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1.
黄土高原水土保持对未来地表水资源影响研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
水土保持是生态环境建设的核心。据《全国水土保持建设规划》 ,2 0 0 1～ 2 0 5 0年 ,黄土高原将新增基本农田12 45万hm2 、骨干坝 2万座、林草地 2 965万hm2 。水土保持措施将对地表水资源量产生重大影响 ,林草措施年减少径流量2 2 2 3亿m3 ,水平梯田年拦蓄径流量 3 7 4亿m3 ,坝地年拦蓄 60 0 0万m3 。水土保持措施将给黄河下游年减少 7～ 8亿t泥沙 ,但也要年减少约 60亿m3 径流量。介绍了各种水土保持措施的水文效应。 相似文献
2.
该文以季节性冻融灌区内蒙古河套灌区为研究对象,建立灌区冻融期地下水补排模型,与三维地下水数值模型相结合,构建适用于季节性冻融灌区的生育期-冻融期全周年地下水动态模拟模型。采用河套灌区2006—2013年灌区实测地下水埋深对模型进行了率定和验证,并针对河套灌区不同地下水矿化度可开采区(分别为2.0、2.5及3.0g/L)、不同渠井结合比设置了18种井渠结合节水情景,对其地下水动态进行了预测。结果表明,该文构建的冻融期模型能准确反映其地下水动态过程;井渠结合后地下水埋深变化与井渠结合区地下水开采利用的矿化度上限和渠井结合比有关,井渠结合区地下水矿化度上限越大,渠井结合比越小,地下水埋深增加越多;实施井渠结合后,灌区生育期平均地下水埋深增加0.103~0.445 m,秋浇期增加0.076~0.243 m,冻融期增加0.096~0.216 m;从空间上看,全灌区年均地下水埋深增加0.096~0.316 m,井渠结合区增加0.346~0.635 m,非井渠结合区变化较少,一般不足7 cm。该文为季节性冻融灌区开展大规模井渠结合灌溉提供参考。 相似文献
3.
为了探究PLA沙障对乌珠穆沁沙地沙化治理的效果,以方格状铺设不同规格(方格边长0.5 m×0.5 m, 1 m×1 m, 2 m×2 m和3 m×3 m)PLA沙障,以不同规格沙障影响的风蚀特征为研究对象,裸沙地设置对照(CK),采用美国HOBO便携式风速采集仪观测距地表10,20,50,100,200 cm高度的风速,同时使用自动旋转集沙仪收集近地表0—30 cm高度输沙量,分析了防风效能、固沙效益和风沙流挟沙粒径的变化特征。结果表明：(1) PLA沙障规格小于3 m×3 m时,风速廓线呈“S”型变化趋势;PLA沙障平均的地表粗糙度为0.64 cm, CK的平均粗糙度为0.51 cm,粗糙度提高了25.48%。(2)铺设PLA沙障后输沙量降低了38.72%～75.69%;PLA沙障输沙率随高度呈现良好的指数关系(R2>0.77);1 m×1 m和2 m×2 m沙障的固沙效益高于其他2种规格沙障,3 m×3 m规格的固沙效益最低,基本接近CK。(3)乌珠穆沁沙地风蚀物颗粒大小介于2～500μm,且大部分颗粒为100～250μm的细沙;铺设PLA沙障后,障格内... 相似文献
4.
浅沟发育对土壤侵蚀作用的研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
浅沟是坡面细沟侵蚀发生与发展的产物。浅沟形成后,改变了原坡面形态,加速了侵蚀作用过程,增大了土壤侵蚀量。本文采用人工模拟降雨装置在黄土小区上进行试验,结合野外调查,对浅沟侵蚀进行了研究:坡面浅沟的分布密度变化于10～65km/km~2之间;深度变化于0.3～3m之间,并且以1～2m的为多;新倾斜面的倾角变化于10°～30”之间。在相同降雨条件下,浅沟发育坡面的产沙率比未发育浅沟坡面的产沙率要大,二者可相差3倍多。当雨强为1.31mm/min和2.4mm/min时,有浅沟发育坡面的侵蚀量分别增加0.66倍和0.386倍。据估算,由于浅沟的存在,黄土丘陵沟壑区沟间地坡面的侵蚀量将增加25％左右。 相似文献
5.
