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1.
长期不同施肥对土壤剖面中有效硫累积与分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
据估计,到2012年世界农业缺硫量每年达1100万吨,而亚洲和美洲将成为全球最严重的缺硫地区[1]。许多研究表明,施硫肥能增加粮食产量,提高粮食品质和水分利用率等[2-4]。SO42-带负电荷,土壤粘粒和有机质对其吸附很少,主要存留在土壤溶液中随水运动,易于淋失[5]。Bardsley等发现,在粗质地近中性土壤上,大雨后易发生缺硫,主要是由于淋洗损失[6]。SO42-淋溶累积及影响因素国外已有报道[7-10];国内,樊军等[11]在北方旱地黑垆土上进行不同N、P配比与用量的长期定位,对试验土壤剖面有效硫的分布与累积进行了研究;南方水田土壤剖面中发生的硫的淋… 相似文献
2.
磷以多种方式参与植物体内各种生物化学过程,对促进植物的生长发育和新陈代谢起着重要的作用[1]。可溶性蛋白质是植物所有蛋白质组分中最活跃的一部分,包括各种酶源、酶分子和代谢调节物[2]。磷是作物体内氮素代谢过程中的组成成分之一,与蛋白质的代谢关系极为密切[3-6]。因此,通过测定大豆叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量可了解多少施磷量更有利于促进大豆氮代谢。关于大豆可溶性蛋白含量与氮素关系的研究较多[7-11],而有关磷的研究报道较少。为此,本研究探讨不同施磷水平对高蛋白、高油和中间型3种基因型大豆生育期内叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量的… 相似文献
3.
镉对小白菜光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
镉(Cd)是植物生长的有毒元素,在植物体中过量积累可以对植物造成毒害[1-2].Cd能通过降低叶绿素的含量[3-4]、改变叶绿体的超微结构[5]、抑制与光合作用有关的酶活性[6-7]等途径影响光合作用.有关Cd胁迫条件下,植物净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)下降在小白菜[8]等植物上已有报道. 相似文献
4.
沾化冬枣对春施氮肥的吸收、分配及利用特性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沾化冬枣(Ziziphus.jujuba Mill.var.inermis Zhnhua-Dongzao.)具有抗盐碱、耐瘠薄的特点,是山东滨海盐碱地上栽种的主要经济林树种之一.迄今关于冬枣的研究多集中在品种特性介绍[1-3]和贮藏保鲜等方面[4-7],有关冬枣栽培基础理论方面的研究很少.春季施氮肥是冬枣常用的技术措施,但其施氮效果报道不多.为此,利用15N示踪技术研究了春季施15N-尿素后沾化冬枣对14N的吸收、分配及利用特性,以期为生产上科学施肥提供依据. 相似文献
5.
普通氮肥施入土壤后经挥发、淋溶和反硝化,损失率高,造成资源浪费及对环境的污染。缓释肥料的优点是利用率高,养分损失少,环境友好[1-2]。但是,目前所用的作为缓释材料的高分子聚合物一般是难降解或不能降解,长期施用也会引起土壤污染。多糖作为一种新型的天然缓释材料,可以降解,不污染环境[3-4],而且能为土壤微生物提供碳源和氮源,改良土壤微生物的群落结构,并间接的提高土壤肥力[5-6],同时,作为一种有机物质有利于土壤团粒结构的形成。目前国外对多糖在制作缓释肥料方面的报道很少,国内也仅有少量报道[7]。为此,开展了板蓝根粗多糖制作缓… 相似文献
6.
结晶有机肥对土壤供钾能力及钾在烟株的分布特点 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
我国钾肥资源不足,缺钾面积大[1-2].钾是烟草品质重要指标,但国内烟叶含钾量偏低,施钾回收率往往不高[3 - 4].我国烟田土壤严重缺钾的面积达1/4,潜在缺钾面积更大[4].为解决烟叶含钾量偏低的问题,国内开展控制烟草K通道基因转移、筛选富钾育种材料和从栽培增钾渠道做了大量研究工作,但烟草钾量偏低现状仍未得到彻底解决[5].结晶有机肥在烟草生产中的应用已7年,2001年在全国11个种烟省的烟草新型肥料试验网的结果表明,它具有省肥、增产、改善烟叶品质的效果[6 - 8].最近又有报道关于结晶有机肥氮在土壤烟株中的分布[9].本文主要报道结晶有机肥对5种烟田土壤供钾能力的影响及结晶有机肥施用后,钾在烟叶中的含量和不同叶位的分布特点. 相似文献
7.
用典范相关分析研究宁南宽谷丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性与肥力因子的关系 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
土壤酶素有生物催化剂之称[1-2],既参与包括土壤生物化学过程在内的自然界物质循环,又是植物营养元素的活性库[3-4].土壤酶活性与土壤状况的关系历来为各国学者所关注[5-8],应用通径分析研究土壤酶活性与土壤性质的关系也有一些报道[9-10]. 相似文献
8.
