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1.
The case records of 20 horses with tetanus referred to the Ontario Veterinary College-Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed. The fatality rate was 75%. There was a strong association with previous vaccination and survival ( P = .03). Most of the animals had been injured an average of 9 days (range 2 to 21 days) prior to development of clinical signs. Hyperesthesia and prolapse of the third eyelid were the most common clinical signs. Treatment regimens varied during hospitalization; however, all horses received parenteral penicillin, tranquilizers, tetanus toxoid, and antitoxin. Five of the nonsurviving animals were given intrathecal tetanus antitoxin. One animal had seizures as a complication of intrathecal treatment. The prognosis was best for horses that (1) had been vaccinated prior to the injury, (2) responded to the phenothiazine tranquilizers, and (3) did not rapidly (over 24 to 48 hours) become recumbent. Considering the species susceptibility, potential for contaminated wounds, and the increased survival of vaccinated horses, yearly revaccination is recommended.  相似文献   

2.
Although captive elephants are commonly vaccinated annually against tetanus using commercially available tetanus toxoid vaccines marketed for use in horses and livestock, no data exists to prove that tetanus toxoid vaccination produces measurable antibody titers in elephants. An ELISA test was created to measure antibody responses to tetanus toxoid vaccinations in 22 Asian elephants ranging in age from 24 to 56 years (mean age 39 years) over a 7-month period. All animals had been previously vaccinated with tetanus toxoid vaccine, with the last booster administered 4 years before the start of the study. The great majority of elephants had titers prior to booster vaccination, and following revaccination all elephants demonstrated anamnestic increases in titers, indicating that this species does respond to tetanus vaccination. Surprisingly older animals mounted a significantly higher response to revaccination than did younger animals.  相似文献   

3.
The experiments with sheep and young cattle were carried out to test the immunizing efficacy of inactivated adjuvant vaccine against Aujeszky's disease. The vaccine application at doses of 1 ml and 2 ml to lambs at the age of eight to ten months caused the neutralizing antibody production with a significant rise of titres after revaccination. A survival of infection induced with a dose of 10(5.5) TKID50 of virulent virus was recorded in 62.5% of once vaccinated animals and in 87.5% of twice vaccinated animals. When applying different doses of vaccines (from 1 to 10 ml) to young cattle, the antibody reaction level was directly dependent on the inoculum quantity. The double inoculation of animals with vaccines of 2 ml and 5 ml caused the neutralizing antibody production at titres of 1:35, or 1:46. The animals, immunized with the live or inactivated IBR-vaccine possessing high antibody titres against IBR-virus, reacted upon the vaccination with inactivated Aujeszky's vaccine anamnestically, by early production of antibodies in high titres. Metaphylactic vaccination (2 ml of vaccine) of cattle in herds with an acute course days, however earlier during five days from the revaccination when it was carried out in seven days following the first vaccination.  相似文献   

4.
A prospective study was performed to determine the serologic response of previously vaccinated horses to revaccination against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE and WEE). Horses responded variably to each antigen, and some horses had low or undetectable antibodies 6 months after vaccination. Some horses did not develop increasing titers to EEE or WEE despite recent vaccination. Geometric mean titers peaked 2 weeks after revaccination and were significantly increased from before revaccination. Except for one horse, EEE:WEE titer ratios ranged from 0.25 to 2.0. Regular vaccination against EEE and WEE did not interfere with testing for Saint Louis encephalitis.  相似文献   

5.
As a result of the continuing threat of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), a study was made to determine if revaccination against VEE (TC-83 vaccine) was feasible and if revaccination could be incorporated into other routine vaccination practices. Of the horses given annual vaccination with bivalent western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) vaccine, 57% retained detectable serum-neutralizing (SN) antiboyd titers for VEE 18 months after the initial VEE vaccination was given. Of horses with no record of WEE-EEE vacinnation, 100% retained detectable VEE SN antibody titers over the same period. The VEE geometric mean titer was 25 times greater for horses not previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE than for horses given annual WEE-EEE vaccination at the time of VEE vaccination. In horses vaccinated against VEE 18 months previously, the geometric mean titer increased from 4 to 70 at 48 days after the intitial WEE-EEE vaccination. This increase indicated that similar antigenic factors for VEE are possibly present in bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. In horses previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE and VEE, the best SN antibody response to VEE revaccination occurred when VEE vaccine was given simultaneously with the bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. Of 150 serum samples tested by both the SN and the hemagglutination-inhibiton tests, agreement between positive reactions at greater than or equal to 1:10 was 70% for VEE, 81% for EEE, and 87% for WEE.  相似文献   