引黄灌区水资源联合利用耦合模型 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
随着引黄水量日益减少,如何有效利用有限的地表水和地下水,成为内蒙河套灌区亟待解决的问题。该文以引黄水量最小和地下水开采量最大为目标,以控制各用水区地下水位在适宜范围作为约束条件,通过动态耦合地下水模拟模型与地表地下水联合利用优化模型,建立了灌区水资源联合利用耦合模型,最后应用此耦合模型对灌区2020和2030年的引黄水和地下水进行了优化分配。结果表明：通过合理调整产业结构和有效利用地表地下水,灌区2020和2030年的引黄水量分别为39.15、38.54亿m3/a,可以达到国家规定的40亿m3/a指标。研究成果可为黄河流域乃至全国其它干旱灌区的水资源高效利用、盐碱化防治等方面提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
6.
为掌握黄土高原切沟对其上方集水区内土壤水分的影响,选取晋西黄土区典型切沟上方的集水区为研究对象,采用土钻法定期测量0—10 m土层的土壤水分,探讨集水区内不同地貌部位的土壤水分状况。结果表明:(1)集水区内土壤水分状况受距离切沟远近和地貌部位的共同影响。(2)集水区内距离切沟1 m处的蓄水量显著低于距离切沟3,6 m处的蓄水量(P＜0.05),集水区内洼地的蓄水量大于坡面。(3)集水区内6个采样点浅层含水量随时间变化剧烈,深层含水量随时间变化小。(4)切沟对其上方集水区内土壤水分的水平影响距离为1~3 m,距切沟1 m处,影响深度最深可达7 m,距切沟3 m处,影响深度为2 m。在未来开展切沟治理中,建议在距离切沟1 m范围内密植低耗水的耐旱灌木或草本,利用密植的植物增加地面糙率,降低水流流速,并利用植物根系网络土体,增加抗冲性,从而起到防治切沟溯源侵蚀。 相似文献
7.
水平梯田可拦蓄降水600 ～800 m m ,而甘肃省黄河流域实测一次短历时最大雨量为166-1 m m ,长江流域为216m m ,即水平梯田可拦蓄径流量是田面承接雨量的3 ～5 倍,靠田面自身的雨量满足不了作物生长的需要,因此在布设坡面工程措施时,可考虑隔坡布设,以增加梯田的深层土壤水分。治沟工程建成后因逐年淤积,其有效拦蓄能力即有效控制面积逐年递减,相邻两年有效控制面积的差值,即为当年坡面治理的最小面积。 相似文献
8.
以数字地图为基础,以日本早池峰山地域为研究对象,研究不同地表拟合方法及DEM精度对坡度计算的影响:1)最小曲面法、逆距离法和剖面法3种不同的地表拟合方法对基于DEM计算的坡度影响很小。2)DEM精度对基于其计算的坡度有相当大的影响,随着DEM精度的降低,计算出的平均坡度变小。3)DEM精度对不同坡度级别有着不同的影响。这种影响按坡度大致可以分为3种类型:当坡度为0°～10°时,采用低精度的DEM将低估测面坡度,使这一坡度级面积增加;当坡度为10°～35°时,采用低精度的DEM将过高地估侧地面坡度,使这一坡度级面积减少;当坡度大于35°时,DEM精度对坡度的影响很小,坡度的频率分布随着DEM精度变化基本维持不变。 相似文献
9.
聚乳酸纤维沙障对表层土壤含水量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在乌兰布和沙漠西南缘选择大小、走向相近的裸沙丘分别铺设聚乳酸纤维( PLA)沙障与麦草沙障,设计规格为1m×1m、2m×2m、3m×3m.从2008年开始连续3年对2种沙障不同规格、不同坡位表层土壤含水量进行测定,同时以未铺设任何沙障的裸沙丘作为对照,比较新型材料PLA沙障与传统沙障麦草沙障对表层土壤含水量的长时间影响.结果表明:1)PLA沙障与麦草沙障以及裸沙丘含水量都随年份的增加而增加,2类沙障含水量增长幅度明显优于裸沙丘;2)就沙障规格而言,长时间保持土壤水分,效果最好的是PLA沙障2m×2m规格:3)在0～10 cm深度,PLA沙障土壤含水量表现为迎风坡＞背风坡＞坡顶,麦草沙障与PLA沙障相反;4)在10～20 cm深度,PLA沙障土壤含水量表现为坡顶＞迎风坡＞背风坡,麦草沙障同样与PLA沙障相反. 相似文献
10.
