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1.
Triplicate groups of Atlantic halibut were fed diets containing 0%, 9% or 18% of a bacterial protein meal (BPM) produced from natural gas in a 9‐week trial. Growth rates, relative feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and retention of all indispensable amino acids were significantly lower in fish fed the 18% BPM diets than in those fed the 0% and 9% BPM diets. There were no significant treatment effects on urea levels in plasma, liver or muscle, or in uric acid levels in plasma. The hepatosomatic index was lowest in fish fed the 18% BPM diet. Although the concentration of copper, an element abundant in BPM, increased in the liver as dietary BPM level increased, the total copper content in liver decreased. Fish fed the 0% and 9% BPM diets had a higher degree of supranuclear vacuolization of pyloric caeca and mid‐intestine epithelia compared with fish fed the 18% BPM diet. In conclusion, the halibut fed the 9% BPM diet performed equally well as the control group regarding growth, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio, whereas performance was reduced in the fish fed the 18% BPM diet.  相似文献   

2.
Chinook salmon smolt in fresh water fed a commercial diet known to produce minimal gastric dilation and air sacculitis (GDAS) were randomly assigned to four experimental tanks with flow-through sea water. All four groups were acclimatized to sea water for 3 weeks and fed a diet of minced fresh seafood. After 3 weeks the groups were fed either; seafood as before, a different commercial pelleted diet associated with the development of GDAS on farms, or either diet supplemented with 500 mg L(-1) putrescine, 300 mg L(-1) cadaverine and 250 mg L(-1) tyramine. Gastric dilation was produced in fish fed the commercial diet for 1 month but not by feeding a diet of minced seafood. The addition of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine to either diet had no significant effect on the development of gastric dilation. Fish fed the commercial diet had significantly (P < 0.0001) wider weight-adjusted stomach widths, less prominent longitudinal stomach folds (P < 0.0001) and lower (P < 0.0001) stomach-width ratios than fish fed the fresh seafood diet. There was no significant difference in serum osmolality or sodium concentration between fish from groups with or without gastric dilation or fed biogenic amines.  相似文献   

3.
Digestive capacity and compensatory growth in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The objective of this study was to examine whether digestive capacity correlates with growth rate in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Ninety fish (1035±240 g; 478±36 mm) were assigned to one of three treatments: deprived of food for 5 weeks and then re-fed for 24 days, deprived for 10 weeks and then re-fed for 24 days, or fed for 24 days without deprivation (controls). Three times a week during feeding, the fish were provided with meals of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in excess. Within each treatment, ten fish were sacrificed before and twenty after the feeding period. The relative masses of the pyloric caeca, intestine, and white muscle were determined. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), citrate synthase (CS), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activities were assayed in the pyloric caeca, intestine, and muscle as was trypsin activity in the pyloric caeca. During the re-feeding period, fish that had been deprived of food for 10 weeks showed compensatory growth, growing 1.9 times faster than the controls (0.94±0.26 versus 0.50±0.31% body mass ⋅ day−1). Fish that displayed compensatory growth had a lower relative white muscle mass than controls (66.5±4.1% vs. 69.6±7.4%) while the relative masses of the pyloric caeca (2.21±0.49% vs. 1.78±0.31%) and intestine (0.95±0.20% vs. 0.77±0.15%) were greater than the controls, suggesting that the sizes of these digestive tissues might correlate with compensatory growth capacity. Citrate synthase in the pyloric caeca was the only enzyme that showed higher activity during compensatory growth (8.57±0.94 U ⋅ g tissue−1 compared to 7.13±1.03 U ⋅ g tissue−1 in the control group). This suggests that aerobic catabolic capacity of pyloric caeca could be related to growth capacity during recovery, possibly via the energetic cost of digestive enzyme synthesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of alcohol extract of soybean meal on growth performance, digestibility, and pancreatic enzyme and bile acid status of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata were studied. Fish were fed one of the following for 8 weeks: a fish meal (FM) control diet (FMD), a defatted soybean meal diet (SBMD), an alcohol-extracted SBM diet (ExSBMD), an ExSBMD with alcohol-extract diet (ExSBM + ExtD), and an FMD with alcohol-extract diet (FM + ExtD). Growth performance was significantly inferior in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD compared to FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Total bile acid levels, and trypsin and lipase activities in the anterior intestine were significantly lower in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD than in fish fed with ExSBMD and FMD, despite similar values in gallbladder or pyloric caeca. Cholecystokinin mRNA levels of the former diet-fed fish were significantly lower than those of FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Lipid and protein digestibility of fish fed with SBMD, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD was significantly reduced in comparison with that of fish fed with FMD or ExSBMD. These findings indicate that the alcohol extract of soybean meal inhibited the secretion of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes by a decrease of cholecystokinin stimulation. This inhibition seemed to be responsible for a low growth performance through impairment of the assimilation of lipid and protein.  相似文献   

