共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Rachel C. Hector Marlis L. Rezende Khursheed R. Mama Eugene P. Steffey Heather K. Knych Ann M. Hess Juhana M. Honkavaara Marja R. Raekallio Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):755-765
Objective
To determine the effects of low and high dose infusions of dexmedetomidine and a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs.Study design
Crossover experimental study.Animals
Six healthy, adult Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 60-minute instrumentation and equilibration period, the MAC of sevoflurane was determined in triplicate using the tail clamp technique. PaCO2 and temperature were maintained at 40 ± 5 mmHg (5.3 ± 0.7 kPa) and 38 ± 0.5 ºC, respectively. After baseline MAC determination, dogs were administered two incremental loading and infusion doses of either dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg kg?1 then 1.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 4.5 μg kg?1 then 4.5 μg kg?1 hour?1) or MK-467 (90 μg kg?1 then 90 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 180 μg kg?1 then 180 μg kg?1 hour?1); loading doses were administered over 10 minutes. MAC was redetermined in duplicate starting 30 minutes after the start of drug administration at each dose. End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were corrected for calibration and adjusted to sea level. A repeated-measures analysis was performed and comparisons between doses were conducted using Tukey's method. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.Results
Sevoflurane MAC decreased significantly from 1.86 ± 0.3% to 1.04 ± 0.1% and 0.57 ± 0.1% with incremental doses of dexmedetomidine. Sevoflurane MAC significantly increased with high dose MK-467, from 1.93 ± 0.3% to 2.29 ± 0.5%.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in sevoflurane MAC, whereas MK-467 caused an increase in MAC at the higher infusion dose. Further studies evaluating the combined effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on MAC and cardiovascular function may elucidate potential benefits of the addition of a peripheral α2-adrenergic antagonist to inhalation anesthesia in dogs. 相似文献3.
Flavia Restitutti M. Johanna Kaartinen Marja R. Raekallio Otto Wejberg Emmi Mikkola Jerome R.E. del Castillo Mika Scheinin Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):417-426
Objective
We investigated the plasma concentrations and cardiovascular effects of intramuscularly (IM) administered medetomidine, administered alone or with three different doses of MK-467.Study design
Prospective, randomized, open, crossover trial.Animals
Eight purpose-bred healthy Beagle dogs.Methods
Each dog was administered four treatments: medetomidine 20 μg kg–1 IM alone or mixed in the same syringe with MK-467 (200 μg kg–1, 400 μg kg–1 or 600 μg kg–1). Instrumentation was performed under standardized anaesthesia. The dogs were allowed to recover before measurement of baseline values. Composite sedation scores, cardiovascular variables, i.e., heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial and central venous blood pressures (MAP and CVP) and arterial blood gases were recorded at baseline and for 60 minutes after treatment. Drug concentrations in venous plasma were analysed. Generalized linear mixed models for repeated measures with post hoc Bonferroni correction were used with statistical significance level set at α = 0.05.Results
All treatments initially demonstrated the effects of medetomidine: HR and CO decreased and CVP increased. MAP transiently increased and then significantly decreased from baseline with the two highest MK-467 doses. The cardiovascular effects of medetomidine disappeared more rapidly with MK-467 than with medetomidine alone. With medetomidine alone, sedation scores remained high until the end of the 60 minute follow-up. Maximum concentrations of medetomidine were more rapidly achieved and were higher with MK-467.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Initial haemodynamic effects of medetomidine were not prevented by MK-467, but these effects were attenuated and their duration shortened by MK-467, independently of dose. Absorption of medetomidine was accelerated by MK-467, when administered concomitantly IM, resulting in faster sedation; addition of MK-467 shortened the sedative effect of medetomidine. 相似文献4.