6.
Young calves were vaccinated with Belgian foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine and revaccinated with either the same vaccine or with a foreign FMD vaccine.There was a significant serological response to the primary vaccine strains after the first vaccination which was greater following revaccination. At one and two months after revaccination there was no significant difference between the responses to revaccination with vaccine identical to the primary vaccine or with the foreign FMD vaccine.It was concluded that revaccination of young calves is effective even with an FMD vaccine different from the primary vaccine.  相似文献   

7.
Studies were undertaken to determine the influence of repeated revaccination on the immune response in immuno-competent turkeys as measured by humoral antibody and resistance to challenge. Protection was better in turkeys given the LaSota spray vaccine at 4 weeks and 30 days later than in turkeys given one vaccination by spray or intramuscular route or exposed 4 times at 10-day intervals by the aerosol route. The anamnestic response, as measured by the HI tests to revaccination with the same immunogen, was not evident by the 3rd day postrevaccination but was observed on the 7th day. The interval between primary and secondary vaccination was found to be important to a true and optimal anamnestic response. Response was greater, however, in vaccinated turkeys exposed to VVND, a more virulent virus antigenically different from the vaccine strain. Exposure to LaSota vaccine by the intramuscular route gave a poorer HI response than LaSota given by aerosol.  相似文献   

8.
The serological response of young and adult sheep vaccinated conjunctivally with Rev-1 vaccine was assessed by fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT), modified Rose Bengal test (m-RBT), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) and competitive ELISA (c-ELISA), at different post vaccination intervals. One hundred and thirty six adult sheep and 64 lambs were used in the study. The vaccinated animals were bled prior to vaccination (0 day) and thereafter at 21st, 42nd, 35th, 63rd, 91st, 125th, 159th, and 223rd and 330th day post vaccination. The majority of animals (young and adult) showed positive reaction by FPA, RBT, CFT, m-RBT and c-ELISA 21 days post vaccination, whereas by i-ELISA at 42 days. All tests perform equal when animals vaccinated as young are tested 125 days (4 months) post vaccination. In case of animals vaccinated at adulthood, FPA, RBT, CFT and c-ELISA perform equal if the animals are tested 223 days (approximately 8 months) post vaccination. I-ELISA and m-RBT show low specificity if ewes vaccinated at adulthood are tested 330 days (11 months) post vaccination. If control of brucellosis in sheep is based on conjunctivally vaccination of lambs with Rev-1, the vaccinated animals can be tested by any test used for diagnosis of B.melitensis infection accurately at least 4 months post vaccination. If brucellosis control is based on mass vaccination the use of m-RBT and i-ELISA is not recommended for testing adult animals at least for 330 days (11 months) post vaccination due to tests low specificity. Further research is needed so the appropriate cut-offs to be established for FPA, c-ELISA or i-ELISA to become valuable tools for the eradication of Brucella spp. infection in small ruminants in areas where vaccination is practiced.  相似文献   

9.
An IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA was used to measure the antibody response stimulated in dogs by vaccination with a leptospiral bacterin containing chemically inactivated Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and serotype canicola leptospires. All dogs produced anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG. The IgM production was of the primary response type after each vaccination (primary vaccination, booster vaccination and annual revaccination). A substantial anti-leptospiral IgG response could be demonstrated only after the first booster vaccination and the annual revaccination. Annual revaccination resulted in a higher and much longer persisting IgG response than did the first booster vaccination. A revision of the vaccination scheme is suggested.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of the study was twofold. First, using two groups of 22 foals each, we investigated the extent to which maternal antibodies interfere with the humoral response against equine influenza. The foals were born to mares that had been vaccinated twice yearly against influenza since 1982. Foals of group I were vaccinated three times at early ages (12, 16, and 32 weeks of age), and foals of group II were likewise vaccinated but a later ages (24, 28, and 44 weeks of age). After the first and second vaccinations, neither group showed an increase in antibodies that inhibit haemagglutination. Group II foals, however, had a significantly stronger antibody response against nucleoprotein after the second vaccination than the foals of group I. After the third vaccination, group II foals had a significantly stronger and longer lasting antibody response against haemagglutinin than the foals of group I. However, the antibody response to nucleoprotein was comparable in both groups. Second, the foals of group II were studied to determine the persistence of maternal antibodies directed against a common nucleoprotein and the haemagglutinin of two strains of equine influenza A virus. Biological half-lives of 39, 32, and 33 days were calculated for maternal antibodies directed against haemagglutinin of strains H7N7 Prague and H3N8 Miami, and against the nucleoprotein respectively. Maternal antibody titres at the time of vaccination were closely related to the degree of interference with the immune response. Because even small amounts of maternal antibodies interfered with the efficacy of vaccination, we conclude that foals born to mares vaccinated more than once yearly against influenza virus should not be vaccinated before 24 weeks of age.  相似文献   