5.
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) were fed two isocaloric diets supplemented with 15% linseed oil or soybean lecithin, and subsequently analysed for ultrastructural changes in various intestinal segments (pyloric caeca region, midgut and hindgut) as well as apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets. The ADC of dry matter, lipid and individual fatty acids were always highest in fish fed the soybean lecithin diet. In hindgut for example, ADC of lipid and dry matter were 94 and 96%, respectively, in fish fed the soybean lecithin diet compared to 85 and 94% in fish fed linseed oil.There were major ultrastructural differences in the enterocytes between fish fed the two experimental diets. In char fed the linseed oil diet there were substantial accumulations of lipid droplets in the enterocytes from the pyloric caeca and midgut but not in hindgut. These accumulations were not observed in fish fed the soybean lecithin diet. In some cases, deposition of fat in the enterocytes was so great that it resulted in epithelial damage with lipid droplets and cell debris appearing in the intestinal lumen. These changes are likely to be pathological and may lead to intestinal malfunction and represent a major infection route to pathogenic bacteria. On the basis of these results it is suggested that endogenous phospholipid synthesis is insufficient to maintain lipoprotein synthesis in Arctic char when fed diets containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid of total lipid, and that phospholipids should be supplied with such diets.  相似文献   

6.
Three duplicate groups of individually tagged lumpfish (mean initial weight: 20.0 ± 4.0 g) were fed three commercially available diets (A, B and C) for a period of 147 days. There were significant differences in growth rates between the groups with fish fed diet A having the highest growth rates whilst fish fed diet C achieved the lowest growth. Lumpfish fed diets A and B had lower prevalence and severity of cataracts compared with fish fed diet C, suggesting a possible dietary effect on cataract, alone or in combination with other environmental factors. There was a significant difference in the degree of liver vacuolization between the three dietary treatments at the end of the study period with fish fed diets A and B showing moderate to severe vacuolization compared with liver tissue from fish fed diet C, which had milder vacuolizations. There was little or no inflammation in pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut and similarly for epithelial necrosis or vacuolization for all three dietary treatments at the end of the study. Fish fed diet A had the longest intestinal folds whilst fish fed diet C had the shortest.  相似文献   

7.
The improvement in feed efficiency is one of the most important subjects in fish culture. The development of feed, in terms of good intake, high growth performance, and high feed efficiency is needed. Squid viscera are one of the candidates for alternative material in improving feed efficiency in fish culture. In the present study, we described the dietary effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate (SVH) on the growth performance of the red sea bream. The addition of SVH to feed caused significant increases in feed intake, fork length, and body weight and produced a marked improvement in feed conversion after 4 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, the results of this feeding revealed that low dietary levels of SVH promote growth performance in the red sea bream. We physiologically analyzed digestion and appetite in fish fed diet containing SVH. SVH promoted the activity of hepatic trypsin and lipase, gene expression of stomach pepsin, hepatic lipase, and pyloric caeca trypsin, thereby improving the nutrient availability in red sea bream. Moreover, the mRNA expression of appetite regulating factor, such as brain NPY and stomach ghrelin was significantly improved by dietary SVH. Our current results indicate that dietary SVH as alternative material produced excellent effects on growth performance, which is dependent on the promoting effect on digestion and appetite in red sea bream.  相似文献   