Paul A. Thomas 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(1):23-32
The major bog systems in northern areas are dominated by Sphagnum species, the partially decomposed remains of which form the bulk of deep peat. By adding mono- and di-valent cations to deep peat cores (2.0-2.5 m) and measuring CH4 and CO2 concentrations in the manipulated peat cores using quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) we demonstrate that the lack of availability to microorganisms of essential cations is limiting decay in deep peat. The cations with the highest binding strength displaced the most cations and stimulated decay. Decay in deep peat cores was also stimulated by a C source (acetate), but not by NH4+. The addition of cations and acetate resulted in a less than additive stimulation of decay. The stimulatory effect of acetate and copper decreased in the presence of ammonium. The addition of EDTA to surface bog peat (where cations are conserved) decreased decay rates in surface peat (0.0-0.5 m) to that of the untreated deep peat (2.0-2.5 m). Deep peat was unaffected by treatment with EDTA. The effect of adding Cu2+differed with the depth from which the peat was collected. Cu2+ did not stimulate decay in surface bog peat (0.0-1.5 m) but stimulated decay in peat from 1.5-3.5 m. Below 3.5 m to the bottom of the profile (5.0 m) no positive effect was observed. By comparing deep peat with surface peat we have shown that cation limitation because of high cation exchange capacity is specific to the main mass of deep bog peat and may explain differences in decay rates between anoxic surface peat and deep peat. 相似文献
11.
Janet F. M. Rippy Paul V. Nelson Dean L. Hesterberg Eugene J. Kamprath Ted Bilderback 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(4):521-526
The relationship of specific surface to particle diameter and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of limestone was examined. Limestones obtained from 20 North American quarries were wet sieved into eight particle diameter fractions (600 to ?38 µm). Specific surface of particles was measured in each fraction following the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory. The range in specific surface across the 20 sources varied from 74-fold in the coarsest particles (600–300 µm) to 20-fold in the finest particles (?38 µm). The pattern of specific surface progressing from the coarsest to the finest particles varied radically between sources. The relationship between specific surface and CaCO3 content was likewise very weak. While particle diameter and CaCO3 equivalent remain the traditional measurements for defining limestone for field production, specific surface provides additional information valuable to define the stricter neutralization capacities of limestone for soilless root substrates. 相似文献
12.
G. N. Kurochkina D. L. Pinskiy G. N. Fedotov M. Hajnos Z. Sokolowska I. Ciesla 《Eurasian Soil Science》2013,46(8):897-907
The effects of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) and polyacrylamide (PAA) adsorption by quartz sand, montmorillonite, kaolinite, gray forest soil, and chernozem on the texture of the sorbents were studied. It was shown that the polymolecular adsorption was typical of the applied polyelectrolytes. The addition of PAA in a concentration of 0.05% to the solution resulted in consolidation of the sediments with a decrease in their volume. In the case of montmorillonite, a loose gel precipitate formed; its volume decreased by about 6% during the experiment. The adsorption of polyelectrolytes slightly affected the average radii, total surface area, and volume of the pore space (within 4–20%). The transformation of the surface of minerals and soils under the action of polyelectrolytes resulted in a significant change in the differential pore volume. The number of pores of about 0.0014 μm in size hardly changed at all. However, wider pores (0.011–0.45 μm) appeared. The adsorption of PAAc resulted in the appearance of wide pores (1.6–22.0 μm), and the adsorption of PAA resulted in the appearance of two narrow classes of micropores. A much more even distribution of differential porosity in the range of 3.6–4.5 μm was revealed. Thus, the transformation of the surface of adsorbents by polyelectrolytes led to changes in the pore-size distribution. 相似文献
13.
Herbicides atrazine and metolachlor have been detected in water bodies across the world. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of 0‐m, 3‐m, 6‐m and 9‐m grass filter strips to reduce masses of dissolved metolachlor, atrazine and deethylatrazine (a degradation product of atrazine) exported in runoff. For that purpose, 16 uncultivated plots (3‐m wide × 65‐m long) with 0‐m‐, 3‐m‐, 6‐m‐ and 9‐m‐long grass filter strips were setup in a completely randomized block design. During four seasons, masses of dissolved atrazine, metolachlor and deethylatrazine were determined for the first four to five rain events, under natural rain conditions, after atrazine and metolachlor application. Generally, grass filter strips reduced exported herbicide masses by more than 90% and influenced atrazine and metolachlor dissipation kinetics in the field. The 3‐m grass filter strip (area ratio source/strip of 22:1) usually provided a reduction in exported herbicide masses similar to the 6‐ or 9‐m grass filter strips. Therefore, under the present experimental soil and climate conditions, a grass filter strip of 3 m would be a good compromise between environmental protection of surface waters against atrazine and metolachlor contamination and conservation of agricultural land use. Such an approach contributes to the acceptability by producers to implement optimized best management practices such as vegetated filter strips for the preservation of the quality of water resources. 相似文献
14.