Bruno H. Pypendop Juhana Honkavaara Jan E. Ilkiw 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):823-831
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine, MK-467 and their combination following intramuscular (IM) administration to cats.Study design
Prospective randomized crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of eight healthy adult male castrated cats aged 1–2 years.Methods
Cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1) IM (treatment D25IM) or intravenously (IV; treatment D25IV); MK-467 (600 μg kg–1) IM (treatment MK600IM) or IV (treatment MK600IV); or dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1) IM with 300, 600 or 1200 μg kg–1 MK-467 IM (treatments D25MK300IM, D25MK600IM and D25MK1200IM). D25MK600IM was the only combination treatment analyzed. Blood samples were obtained prior to drug administration and at various times for 5 hours (D25IV) or 8 hours (all other treatments) thereafter. Plasma dexmedetomidine and MK-467 concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time–concentration data.Results
A one-compartment model best fitted the time–plasma dexmedetomidine concentration data in cats administered D25IM, and the time–plasma MK-467 concentration data in cats administered MK600IM and D25MK600IM. A two-compartment model best fitted the time–plasma dexmedetomidine concentration data in cats administered D25IV and D25MK600IM, and the time–plasma MK-467 concentration data in cats administered MK600IV. Median (range) area under the time–concentration curve, absorption rate half-life, maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration and terminal half-life for dexmedetomidine in D25IM and D25MK600IM were 1129 (792–1890) and 924 (596–1649) ng minute mL–1, 4.4 (0.4–15.7) and 2.3 (0.2–8.0) minutes, 10.2 (4.8–16.9) and 17.8 (15.8–73.5) ng mL–1, 17.8 (2.6–44.9) and 5.2 (1.2–15.1) minutes and 62 (52–139) and 50 (31–125) minutes, respectively. Rate of absorption but not systemic exposure was significantly influenced by treatment. No significant differences were observed in MK-467 pharmacokinetic parameters in MK600IM and D25MK600IM.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MK-467 significantly influenced the disposition of dexmedetomidine, whereas dexmedetomidine did not significantly affect the disposition of MK-467 when the drugs were coadministered IM. 相似文献5.
Bruno H. Pypendop Juhana Honkavaara Jan E. Ilkiw 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):52-62
Objective
To characterize the cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following intravenous (IV) administration in cats.Study design
Prospective Latin square experimental study.Animals
Six healthy adult purpose-bred cats.Methods
Cats were anesthetized with desflurane in oxygen for instrumentation with a carotid artery catheter and a thermodilution catheter in the pulmonary artery. One hour after discontinuation of desflurane, cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1), MK-467 (600 μg kg–1), or dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1) and MK-467 (600 μg kg–1). All treatments were administered IV as a bolus. Cardiovascular variables were measured prior to drug administration and for 8 hours thereafter. Only data from the dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine–MK-467 treatments were analyzed.Results
Dexmedetomidine produced significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac index and right ventricular stroke work index, and significant increases in arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. Dexmedetomidine combined with MK-467 resulted in significant but transient decrease in blood pressure and right ventricular stroke work index.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Following IV co-administration, MK-467 effectively attenuated dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects in cats. The drug combination resulted in transient reduction in arterial blood pressure, without causing hypotension. 相似文献6.
Kristine T. Siao Bruno H. Pypendop Juhana Honkavaara Jan E. Ilkiw 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1101-1115
Objective
To characterize the hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following intramuscular (IM) administration in cats.Study design
Randomized, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Six healthy adult male castrated purpose-bred cats.Methods
Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and instrumented. Cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg?1), with (DM) or without (D) MK-467 (600 μg kg?1), IM in the epaxial muscles. Cardiovascular variables, respiratory variables, temperature, and arterial and mixed-venous pH, blood gases and electrolytes were measured prior to drug administration and at various time points for 6 hours thereafter, during anesthesia with isoflurane. Additional variables were calculated from the measurements, using standard equations. Results were analyzed with a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett’s and paired t tests where appropriate.Results
Dexmedetomidine resulted in a significant decrease in cardiac index (CI) and significant increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). The addition of MK-467 failed to prevent most of the early cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, but the duration of systemic vasoconstriction was shorter and CI did not decrease. The lowest and highest post-treatment values in each treatment were 0.1 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.03 L minute?1 BW?0.67 (D) versus 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.03 L minute?1 BW?0.67 (DM) for CI, 87 ± 13 and 181 ± 21 mmHg (D) versus 70 ± 11 and 153 ± 18 mmHg (DM) for MAP and 58,948 ± 17,754 and 119,432 ± 40,423 dynes second cm?5 BW?0.67 (D) versus 25,870 ± 3782 and 76,498 ± 17,258 dynes second cm?5 BW?0.67 (DM) for SVRI, respectively.Conclusion and clinical relevance
IM coadministration of MK-467 and dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats shortened dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects. This drug combination may be useful in cats in which longer-lasting hypertension and hemodynamic depression is of concern. 相似文献7.