8.
Present study examined the effects of Ergosan on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, hematological parameters and gastrointestinal structure of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout (mean weight 100–110 g) were fed basal diet (control) and diet treated with Aquavac Ergosan (5 g kg?1 of diet) for 50 days. Results of this study showed that Ergosan supplementation significantly increased weight gain (94.27 g vs. 65.04 g), specific growth rate (4.09 vs. 3.10) and feed intake (136.85 g vs. 111.22 g) and decreased feed conversion ratio (1.43 vs. 2.03) compared to control (P < 0.05). Lipase activity and leukocyte and erythrocyte count also increased in juvenile fish fed Ergosan-treated diet compared to control (P < 0.05). Light microscopy demonstrated that both groups of fish displayed normal morphology of proximal intestine and pyloric caeca. In Ergosan-treated group, higher percentage of goblet cell was shown in proximal intestine and pyloric caeca. Present study suggests that Ergosan effectively promotes growth performance, lipase activity and gastrointestinal structure in rainbow trout.  相似文献   

9.
1在水温6℃、14℃、22℃下和180×60×50cm控温水族箱中,饲养初始鱼体质量11.3±0.94g的细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok幼鱼21d,测定了幼鱼消化器官（胃、幽门盲囊、肝脏和肠）中的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明：水温14℃下胃蛋白酶活性最高,其次为水温6℃时,22℃时消化酶活性最低,显著低于前2个处理组（P〈0.05）。肠中脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于胃和肝中（P〈0.05）,其次为幽门盲囊。各消化器官脂肪酶活力均在14℃时最高,其中肠和幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活力显著高于其他2个处理组。各水温条件下,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性最高,其次为肠。6℃时,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）;14℃和22℃时,幽门盲囊和肠中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）,胃和肝脏中差异不显著（P〉0.05）。14℃时各消化器官淀粉酶活力最高,6℃时肝脏和肠中淀粉酶活性显著低于14℃时,其它组织中各处理组间淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0.05）。  相似文献   

10.
Fishmeal (FM) is a high-cost and scarce feedstuff. Notwithstanding, the formulation and processing of diets for carnivorous fish strongly rely on FM as a protein source, given its palatability and biological value. Animal by-product hydrolysates are high-quality feedstuff and can substitute FM in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the digestibility of hydrolysates from tilapia residue (TR), tuna head (TH), swine liver (SL), and poultry liver (PL), and the profile of digestive enzymes in juvenile dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous Characin, fed diets containing graded levels of the hydrolysates. Inclusion of hydrolysates in diet formulations lowered the pH of feed but did not alter feed intake by fish. Higher apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of diets were recorded for fish fed diets containing TR and SL, and lower ADCs were recorded for fish fed diets containing TH. Protease and lipase activities in the animal’s stomach were higher, especially for those fed with diets containing SL. Amylase activity was higher in pyloric caeca, whereas in the intestines, the higher activity was seen in fish fed control and TR diets. Animal by-product hydrolysates were highly digestible for dourado, and the enzymatic profile of fish was influenced by the nutrient contents of diets.  相似文献   

11.
We evaluated the effects of casein‐based semipurified diets, alone or supplemented with native Peruvian plants, on growth, feed efficiency, and histology of the digestive tract of red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, juveniles over an 8‐wk feeding trial. Three tanks were randomly assigned to one of four casein–gelatin (40:8) diets containing a supplement of 15% wheat meal (control) or an identical level of substitution of three South American native plant as follows: camu‐camu fruit (Myrciaria dubia), aguaje fruit (Mauritia flexuosa), or maca tuber meal (Lepidium meyenii). The fish (initial weight, 2.04 ± 0.06 g) were fed experimental diets at decreasing feeding rates from 4 to 2.6% of body weight. After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed a diet supplemented with maca meal showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent net protein utilization (NPU), and instantaneous feed intake than fish fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), PER, and NPU in fish fed the casein–gelatin diet supplemented with maca meal were among the best ever reported in the scientific literature, 0.64 ± 0.03, 3.13 ± 0.15 and 23.8 ± 2.0, respectively. The camu‐camu meal had a negative impact on diet palatability and utilization, which resulted in slower growth. The stomach, intestine, pancreas, and pyloric caeca at the start and end of the experiment showed normal differentiation and appearance of cells and tissues. The liver parenchyma showed lipid infiltration and pigment accumulation in all samples at the initiation of the experiment and may be attributed to the period of decreased feed intake prior to the study. At the end of the study, similar histopathologies were recorded in all samples from the control and camu‐camu groups. Normal liver histology (polyhedral hepatocytes with centrally located nuclei) was observed in two of three samples from the maca group and all the samples from the group that was fed the aguaje‐supplemented diet.  相似文献   

