administered morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and atropine (0.02 mg kg?1); anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Regional blocks were performed before surgery in eight dogs with bupivacaine (2.2 mg kg?1) and eight dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline. The lumbar plexus within the psoas compartment was identified using electrolocation lateral to the lumbar vertebrae at the fourth–fifth, fifth–sixth and sixth–seventh vertebral interspaces. The sacral plexus, ventrolateral to the sacrum, was identified using electrolocation. Anesthesia was monitored using heart rate (HR), invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, expired gases, respiratory frequency and esophageal temperature by an investigator unaware of the group allocation. Pelvic limb amputation by coxofemoral disarticulation was performed. Dogs that responded to surgical stimulation (>10% increase in HR or arterial pressure) were administered fentanyl (2 μg kg?1) intravenously for rescue analgesia. Postoperative pain was assessed at extubation; 30, 60 and 120 minutes; and the morning after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS).Results
The number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was fewer in the bupivacaine group (2.7 ± 1.1 versus 6.0 ± 2.2; p < 0.01). Differences in physiologic variables were not clinically significant. VAS scores were lower in bupivacaine dogs at extubation (0.8 ± 1.9 versus 3.8 ± 2.5) and at 30 minutes (1.0 ± 1.4 versus 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Psoas compartment (lumbar plexus) and sacral plexus block provided analgesia during pelvic limb amputation in dogs. 相似文献13.
Nina Küls Karen J. Blissitt Darren J. Shaw Gudrun Schöffmann Richard E. Clutton 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1198-1207
Objective
To evaluate skin temperature increase as an early predictive measure for evaluating epidural and femoral-sciatic block success in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical trial.Animals
A total of 29 dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery on one hindlimb.Methods
Dogs were anaesthetized and placed into lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost and the coat was clipped. Baseline infrared thermographic images (T0) of the affected limb, of the paw pad of the affected leg and of the ipsilateral paw pad were taken. Subsequently, dogs were administered either an epidural (EPI; n = 11) or a femoral–sciatic block (FS; n = 18) using bupivacaine 1 mg kg?1. Then, 2 minutes after placement of the block, thermographic images were obtained every 3 minutes for a total of four measurements (T1–T4) and surgery was commenced. Rescue analgesia consisting of fentanyl 1 μg kg?1 was administered if needed. A regional block was considered successful if the dose of fentanyl administered was less than the lower 95% confidence interval of the geometric mean of the total fentanyl used in each group. A ≥ 1 °C increase of skin temperature was considered as the minimum increase required for detection of a successful block.Results
A total of 12 out of 18 blocks in the FS and eight of 11 in the EPI group were considered successful based on fentanyl consumption. Out of these, only four of 12 in the FS and one of eight in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C. Contrarily, four of six of the nonsuccessful cases in the FS and three of three in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Contrary to reports in humans, thermography did not indicate regional block success prior to surgery in dogs. However further studies under more controlled conditions are needed to determine whether thermography can be used to indicate failure of regional blockade. 相似文献14.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether lumbosacral epidural administration of magnesium sulphate added to ropivacaine prolongs and improves perioperative analgesia, without adverse effects on motor block duration or hind limb neurological function, in dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty.Study design
Investigator-blind, controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals
A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty were allocated randomly to either group C (control, 1 mg kg?1epidural ropivacaine) or group M (magnesium, epidural injection of 1 mg kg?1 ropivacaine and 2 mg kg?1magnesium sulphate).Methods
All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intraoperatively, nociception was assessed based on changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure above baseline values. Postoperatively, pain was evaluated with a Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Tarlov’s scale was used to quantify motor block. All dogs were evaluated at recovery and then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after that. Rescue analgesia was provided during surgery with fentanyl and, postoperatively, with buprenorphine. Groups were compared using one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance followed by the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparison or nonparametric tests when appropriate.Results
The two treatment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) with respect to intraoperative physiological variables, rescue analgesia, postoperative pain scores (Sammarco q = 1.00; Glasgow q = 3.10; VAS q = 0.50) and duration of the motor block (Tarlov’s q = 2.40).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epidural magnesium to ropivacaine did not improve or prolong the analgesia provided by ropivacaine alone. Further studies are needed to determine whether an epidural magnesium dose of >2 mg kg?1 would exert better analgesia, without causing adverse effects, in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. 相似文献15.
Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献16.
Thomas A. Trein Beatriz P. Floriano Juliana T. Wagatsuma Joana Z. Ferreira Guilherme L. da Silva Paulo S.P. dos Santos Sílvia H.V. Perri Valéria NLS. Oliva 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):144-153
Objective
To evaluate motor and sensory blockade of combining dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine, administered perineurally or systemically, for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in conscious dogs.Study design
Randomized, controlled, experimental study.Animals
Seven healthy Beagle dogs, aged 3.3 ± 0.1 years and weighing 11.0 ± 2.4 kg.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane on three separate occasions for unilateral femoral and sciatic nerve blocks and were administered the following treatments in random order: perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and intramuscular (IM) saline (0.2 mL kg–1) (GCON); perineural dexmedetomidine (1 μg mL–1) and ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and IM saline (0.2 mL kg–1) (GDPN); and perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and IM dexmedetomidine (1 μg mL–1, 0.2 mL kg–1) (GDIM). Nerve blocks were guided by ultrasound and electrical stimulation and dogs were allowed to recover from general anesthesia. Sensory blockade was evaluated by response to clamp pressure on the skin innervated by the saphenous/ femoral, common fibular and tibial nerves. Motor blockade was evaluated by observing the ability to walk and proprioception. Sensory and motor blockade were evaluated until their full recovery.Results
No significant differences in onset time to motor and sensory blockade were observed among treatments. Duration of motor blockade was not significantly different among treatments; however, duration of tibial sensory blockade was longer in the GDPN than in the GDIM treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Although a longer duration of sensory blockade was observed with perineural dexmedetomidine, a significant increase compared with the control group was not established. Other concentrations should be investigated to verify if dexmedetomidine is a useful adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks in dogs. 相似文献17.
Katherine J. Bennett Reza Seddighi Kaitlin A. Moorhead Kristin Messenger Sherry K. Cox Xiaocun Sun Kirby Pasloske Bruno H. Pypendop Thomas J. Doherty 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):173-181
Objective
To determine the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus (MIRNM) in dogs.Study design
Experimental crossover design.Animals
A group of six healthy, adult, intact female mixed-breed dogs, weighing 19.7 ± 1.3 kg.Methods
Dogs were randomly administered one of three treatments at weekly intervals: premedication with 0.9% saline (treatment A), fentanyl 5 μg kg–1 (treatment ALF) or fentanyl 10 μg kg–1 (treatment AHF), administered intravenously over 5 minutes. Anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with incremental doses of alfaxalone to achieve intubation and was maintained for 90 minutes in A with alfaxalone (0.12 mg kg–1 minute–1), in ALF with alfaxalone (0.09 mg kg–1 minute–1) and fentanyl (0.1 μg kg–1 minute–1) and in AHF with alfaxalone (0.06 mg kg–1 minute–1) and fentanyl (0.2 μg kg–1 minute–1). The alfaxalone infusion was increased or decreased by 0.006 mg kg–1 minute–1 based on positive or negative response to antebrachium stimulation (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 ms). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and presented as least squares means ± standard error.Results
Alfaxalone induction doses were 3.50 ± 0.13 (A), 2.17 ± 0.10 (ALF) and 1.67 ± 0.10 mg kg–1 (AHF) and differed among treatments (p < 0.05). Alfaxalone MIRNM was 0.17 ± 0.01 (A), 0.10 ± 0.01 (ALF) and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg–1 minute–1 (AHF) and differed among treatments. ALF and AHF decreased the MIRNM by 44 ± 8% and 62 ± 5%, respectively (p < 0.05). Plasma alfaxalone concentrations at MIRNM were 5.82 ± 0.48 (A), 4.40 ± 0.34 (ALF) and 2.28 ± 0.09 μg mL–1 (AHF).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Fentanyl, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the alfaxalone induction dose and MIRNM. 相似文献18.