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Kazumasu Sasaki Tatsushi Mutoh Tomoko Mutoh Yasuyuki Taki Ryuta Kawashima 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):719-726
Objective
To evaluate the ability of a noninvasive cardiac output monitoring system with electrical velocimetry (EV) for predicting fluid responsiveness in dogs undergoing cardiac surgery.Study design
Prospective experimental trial.Animals
A total of 30 adult Beagle dogs.Methods
Stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variation (SVV) and cardiac index were measured using the EV device in sevoflurane-anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs undergoing thoracotomies for experimental creation of right ventricular failure. The dogs were considered fluid responsive if stroke volume (SVI; indexed to body weight), measured using pulmonary artery thermodilution, increased by 10% or more after volume loading (10 mL kg–1). Relationships of SVV, central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) with SVI were analysed to estimate fluid responsiveness.Results
Better prediction of fluid responsiveness, with a significant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was observed for SVV (0.85 ± 0.07; p = 0.0016) in comparison with CVP (0.65 ± 0.11; p = 0.17) or PAOP (0.60 ± 0.12; p = 0.35), with a cut-off value of 13.5% (84% specificity and 73% sensitivity).Conclusions and clinical relevance
SVV derived from EV is useful for identification of dogs that are likely to respond to fluids, providing valuable information on volume status under cardiothoracic anaesthesia. 相似文献9.
Daniel M. Sakai Manuel Martin-Flores Marta Romano Chia T. Tseng Luis Campoy Robin D. Gleed Jonathan Cheetham 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):246-253
Objective
To determine if neuromuscular monitoring at the pelvic limb accurately reflects neuromuscular function in the larynx after administration of rocuronium in anesthetized dogs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Six healthy Beagle dogs.Methods
Anesthesia was maintained in dogs with isoflurane and a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine. Rocuronium (0.6 mg kg?1) was administered intravenously to induce neuromuscular block. Train-of-four (TOF) impulses were applied to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLn) and the peroneal nerve (Pn). The evoked TOF ratio (TOFR; T4:T1) was measured with electromyography (EMG) simultaneously at the larynx and at the pelvic limb. Spontaneous recoveries of T1 to 25% (T125%) and 75% (T175%) of twitch height, and to TOFR of 0.70 and 0.90 (TOFR0.90) at each EMG site were compared.Results
Data from five dogs were analyzed. Times to T125% were similar at the pelvic limb and larynx when measured by EMG; time to T175% was slower at the larynx by 6 ± 4 minutes (p = 0.012). The larynx had a slower recovery to TOFR0.70 (41 ± 13 minutes) and TOFR0.90 (45 ± 13 minutes) than did the pelvic limb [29 ± 8 minutes (p = 0.011) and 33 ± 9 minutes (p = 0.003), respectively]. When the pelvic limb EMG returned to TOFR0.70 and TOFR0.90, the larynx EMG TOFR0.70 and TOFR0.90 values were 0.32 ± 0.12 (p = 0.001) and 0.38 ± 0.13 (p = 0.001), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
After administration of rocuronium, neuromuscular function assessed by EMG recovered approximately 36% slower at the larynx than at the pelvic limb. The results in these dogs suggest that quantitative neuromuscular monitoring instrumented at a pelvic limb may be unable to exclude residual block at the larynx in anesthetized dogs. 相似文献10.