11.
Despite the discussion of the use of serological testing in canine vaccination protocols, no study has been published that investigates the opinions of the veterinary profession regarding the use of the test to assess revaccination requirements in dogs. This paper presents the results of a study designed to fill this research gap which was completed in 2009. Veterinary surgeons were asked to complete a questionnaire on different aspects of canine vaccination and the introduction of serological testing to determine revaccination requirements. Of the 448 questionnaires distributed, 243 replies were received (54.2 per cent) and of these, a significant majority (169/243; 69.5 per cent) of respondents would consider introducing serological testing. An average of 53.5 per cent of respondents practised tri-annual revaccination for the core diseases. A significant number of respondents (86/140; 61 per cent) who placed low importance on vaccine overload would consider introducing serological testing into canine vaccination programmes (P=0.002).  相似文献   

12.
In a field study, rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres were determined by the microtest modification of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test before and after primary vaccination in 30 puppies, and before and after booster vaccination in 59 previously vaccinated dogs. A commercial modified live virus vaccine was used. Three weeks after primary vaccination the mean antibody titre was 102 ± 90, but only 24 dogs presented for booster vaccination had detectable antibody levels (mean titre 12 ± 16). The antibody responses three weeks after booster vaccination (mean 380 ± 216) were significantly greater than the responses to primary vaccination. It was concluded that previously vaccinated dogs could have an anamnestic response to booster vaccination, even when antibodies were not detected in their sera before revaccination.  相似文献   

13.
Cattle vaccinated with a conventional monovalent type O1 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were challenged between four and 21 days after vaccination by short-term exposure to homologous airborne virus produced by pigs. Transmission was then assessed by housing susceptible cattle with the vaccinated animals and testing and observing all the animals for signs of infection and clinical disease. All 18 cattle vaccinated three weeks before challenge resisted clinical disease and although four contracted subclinical infection, there was no transmission to susceptible cattle in contact. One of the two groups of cattle vaccinated two weeks previously transmitted subclinical infection, but not disease, to susceptible animals housed with them from day 0 after challenge. Subclinical infection was manifested by a transient viraemia which was not followed by a detectable circulating antibody response. Shorter periods (seven or four days) from vaccination to challenge resulted in transmission of disease from clinically normal vaccinated to in-contact animals in one of two experiments. The severe challenge presented by the diseased in-contact animals than overwhelmed the immunity of the vaccinated animals. The results indicate that during emergency vaccination programmes it is advisable to vaccinate all FMD-susceptible animals within the vaccination zone and that at the outer boundary of the zone vaccinated animals should be kept separated from unvaccinated animals for at least three weeks.  相似文献   

14.
The antibody response in serum and nasal secretions of groups of ponies vaccinated or infected with Myxovirus influenzae A-equi 2 was examined. Following infection by aerosol with live virus, a weak antibody response was recorded in both serum and secretions. Antibody levels were undetectable in secretions at 31 days after infection.

After primary intramuscular vaccination with killed virus, using sodium alginate as an adjuvant, antibody was detected only in the serum. However, following revaccination, a pronounced antibody response was demonstrated in both serum and secretions. Antibody was still detectable in all four ponies when tested 135 days later.

Only a serum antibody response was detected in ponies after primary intramuscular vaccination with a commercial vaccine. Upon revaccination nasal antibody occurred in all ponies but this only persisted for about 30 days.

Neither serum nor nasal antibody response occurred following intranasal vaccination and revaccination with a killed virus vaccine.

  相似文献   

15.
It should be established, whether animals vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with a live Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) marker vaccine become viremic and/or excrete vaccine virus with nasal discharge. Five cattle, seronegative for BHV-1, were vaccinated with an overdose of the vaccine (Bovilis IBR marker live) via the IM route. Nasal swabs and blood samples were taken at regular intervals and tested for BHV-1 in a virus infectivity assay. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for BHV-1 DNA was performed on the blood samples. BHV-1 neutralizing antibody titres were determined in the sera taken prior to the vaccination and four weeks after immunisation. AIl animals were successfully vaccinated as judged by the development of BHV-1 neutralising antibodies. However, all nasal swab samples were tested negative for vaccine virus, and all blood samples were found negative for BHV-1 vaccine virus and BHV-1 specific DNA. From these data it can be concluded that the vaccine virus was not excreted with nasal discharge after IM vaccination and that the vaccinated animals did not have a detectable viremia. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the tested BHV-1 marker live vaccine by the IM route in situations where it is undesirable that the vaccine virus is excreted.  相似文献   