坡面径流含沙量随雨强和坡长的动态过程 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
坡面径流的含沙特征是研究坡面侵蚀产沙的重要内容。为了研究坡面径流含沙特征及动态过程,揭示坡面径流含沙量随雨强和坡长的复合关系。采用人工模拟降雨的方式,通过不同坡长和雨强的组合试验,基于跨雨强和跨坡长的综合性分析思路,对特定坡度(20°)下,5个坡长(1,2,3,4,5m)13个降雨强度的试验监测数据进行了分析。结果表明:(1)坡长不同,含沙量与雨强的相关性不同,以2,3,4m坡长含沙量随雨强增加的规律性最明显,5m坡长的相关性最差,1m坡长的直线相关性较好,但增长斜率很小,由此可推得,研究坡面径流含沙量随雨强变化时,以2~4m坡长的试验槽较为适宜;(2)含沙量随产流历时总体上呈现出波动递减的趋势。含沙量波动特征值在2~4m坡长范围内波动性小而波动频率大,在1,5m坡长的波动性大但频率小。坡面径流含沙量变化的频率远大于河川径流含沙量的变化频率,即稳定性较差;(3)含沙量与主要水文要素和水力学特征参数的拟合都呈现出极显著相关性,流速、流量和剪切力是影响含沙量波动的重要因素。 相似文献
15.
高立式格状沙障防风效益 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对在风沙危害严重地区,半隐蔽式格状沙障容易遭沙埋,且其防护年限短等问题,提出了一种新型的防沙措施——高立式格状沙障(高1m,长×宽=8m×8m),并对该沙障的防风效益进行了观测。结果表明:(1)高立式格状沙障对风速具有显著削弱作用;且越接近地表,风速被削弱的程度越大;沙障内5个观测点2m高处风速平均减弱了33.0%,而0.2m高处风速平均减弱了81.5%。(2)高立式格状沙障使沙障顶部高度(1m)以下的风速廓线偏离对数曲线;沙障顶部以上风速和高度继续呈对数关系,且风速梯度明显大于对照点。(3)高立式格状沙障使地表粗糙度增大了44倍。 相似文献
16.
航空施药雾滴沉积特性的准确检测对施药参数选择和施药质量优化至关重要。该研究以3WQF-80-10型植保无人机为试验对象,选取典型飞行工况,通过水敏纸和基于荧光示踪的航空施药沉积检测系统同步获取展向雾滴沉积覆盖率,研究对比了该机型在典型飞行工况条件下的雾滴沉积离散性和连续性分布,评估基于荧光示踪的沉积检测系统对雾滴沉积检测效果与适用性。试验结果表明:荧光示踪法与水敏纸法所得雾滴沉积率分布曲线整体趋于一致,2种方法的检测结果相关性拟合优度(R2)为0.88~0.96;由于植保无人机旋翼下洗风场胁迫细小雾滴沉降至非水敏纸布样位置,致使荧光示踪法测得的平均雾滴覆盖率曲线出现更多峰值,覆盖率值高于水敏纸法测量结果。植保无人机飞行速度为2 m/s,飞行高度为3 m的作业条件下,与水敏纸离散布样方式相比,荧光示踪连续布样方式测得雾滴覆盖率提高16.92%,当飞行速度为4 m/s,飞行高度为9 m时,后者较前者提高97.77%。植保无人机作业工况对施药雾滴沉积覆盖率影响方面,飞行速度2 m/s,飞行高度3 m的工况下,雾滴沉积覆盖率最高,为8.34%和7.14%;随着植保无人机飞行高度和速度增加,雾滴沉积覆盖率降低。针对植保无人机下洗风场作用下施药雾滴沉积质量检测,与离散布样方式相比,连续性样品采集可获取更丰富的雾滴空间沉积分布细节。该研究可为无人机低空低量施药雾滴沉积检测和无人机下洗风场对雾滴沉积分布影响研究提供方法参考。 相似文献
17.