Caroline S. Monk Dennis E. Brooks Tiffany Granone Fernando L. Garcia-Pereira Alexander Melesko Caryn E. Plummer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):502-508
Objective
To measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses during hoisting after induction of anesthesia.Study design
Prospective nonrandomized clinical study.Animals
Eighteen healthy adult horses aged [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 10 ± 4.2 years and weighing 491 ± 110 kg anesthetized for elective procedures.Methods
IOP was measured in the superior eye of each horse based on planned recumbency after induction of anesthesia. Measurements were taken directly after premedication with xylazine or detomidine with butorphanol, after induction with diazepam–ketamine, after intubation, when suspended by the hoist and on the operating table. During hoisting, the head was supported and the eye–heart height was measured to account for variations in head positioning among patients. IOPs were compared across time points using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regression was used to compare IOP outcome with potential cofactors.Results
Compared with measurements after premedication (17.5 ± 2.5 mmHg) (mean ± SD), hoisting significantly increased IOP (32.4 ± 15.3 mmHg) (p < 0.01). The highest recorded IOP in the hoist was 80.0 (range, 16.0–80.0) mmHg. The difference in IOP between premedication and hoisting was 15.0 ± 16.2 (range, –1.0 to 68.0) mmHg. Body weight had a significant effect on absolute IOP and change in IOP in the hoist (p < 0.01).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Hoist IOP was significantly higher than post-premedication IOP with heavier horses having higher hoist IOPs and greater increases in IOP. The clinician should take this relationship into account when anesthetizing and hoisting larger horses where an increase in IOP could be detrimental. 相似文献11.
Shayne P. Bisetto Adriano B. Carregaro André E.S. Nicolai Thais F. Bressan William P. Leal Nathalia V. Xavier Diego F. Leal André F.C. Andrade 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):594-599
Objective
To evaluate the effect of hyaluronidase on uptake, duration and speed of elimination of xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam administered in the subcutaneous fat over the dorsal lumbar region of swine.Study design
Blinded, randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six healthy Landrace/Large White pigs weighing 132 ± 24 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Animals were administered xylazine (1 mg kg?1) and tiletamine–zolazepam (8 mg kg?1) (control treatment, CON), or xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam at the same doses with hyaluronidase (400 IU) (treatment HYA). The treatments were administered into the dorsal lumbar adipose tissue, 2.5–3.0 cm laterally from the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra. The latency, anesthesia and recovery periods were measured. Heart rate, noninvasive systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and rectal temperature were recorded every 10 minutes for up to 50 minutes.Results
One animal in CON and one animal in HYA were responsive to stimulation and did not allow safe handling. No significant difference was found between treatments for latency (CON 11.3 ± 5.9 minutes, HYA 7.4 ± 5.1 minutes) and anesthesia (CON 53 ± 53 minutes, HYA 49 ± 38 minutes) periods. Recovery period was shorter in HYA (9 ± 6 minutes) than in CON (32 ± 16 minutes) (p < 0.05). Physiological variables were not significantly changed over time and were within accepted normal clinical limits for the species in both treatments.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Hyaluronidase (400 IU) administered into adipose tissue in pigs did not reduce the latency and duration of dissociative anesthesia, but was associated with faster recovery. 相似文献12.
Ana C. Neves Juracy CB. Santos Júnior Rodrigo L. Marucio Monica Midon Stelio PL. Luna 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):375-378
Objective
To evaluate three volumes of lidocaine for spermatic cord block to perform castration in cattle.Study design
Randomized blinded clinical study.Animals
Thirty mixed-breed Nellore cattle, aged 28–40 months and weighing 395 ± 21 (352–452) kg [mean ± standard deviation (range)].Methods
Cattle were restrained in a chute and allowed to stand without sedation. Three milliliters of 2% lidocaine without epinephrine were infiltrated subcutaneously at each site of scrotal incision in all animals. The animals were allocated to three groups of 10 animals each. Lidocaine 2% was injected into each spermatic cord using a volume of 2, 3 or 4 mL in groups A, B, or C, respectively. The total volumes of lidocaine used were 10, 12, and 14 mL in groups A, B, and C, respectively. The duration of surgery and the retraction of the testicle (scored as positive or negative according to retraction of the testicle) during the procedure were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way anova followed by Tukey’s and chi-square tests. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.Results
The mean surgical time was shorter in group C than in groups A and B (p < 0.001). In groups A, B and C, 90%, 60% and 10% of the animals showed retraction of the testicle, respectively. Fewer animals retracted the spermatic cord in group C than in group A (p = 0.002) and B (p = 0.02).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Optimal spermatic cord block was achieved by injection of 4 mL of 2% lidocaine 5 minutes before castration and following incisional infiltration of lidocaine, in adult cattle weighing about 400 kg. 相似文献13.