16.
A vaccination trial was carried out in 10 infected herds. The trial included 247 female kids, the number of animals in each herd varying from 15 to 38. About half of the animals in each herd were vaccinated twice at 3 to 4 week intervals, the first vaccination being carried out before the age of 4 months. A combination of a crude filtrate of C. pseudotuberculosis toxoid with whole organisms, was used. Overall, the prevalence of animals with superficial swellings was higher in the unvaccinated than in the vaccinated group during the first 1-2 years following immunization. However, in some herds superficial swellings were as common in vaccinated as in unvaccinated animals. An antibody response following vaccination was demonstrated in the hemolysis inhibition test, but not in the bacterial agglutination test. Superficial swellings were more common in vaccinated animals which were negative than in animals which were positive in the hemolysis inhibition test at 1 1/2 months after vaccination. The vaccine used in the present study, was not sufficiently efficacious to be recommended as the only protective measure against caseous lymphadenitis in Norwegian goat herds.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaccinated cats either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination against 3 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination. DESIGN: Serologic survey. ANIMALS: 272 healthy client-owned cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were > or = 2 years old and vaccinated for feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV). On day 0, cats were revaccinated with a vaccine from the same line of vaccines as they had historically received. Antibody titers were measured in sera collected on day 0 (prevaccination titer) and 5 to 7 days later (postvaccination titer). Cats were considered to have responded serologically if they had a day-0 hemagglutination inhibition titer to FPV > or = 1:40, serum neutralization (SN) titer to FCV > or = 1:32, SN titer to FHV > or = 1:16, or > or = 4-fold increase in antibody titer after revaccination. RESULTS: The percentage of cats that had titers at or above the threshold values or responded to revaccination with a > or = 4-fold increase in titer was 96.7% for FPV, 97.8% for FCV, and 88.2% for FHV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In most cats, vaccination induced a response that lasted up to and beyond 48 months for all 3 antigens. Although not equivalent to challenge-of-immunity studies as a demonstration of efficacy, results suggest that revaccination with the vaccine used in our study provides adequate protection even when given less frequently than the traditional 1-year interval. The study provides valuable information for clinicians to determine appropriate revaccination intervals.  相似文献   

18.
In our studies aimed at assessing the minimum duration of vaccinal immunity (DOI), approximately 1000 dogs have been vaccinated with products from all the major US veterinary biological companies. The DOI for the various products is determined by antibody titers for all dogs and, by challenge studies in selected groups of dogs. Recently, all major companies that make canine vaccines for the U.S. market have completed their own studies; published data show a 3 years or longer minimum DOI for the canine core products, canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2). Studies with feline core vaccines - feline parvovirus (FPV), calicivirus (FCV) and herpes virus type I (FHV-1) have shown a minimum DOI of greater than 3 years. Based on these results, the current canine and feline guidelines (which recommend that the last dose of core vaccines be given to puppies and kittens > or =12 weeks of age or older, then revaccination again at 1 year, then not more often than every 3 years) should provide a level of protection equal to that achieved by annual revaccination. In contrast, the non-core canine and feline vaccines, perhaps with the exception of feline leukaemia vaccines, provide immunity for < or =1 year. In general the effectiveness of the non-core products is less than the core products. Thus, when required, non-core vaccines should be administered yearly, or even more frequently.  相似文献   

19.
Mitogenic and antigenic lymphocyte stimulation were examined in Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) infected pigs and in pigs vaccinated with modified live ADV. Neither infection nor vaccination had any effect on lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or concavalin A (Con A). ADV antigen-responsive lymphocytes began to appear in the peripheral blood between 7 and 14 days after inoculation and could still be demonstrated in blood and spleen of infected pigs at 174 days after infection. In vaccinated pigs, sensitized peripheral blood lymphocytes could be detected up to at least 35 days after revaccination. Pre-incubation of ADV antigen with specific antibody markedly reduced lymphocyte stimulation. Non-immunized pigs showed no lymphocyte response to ADV antigen. Infected pigs exhibited no lymphocyte reactivity against antigens of non-infected cells.  相似文献   

20.
Serological response and reproductive performance were estimated in field trials of an inactivated virus vaccine against porcine parvovirus. Experiments were carried out in 10 selected pig breeding herds. A total of 277 seronegative gilts were used. Two hundred and twenty animals were vaccinated twice before mating, fourteen days apart and revaccinated after farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from both vaccinated and non-vaccinated (57 animal) control gilts, one week after the 2nd dose of vaccination, at farrowing time and one week after revaccination. Although there were considerable variations among the herds, the number of returns to oestrus in all herds was higher in vaccinated gilts (11.81%) than in the controls (10.52%). This difference, however, was not statistically significant. The reproductive performance results revealed the absence of an increase in the total born, as pooled values, in vaccinated gilts compared to controls. However, when these results are interpreted in relation to serological data, many control gilts were already seropositive before mating, or remained seronegative at farrowing. According to our results, the duration of immunity with this vaccine is apparently short, as there is a clear decrease in the titres between the 1st and the 2nd sampling times (2.35 +/- 0.14 and 1.97 +/- 0.08, respectively).  相似文献   

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