12.
饥饿对大口黑鲈消化器官、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
对饥饿和饥饿后投喂的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力及消化组织的变化进行了研究,饥饿周期为30d。饥饿对大口黑鲈消化道指数的影响为肝体比从试验的第3天开始明显下降(P<0.05),第20天开始保持稳定水平(P>0.05);幽门盲囊重与体重比先上升后下降;胃重与体重比始终呈上升趋势(P<0.05);肠重与体重比在第10天开始保持稳定水平(P>0.05);肠长与体长比呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。饥饿对蛋白酶活力影响为从开始到第3天胃蛋白酶活力上升,第10天开始下降;幽门盲囊蛋白酶活力在第10天之后持续下降(P<0.05);肠道蛋白酶活力一直呈下降趋势。饥饿对淀粉酶活力影响为肝脏淀粉酶活力、胃淀粉酶活力和幽门盲囊淀粉酶活力均呈下降趋势(P<0.05);肠道淀粉酶活力第10天之后即稳定在低水平(P>0.05)。饥饿后摄食对蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力的影响为饥饿后摄食蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力均呈上升趋势,上升的速度在不同组织有差异,在恢复摄食后的第10天基本达到正常水平。  相似文献   

13.
Six isoproteic diets were designated to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid levels (from 70 to 270 g/kg) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive tract enzyme activity and lipid deposition of juvenile Brachymystax lenok (average initial weight 0.54 ± 0.04 g). Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks (30 fish per tank) in an indoor closed recirculating system for 9 weeks. Final body weight and weight gain were highest in fish fed 190 g/kg diet and lowest in fish fed the 70 g/kg diet. Specific growth rate of fish fed with 190 g/kg diet was significantly higher than those fed with 70 and 270 g/kg diets (p < .05). Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed with 70 g/kg diet was significantly lower than the 110–230 g/kg treatments and was not significantly different from the 270 g/kg treatment. Fish fed with 270 g/kg diet had significantly higher hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index than those fed with 70–190 g/kg diets (p < .05). Intraperitoneal fat ratio and the whole‐body lipid content had a trend to increase with increase in dietary lipid level. Muscle crude lipid content increased up to 190 g/kg with increase in dietary lipid level. Lipid retention decreased with increase in dietary lipid level, while no significant differences in protein intake and retention levels were observed in fish among all treatments. Lipase activity of the mixture of pyloric caeca and foregut in fish fed 190 and 230 g/kg diets was significantly higher than those fed 70 and 110 g/kg diets. Midgut and hindgut lipase activities of fish were significantly higher than those fed the 190 and 230 g/kg diets. In conclusion, based on the second‐order polynomial model of WG and FCR, this study suggested that 173.8–195.0 g/kg dietary lipid levels were appropriated for B. lenok.  相似文献   

14.
Macroscopic and microscopic assessment procedures were developed to evaluate the severity and enable diagnosis from histological samples, of gastric dilation and air sacculitis (GDAS) in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Stomachs and swim bladders were examined from young fish with experimentally induced GDAS and from larger fish with the syndrome held in commercial saltwater net‐pens. Fish fed a diet previously known to induce GDAS had significantly wider stomachs with decreased prominence of longitudinal stomach folds that contained larger amounts of fluid (P < 0.001), and thinner stomach walls with greater inter‐nerve distances (P < 0.001), than fish fed an alternative commercial diet not associated with the syndrome. These fish also had swim bladders that were more likely to be opaque and contain more fluid (P < 0.001). These observations correlated well with selected criteria for stomach tissue (P < 0.002) and swim bladder (P < 0.04) that could be evaluated microscopically. Four stomach measurements, primarily measurements of wall or partial wall thickness and inter‐nerve distances, were suitable for discriminating between affected and non‐affected fish. A stomach width ratio, that was independent of fish weight and highly correlated with macroscopic stomach measurements (P < 0.0001), was particularly useful; this ratio was derived from the distances between both the outer border of the muscularis mucosa and mesothelium of the serosal surface to the stratum compactum. Serum biochemistry parameters (osmolality, calcium and magnesium) did not differ between fish fed different diets, but serum creatinine concentration was correlated with the microscopic thickness of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall and the total stomach thickness (P < 0.001 and P < 0.003, respectively). A glomerulonephritis was also noted in these fish. The severity of the lesion was not significantly related to GDAS nor to any serum biochemistry parameter assayed however.  相似文献   