Aleksandr Semjonov Vladimir Andrianov Jacobus P. Raath Toomas Orro Derik Venter Liesel Laubscher Silke Pfitzer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):883-889
Objective
The combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–yohimbine or naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive African lions (Panthea leo).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twenty lions, 11 males and nine females, weighing 38–284 kg were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The BAM volume dose rate administered was 0.005–0.008 mL kg?1 (0.6 mL 100 kg?1). Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Four arterial blood samples were collected from all animals at 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after immobilization for analysis of blood-gases and acid-base status.Results
The actual doses administered were as follows: butorphanol, 0.18 ± 0.03 mg kg?1; azaperone, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1; and medetomidine, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1. The inductions were calm and smooth, and induction time ranged from 4 to 10 minutes (7 ± 2 minutes). The amount of time needed to work with each lion was 70 minutes, and no additional drug doses were needed. Heart rate (40 ± 8 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (15 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure of all animals was stable but elevated (142 ± 16 mmHg). The rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within acceptable range. The recovery time was significantly shorter when using naltrexone and atipamezole (9 ± 1 minutes) compared to using naltrexone and yohimbine (22 ± 7 minutes).Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable for general veterinary anaesthesia in lions. During anaesthesia, minor veterinary procedures such a blood collection, intubation, vaccination and collaring could safely be performed with no additional dosing required. 相似文献14.
Alonso G.P. Guedes Caitlin C. Tearney Alessia Cenani Fabio Aristizabal Jorge Nieto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):273-280
Objective
To compare postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on recovery characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses.Study design
Randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six geldings, mean ± standard deviation (SD) (range), 17 ± 4 (11–24) years and 527 ± 80 (420–660) kg.Methods
Horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 minutes under standardized conditions for a regional limb perfusion study. In recovery, horses were administered either xylazine (200 μg kg?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.875 μg kg?1) intravenously. Recoveries were unassisted and were video-recorded for later evaluation of recovery events and quality by two individuals unaware of treatment allocation. Recovery quality was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = poor recovery, 100 = excellent recovery), the Edinburgh Scoring System (ESS) (0–100; 100 = excellent recovery) and the mean attempt interval (MAI) (longer = better). Data are mean ± SD.Results
All recovery quality assessments (xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively: VAS: 71 ± 21 mm, 84 ± 13 mm; ESS: 65 ± 22, 67 ± 30; MAI: 52 ± 24 minutes, 60 ± 32 minutes) and events (first limb movement: 37 ± 8 minutes, 42 ± 10 minutes; first attempt to lift head: 44 ± 12 minutes, 48 ± 9 minutes; first attempt to sternal posture: 57 ± 28 minutes, 50 ± 7 minutes; number of head bangs: 2.0 ± 3.0, 0.5 ± 0.5; time to first attempt to stand: 72 ± 6 minutes, 78 ± 13 minutes; time to standing: 79 ± 14 minutes, 84 ± 13 minutes) did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Recovery characteristics did not differ significantly between postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine following 1 hour of sevoflurane anesthesia in horses in this study. Further evaluations in more horses and in younger horses are required to confirm these results. 相似文献15.