Surface casts of earthworms (dominantly Allolobophora caliginosa) contained a higher proportion of finer particles than the underlying surface soil. The proportion of the finest fraction (< 4 μm), recovered following water dispersion, increased from 6% in the surface soil to 20% in casts. Casts contained appreciably more inorganic and organic phosphorus (P) than underlying soil materials, particularly in the finer fractions (20-4 and < 4 μm). The release of inorganic P to solution from casts was approximately four times greater than that from surface soil. In contrast, the removal of inorganic P from solution by casts was proportionately lower than that by surface soil. Studies of the rate of release of inorganic P to solution indicated the presence in the casts of a pool of loosely-bound inorganic P which was readily released to solution. This was confirmed by isotopic exchangeability studies, the amount of exchangeable P being three times greater in casts than in surface soil. Although the release of total P to solution from fresh casts did not change with time, the release of inorganic P increased as a function of time of incubation. Data for phosphatase activity in casts indicated that 0.1 m NaCl-extractable organic P was converted to inorganic P and that this was quantitatively released to solution. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the potential contribution of surface casts to the particulate and dissolved P loadings of run-off waters. 相似文献
18.
The natural regeneration of soil structure following compaction was studied on a stagnogleyic paleoargillic brown earth (Albaquic Paleudalf) at Rothamsted Experimental Station. The compaction treatment was produced by wheelings, and the area between the wheelings was used as the control.The wheeled and unwheeled areas were sampled 4 times, in spring and after harvest in 1979 and 1980 The following techniques were used to monitor regeneration: measuring the profile of the soil surface in the field and laboratory measurements of air-filled pore space, water retention, shrinkage and clod density, micromorphometry and mercury intrusion.Compaction decreased the macroporosity (pores >60 μm diameter) by over a half. Pores <6 μm diameter were unaffected by compaction. Natural regeneration of porosity in the top 5 cm was achieved within 18 months, but the soil below remained compacted for longer. The regenerated structure consisted mainly of planar voids induced by physical processes unlike the unwheeled soil which was characterised by packing voids and biopores. 相似文献
19.
下沉式日光温室土质墙体热特性的试验与分析 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
为探明下沉式日光温室土质后墙温度分布及变化规律,进而正确评价其保温性能,2009年12月-2011年6月在河南省荥阳市对下沉式日光温室的土质墙体的热特性进行了2a的连续监测,并对结果进行系统分析。结果表明:墙面温度受室内、外气温和太阳辐射的共同影响,具有与气温相同的日变化和季节变化规律;墙面温度影响墙内各深度层次的温度分布,沿墙的厚度方向由室内表面向室外表面温度递减;墙内存在热稳定层,其位置及厚度随季节而变化,厚度与墙体厚度正相关;1～3月份,热稳定层位于墙体厚度的中心位置,2m厚的墙体处没有热稳定层,3m厚的墙体处热稳定层厚30cm,4m厚的墙体处热稳定层厚70cm;4、5月份,其位置外移至距外表面100cm处,厚度也比1～3月份增加10～20cm;综合温室造价、墙体保温性及土地利用率等各方面因素,建议在河南地区下沉式日光温室土质后墙建造参数为顶宽2.5m,底厚(后墙与室外地面连接处)4.0m,后墙高度(距室外地面)不宜大于2.5m。该研究为该型温室的建造和发展提供一定的参考。 相似文献
20.
[目的] 对不同规格纱网沙障春季、夏秋季的输沙量变化特征进行定位连续测定,为进一步评价纱网沙障的固沙效果提供科学依据。[方法] 采用野外定位、定期观测方法,研究不同季节纱网沙障的输沙量变化特征。[结果] 无论是春季,还是夏秋季,设置2 m×2 m,3 m×3 m,3 m×4 m和4 m×4 m的纱网沙障对风沙流的拦截效果随着网格变小而增加,且输沙量随高度变化趋势线均呈现指数关系。来自西北风方向的输沙量大于东南风方向的输沙量,且春季输沙量大于夏秋季输沙量。和对照相比,春季3 m×4 m纱网沙障0—60 cm高度拦截的净输沙量降低了85.98%,而夏秋季降低了79.56%。[结论] 纱网沙障输沙量主要集中在地表20 cm及以下高度范围,并随着纱网沙障规格增加其降低输沙量能力减少。设置纱网沙障能有效减少风沙流危害。 相似文献