15.
Triplicate groups of rainbow trout with initial weight 361 g were fed either a fish meal based control diet or diets containing 9, 18 or 27% bacterial protein meal (BPM) or 9% of an autolysate (AU) of the BPM. No significant treatment effects were found on specific growth rates (SGR), feed intake, feed efficiency ratio (FER), or retention of nitrogen, amino acids or energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nitrogen, energy and most indispensable amino acids decreased when BPM was included in the diet. The ADC of lipid, sum of amino acids, arginine, lysine, threonine and most of the dispensable amino acids were reduced at 27% BPM inclusion compared to the control, 9% and 18% BPM diets. None of the ADC estimated was different in the 9% AU diet compared to the 9% BPM diet. The loss of nitrogen and energy in faeces per kg gain increased as the dietary BPM or AU levels increased, and the energy used for activity and maintenance was higher in fish fed the 27% BPM diet than in fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the urea concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle, whereas the uric acid level in plasma was elevated in trout fed the 27% BPM diet. Histological evaluation of tissue from the stomach, pyloric caeca, mid-intestine and distal intestine did not reveal any diet-related morphological changes.In conclusion, no significant differences in growth and feed efficiency were found in the rainbow trout fed diets containing up to 27% BPM, and the AU did not increase fish performance compared to the BPM. Based on the data from this study, at levels up to 27% dietary inclusion, BPM is a good replacement for fish meal in diets for rainbow trout.  相似文献   

16.
真鲷幼鱼消化道组织学研究↑（*）   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13  
６月龄真鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓｍａｊｏｒ）幼鱼通过解剖,切片、染色和显微摄像,结果表明：整个消化道从解剖水平可以分为口、口咽腔、食道、胃、肠及直肠等６个功能区。口部有犬齿、臼齿和不规则的粒状齿;口腔内有咽（含咽齿）及鳃耙,鳃耙形成了对食物颗粒的屏障,面向食管保护鳃丝;短的食管起源于咽腔,终止于胃,两者间没有明显的解剖上的差别;Ｙ型的胃分为贲门部、幽门部和胃盲囊３部分。组织学观察可见：胃由单层柱状上皮细胞组成,在贲门区和幽门区的上皮层下面,具有相似细胞组成的胃腺;有４个幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊与肠组织结构基本一致。胰腺管和肝管从幽门盲囊的基部生出。肠道短,肠道前部起源于幽门括约肌之后,在肠瓣处变窄,使整个肠道分为肠和直肠两部分;肠与直肠相比粘膜上有较多的褶皱;肠道上皮由柱状上皮细胞和粘液分泌细胞组成,粘膜下层有致密的结缔组织和大量嗜酸性颗粒的细胞。  相似文献   

17.
Groups of one‐year‐old smolts of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) reared under a simulated natural photoperiod were fed pelleted feed with a NaCl content of either 1.5% or 9.5% for 6 weeks before release in a river in northern Norway. There were no differences in growth before release between fish fed the two diets. Smolts fed the 9.5% NaCl diet had better hypo‐osmoregulatory ability than those fed the 1.5% diet, and a level of gill Na+‐K+‐ATPase activity that was several times higher. One of the two groups that had been fed the 9.5% NaCl diet had both a significantly higher recapture rate and growth in sea than the two groups fed the 1.5% NaCl diet, whereas this was not true for the other 9.5% NaCl diet group. The results indicate that a NaCl‐enriched diet could be used to ensure sufficient hypo‐osmoregulatory ability of charr smolts that would otherwise have insufficient regulatory ability.  相似文献   