Preet M. Singh Craig B. Johnson Brett Gartrell Sheryl Mitchinson Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):538-545
Objective
To evaluate analgesic efficacies of morphine and butorphanol in lame broiler chickens.Study design
Double blind, randomized, controlled experimental study.Animals
In study 1, 36 lame and 36 sound chickens. In study 2, 48 lame and 48 sound chickens.Methods
Sound and lame chickens were gait scored and randomly assigned into four groups: sound-drug, sound-placebo, lame-drug, and lame-placebo in study 1. In study 2, an additional lame and sound handling control group was included. Chickens in drug groups were injected with either morphine or butorphanol 2 mg kg?1 intravenously. Chickens in placebo groups were injected with an equal volume of normal saline. All birds underwent an obstacle course (OC) and latency-to-lie (LTL) test before injection and at 30 minutes and 2 hours after injection, to assess their walking ability and their standing ability. The time taken to finish the OC and the standing time in the LTL test were recorded. Friedman tests with Dunn’s correction were used to identify significant differences.Results
Lame chickens finished the OC faster (mean ± standard deviation 36 ± 8 c.f. 69 ± 18 seconds) after the injection of butorphanol. Morphine caused sedation with an increase in time taken to finish the OC, even in sound chickens. In the lame handling control and placebo groups the OC times increased and the LTL times decreased with each observation.Conclusion
Intravenous butorphanol (2 mg kg?1) may be analgesic in chickens for up to 2 hours. Morphine caused sedation. 相似文献19.
Duana McBride Anthea L. Raisis Giselle Hosgood Lisa Smart 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):444-451
Objective
To determine the cardiovascular and acid-base effects of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 and 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) administered to anaesthetized greyhounds with haemorrhagic shock.Study design
Prospective, experimental, complete randomized block design.Animals
Twelve healthy adult greyhounds.Methods
After 60 minutes of isoflurane anaesthesia, 48 mL kg?1 of blood was removed to induce hypotension. Dogs were randomized to receive either 20 mL kg?1 of HES 130/0.4 or 80 mL kg?1 of 0.9% NaCl over 20 minutes. Haemoglobin, arterial and central venous blood gas and electrolytes, lactate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac index were measured at: T0, 60 minutes after induction of anaesthesia, immediately prior to blood removal; T1, immediately after blood removal; T2, immediately after fluid administration; and T3, 40 minutes after fluid administration. Oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) was calculated at each sample time.Results
O2ER increased at T1 and decreased at T2 and T3, with no difference between the two groups. Dogs administered HES 130/0.4 had higher lactate at T2 [mean (95% confidence interval) 1.3 (0.8–1.9) mmol L?1] than dogs administered 0.9% NaCl [0.8 (0.5–1.1) mmol L?1]; p = 0.045. Dogs administered HES 130/0.4 had a higher MAP at T3 [88 (74–102) mmHg] than dogs administered 0.9% NaCl [69 (60–79) mmHg]; p = 0.019. Dogs administered 0.9% NaCl were more acidaemic at T2 and T3, including higher hydrogen ion, lower bicarbonate, lower base excess and higher chloride concentrations.Conclusion
and clinical relevance The effect of 20 mL kg?1 of HES 130/0.4 on shock, as measured by O2ER, was no different than that of 80 mL kg?1 of 0.9% NaCl in dogs under general anaesthesia. Acidaemia in the NaCl group is likely attributable to hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis from the larger volume administered. 相似文献20.
MC Niimura del Barrio Rachel C. Bennett J.M. Lynne Hughes 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):473-482