Jonathon M. Congdon Pedro Boscan Clara S.S. Goh Marlis Rezende 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):915-924
Objective
To assess the efficacy of psoas compartment and sacral plexus block for pelvic limb amputation in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 16 dogs aged 8 ± 3 years and weighing 35 ± 14 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were administered morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and atropine (0.02 mg kg?1); anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Regional blocks were performed before surgery in eight dogs with bupivacaine (2.2 mg kg?1) and eight dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline. The lumbar plexus within the psoas compartment was identified using electrolocation lateral to the lumbar vertebrae at the fourth–fifth, fifth–sixth and sixth–seventh vertebral interspaces. The sacral plexus, ventrolateral to the sacrum, was identified using electrolocation. Anesthesia was monitored using heart rate (HR), invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, expired gases, respiratory frequency and esophageal temperature by an investigator unaware of the group allocation. Pelvic limb amputation by coxofemoral disarticulation was performed. Dogs that responded to surgical stimulation (>10% increase in HR or arterial pressure) were administered fentanyl (2 μg kg?1) intravenously for rescue analgesia. Postoperative pain was assessed at extubation; 30, 60 and 120 minutes; and the morning after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS).Results
The number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was fewer in the bupivacaine group (2.7 ± 1.1 versus 6.0 ± 2.2; p < 0.01). Differences in physiologic variables were not clinically significant. VAS scores were lower in bupivacaine dogs at extubation (0.8 ± 1.9 versus 3.8 ± 2.5) and at 30 minutes (1.0 ± 1.4 versus 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Psoas compartment (lumbar plexus) and sacral plexus block provided analgesia during pelvic limb amputation in dogs. 相似文献16.
Muriel Sacks Simone K. Ringer Andrea S. Bischofberger Sabrina M. Berchtold Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1128-1138
Objective
To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols (isoflurane–dexmedetomidine versus medetomidine) on sedation, cardiopulmonary function and recovery in horses.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
Sixty healthy adult warm blood horses undergoing elective surgery.Methods
Thirty horses each were sedated with dexmedetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 (group DEX) or medetomidine 7 μg kg?1 (group MED) intravenously. After assessing and supplementing sedation if necessary, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and dexmedetomidine 1.75 μg kg?1 hour?1 or medetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 hour?1. Ringer's lactate (7–10 mL kg?1 hour?1) and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. Controlled mechanical ventilation maintained end-tidal expired carbon dioxide pressures at 40–50 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired gas composition and arterial blood gases were measured. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 or medetomidine 2 μg kg?1 was administered for timed and scored recovery phase. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-square test. Significance was considered when p ≤ 0.05.Results
In group DEX, significantly more horses (n = 18) did not fulfil the sedation criteria prior to induction and received one or more supplemental doses, whereas in group MED only two horses needed one additional bolus. Median (range) total sedation doses were dexmedetomidine 4 (4–9) μg kg?1 or medetomidine 7 (7–9) μg kg?1. During general anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Recovery scores in group DEX were significantly better than in group MED.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Horses administered dexmedetomidine required more than 50% of the medetomidine dose to reach equivalent sedation. During isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function was comparable between the two groups. Recovery scores following dexmedetomidine were better compared to medetomidine. 相似文献17.
Sandra Wenger Désirée Müllhaupt Stefanie Ohlerth Sarah Prasse Karina Klein Bianca da Silva Valente Martina Mosing 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):529-537
Objective
To compare airway management during induction of anaesthesia, spontaneous ventilation (SV) and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), using an endotracheal tube (ETT), laryngeal mask (LM), rabbit-specific supraglottic airway device (v-gel) or facemask (FM).Study design
Prospective randomized crossover experiment.Animals
Ten New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
After premedication, rabbits were randomly allocated to four groups: 1) ETT; 2) LM; 3) v-gel or 4) FM. The required dose of propofol, duration and number of attempts to place an airway device and leakage during SV and CMV at different peak inspiratory pressures (6, 10, 12, 14 and 16 cmH2O) were recorded. Computed tomography (CT) of the head, neck and abdomen were performed before and after CMV.Results
Significantly less propofol and time [2.0 ± 0.5 mg kg?1, 82 ± 34 seconds, p < 0.001] were needed to place the FM compared to the three other groups [v-gel 5.1 ± 2.1 mg kg?1, 302 ± 124 seconds; LM 4.8 ± 1.2 mg kg?1, 275 ± 89 seconds; ETT 5.5 ± 1.4 mg kg?1, 315 ± 147 seconds]. A leak > 25% of the tidal volume occurred at the lowest pressure in FM [median (range), 6 (6–8) cmH2O], which was significantly lower than with v-gel [16 (6–no leak at 16) cmH2O], LM [>16 (6–no leak at 16)] or ETT [>16 (no leak at 16) cmH2O] (p < 0.001). On CT images, the height and width of the larynx were significantly smaller with v-gel in comparison to FM and LM (p = 0.004). A significant increase in the amount of gas in the stomach (p = 0.007), but not gastric volume, was detected in FM and LM.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The v-gel is a practical alternative to LM and ETT for airway management and CMV, but can compress the larynx. The FM is easily placed, but significant leakage occurs during CMV. 相似文献18.