18.
SUMMARY: The periodical changes of feed digesta contents in the digestive tracts and plasma free amino acid levels of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (average weight 690 g) were investigated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 48 h after feeding on three different types of diets. The diets were: (i) extruded pellets prepared using a large-sized twin screw extruder (SDP); (ii) pellets processed using a small-sized twin screw extruder (EP); and (iii) single moist pellets (SMP). Three types of experimental fish meal diets were formulated so as to have an almost similar ingredient composition, and were supplemented with crystalline methionine, lysine, and tryptophan. Digesta contents in the stomach of fish fed the SDP diet during the experimental period were highest, whereas fish fed the SMP diet were lowest, and the stomach digesta evacuation time was different for the different types of diets. This might be caused by the differences in the chemical and physical properties of the diets. The evacuation times of the feed digesta contents of the stomach influence those of the intestine. Three crystalline amino acids added to the diets seemed to be absorbed effectively into blood plasma immediately after feed intake irrespective of the diet types. Periodical changes in the plasma levels of methionine seemed to be linked to the feed digesta contents of the stomach. Therefore, it is suggested that utilization of supplemented methionine might be affected by diet characteristics which, in turn, influence the stomach digesta evacuation times.  相似文献   

19.
This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of feeding plant products from both traditional breeding and from biotechnology on intestinal somatic indices, histology and cell proliferation in first-feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (initial weight 0.21 +/- 0.02 g). A standard fishmeal diet (standard fishmeal) was formulated to contain fishmeal as the sole protein source and suprex maize as the main starch source. Six experimental diets were then developed: two in which some of the fishmeal was replaced with commercially available, genetically modified Roundup Ready full-fat soybean meal (GM-soy) or commercially available, non-GM full-fat soybean meal (nGM-soy) at a level of 12.5% of the total diet, and four diets in which the suprex maize was replaced with two lines of GM-maize (Dekalb 1; D1 and Pioneer 1; P1), both products of event MON810, and their half-sibling non-GM counterparts (Dekalb 2; D2 and Pioneer 2; P2), at a level of 12.1% of total diet. Each diet was fed to fish in triplicate tanks and the experiment lasted for 8 months, during which the fish reached a final weight of 101-116 g. There was no significant effect of diet on the intestinal indices, nor were histological changes observed in the pyloric caeca or mid intestine. In the distal intestine, one of nine sampled fish fed nGM-soy showed moderate changes, two of nine sampled fish fed GM-soy showed changes, one with moderate and one with severe changes, and two of nine fish fed nGM-maize D2 had moderate changes. Using a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cell proliferative responses to the experimental diets were assessed. In fish fed both soy diets, a significantly higher (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine concomitant with an increased localization of PCNA positive cells along the whole distal intestinal folds. The PCNA response among the nGM-soy group was significantly higher compared with all the other diet groups. In contrast, for fish exposed to dietary maize (type D) compared with fish fed the standard fishmeal, the soy-diets (GM-soy and nGM-soy) and maize (type P), a significantly lower (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine. Results indicated that the GM plant products investigated in this study, at about 12% inclusion level, were as safe as commercially available non-GM products, at least in terms of their effect on indices and histological parameters of the Atlantic salmon intestinal tract.  相似文献   

20.
The activity of the enzymes located in the digestive tract (pyloric caeca and intestine) in two strains and F1 crosses of the Australian freshwater fish silver perch [Murray River (M) and Cataract Dam (C)] was evaluated. The effect of the fish holding system (cages or ponds) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and the brush border enzymes: maltase, leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (γ‐GT) was examined. The enzymatic activity was tested in three intestinal sections: the pyloric caeca, upper and lower intestine. All the tested enzyme activities were influenced by an interaction between the intestinal section and the strain or cross of silver perch. For fish maintained in ponds, there were two distinct enzymatic activity patterns, one for the pure strains (C × C and M × M) and one for the crosses (C × M and M × C). Significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activities of the crosses compared with the pure strains were particularly noticeable in the pyloric caeca. In fish held in cages, there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activity in the pyloric caeca of the C × C strain. The total enzymatic activities in the fish reared in the ponds were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the fish held in cages. The results of the present investigation confirm that the different genetic background of the silver perch in the Murray River and in the Cataract Dam influences the activity of the brush border digestive enzymes. This activity also varies between maintenance systems.  相似文献   

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