Kirk A. Muñoz Sheilah A. Robertson Deborah V. Wilson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):766-774
Objective
To determine the intubation dose and select physiologic effects of alfaxalone alone or in combination with midazolam or ketamine in dogs.Study design
Prospective, clinical study.Animals
Fifty-three healthy client-owned dogs [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 5.1 ± 1.8 years, 27 ± 15.4 kg, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery.Methods
After premedication with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg–1) intramuscularly, alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg–1) was administered intravenously over 15 seconds followed immediately by 0.9% saline (AS), midazolam (0.3 mg kg–1; AM), ketamine (1 mg kg–1; AK1), or ketamine (2 mg kg–1; AK2). Additional alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg–1 increments) was administered as required to permit endotracheal intubation. The incidence of apnea and the time from intubation until spontaneous movement were recorded. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were recorded 15 minutes after premedication, after intubation and 2, 5, 10 and 15 minutes thereafter. Blood was collected for measurement of serum glucose and insulin concentrations before induction, after intubation and at 2, 5, 10 and 50 minutes. Data were analyzed by split-plot anova with Bonferroni adjustment for the number of group comparisons.Results
Mean ± SD alfaxalone mg kg–1 doses required for endotracheal intubation were AS (1.0 ± 0.4), AM (0.4 ± 0.2), AK1 (0.5 ± 0.3) and AK2 (0.5 ± 0.4) (p = 0.0005). Differences in cardiopulmonary variables among groups were minor; HR decreased in AS, while in other groups, HR increased transiently postintubation. Incidence of apnea in AS was 54% with no significant difference among groups. Midazolam significantly prolonged time from intubation until spontaneous movement (p < 0.002).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Midazolam and ketamine reduced the alfaxalone dose required for endotracheal intubation. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were not influenced by administration of alfaxalone alone or when administered with midazolam or ketamine. 相似文献19.
Robert J. Brosnan Fabíola B. Fukushima Trung L. Pham 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):577-588
Objective
N-butane and n-pentane can both produce general anesthesia. Both compounds potentiate γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function, but only butane inhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It was hypothesized that butane and pentane would exhibit anesthetic synergy due to their different actions on ligand-gated ion channels.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
A total of four Xenopus laevis frogs and 43 Sprague–Dawley rats.Methods
Alkane concentrations for all studies were determined via gas chromatography. Using a Xenopus oocyte expression model, standard two-electrode voltage clamp techniques were used to measure NMDA and GABAA receptor responses in vitro as a function of butane and pentane concentrations relevant to anesthesia. The minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of butane and pentane were measured separately in rats, and then pentane MAC was measured during coadministration of 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 times MAC of butane. An isobole with 95% confidence intervals was constructed using regression analysis. A sum of butane and pentane that was statistically less than the lower-end confidence bound isobole indicated a synergistic interaction.Results
Both butane and pentane dose-dependently potentiated GABAA receptor currents over the study concentration range. Butane dose-dependently inhibited NMDA receptor currents, but pentane did not modulate NMDA receptors. Butane and pentane MAC in rats was 39.4 ± 0.7 and 13.7 ± 0.4 %, respectively. A small but significant (p < 0.03) synergistic anesthetic effect with pentane was observed during administration of either 0.50 or 0.75 × MAC butane.Conclusions
Butane and pentane show synergistic anesthetic effects in vivo consistent with their different in vitro receptor effects.Clinical relevance
Findings support the relevance of NMDA receptors in mediating anesthetic actions for some, but not all, inhaled agents. 相似文献20.
David Knazovicky Erika S. Helgeson Beth Case Andrea Thomson Margaret E. Gruen William Maixner B. Duncan X. Lascelles 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):615-624