含硝酸根化肥对黄瓜叶片脱落酸含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
硝酸根(NO-3)是化肥中常见的阴离子,也是设施土壤中积累的主要离子成分[1 - 2].硝酸盐过多不仅降低农产品品质[3],危害人类身体健康[4],还影响生态环境[5 - 6].尽管硝酸盐过多时对蔬菜作物生长发育的影响已有许多研究[7],但很少涉及作物的内源激素及叶绿体.在内源激素中,对植物逆境最敏感的是ABA[8].为此,本试验以我国北方日光温室主栽作物黄瓜为研究对象,探讨含NO-3化肥的不同施用量对其叶片ABA含量及叶绿体的影响,进一步揭示NO-3 对作物的危害机理,以期为农业生产中含NO-3化肥的合理施用提供理论依据. 相似文献
9.
华北太行山前平原农田氨挥发损失 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
我国氮肥用量约占全世界氮肥总用量的三分之一[1],但当季利用率仅为30%～35%左右[2].据报道,石灰性土壤中氨挥发是氮素损失的主要途径之一[3-4],其损失量相当于氮素总损失量的20%～71%[2,5-7 ].进入大气中的氨引起自然土壤和水体的氮素含量升高,产生富营养化[8],导致植物种类更替和部分物种灭绝[9]. 相似文献
10.
天鹰椒的营养特性与氮磷肥料效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天鹰椒(Capsicum frutescens var.fasciculatum),又名朝天椒,枥木三鹰椒, 是簇生辣椒中的一个变种.河北、山东、河南、山西、辽宁、新疆大量种植,现已发展成为我国出口创汇的一个主要产品.但由于对其营养特性了解不足,盲目施肥,产量多是低而不稳.对于鲜辣椒的营养特性虽有报道[1, 2],但对于干辣椒,特别是对于天鹰椒根茎、叶片、果实N、P、K、Ca、Mg吸收的研究,尚少见报道.为此,我们于1999～2000年对天鹰椒的营养特性及肥料效应进行了研究,以期为天鹰椒的优质高产提供依据. 相似文献
11.
采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。 相似文献
12.
我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。 相似文献
13.
14.
There is a declining gradient of wet SO4 deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO4 emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO4 to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO4 during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO4 concentrations range from 45 ueq L?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO4 The SO4 concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO4 concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO4 concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO4 concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO4 deposition. 相似文献
15.
In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。 相似文献
17.
为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。 相似文献
18.
Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. K. Andersen K. Raulund -Rasmussen H. C.B. Hansen & B. W. Strobel 《European Journal of Soil Science》2002,53(3):491-502
Afforestation of sandy arable soils in northern Europe is likely to lead to an increase in the soil's acidity and changes in the behaviour of the organic matter, and this might affect the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals. It is important to assess the impact of such a change in the land use on the solubility of the heavy metals and to assess the risk of leaching to surface‐ and groundwater and the possible entrapment of heavy metals in the tree canopy. The impact of afforestation was assessed by excavating soil profiles in adjacent 34‐year‐old Norway spruce stands and arable plots at four different sites. We found that after 34 years the pH had decreased and cations were depleted in the topsoil under forest. The aqua regia‐extractable heavy metals were determined, and the heavy metal binding within the soil was assessed using a modified version of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. Higher contents of heavy metal were found in the arable plots in the loamy sand soils. Cadmium was found only in the most mobile fractions. The content of Pb in the subsoil was strongly correlated with the clay content, but not in the topsoil, which suggested that Pb had been added to the topsoil. We found strong correlations between the clay content and the Cu, Ni and Zn in the residual fraction, leading us to conclude that much of the Cu, Ni and Zn is of geological origin. No significant differences in the heavy metal fractionation between forest and arable soil were found, presumably because 34 years of different land use is not long enough to produce such differences. 相似文献
19.
Abstract The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH4OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH4OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments. 相似文献
20.
O. E. Marfenina D. S. Sakharov A. E. Ivanova A. V. Rusakov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(4):432-439
Fragments of buried Late Pleistocene (30000-year-old) and Early Holocene (10000-year-old) paleosols contained viable complexes of microscopic fungi. The mycobiota of these paleosols represents a pool of fungal spores that is lower in number and species diversity as compared to that in the recent humus horizons and higher than that in the inclosing layers. The central part of the paleosol profiles is greatly enriched in microscopic fungi. In the intact humus horizons of the Late Holocene (1000–1200 years) paleosols, actively functioning fungal complexes are present. These horizons are characterized by their higher level of CO2 emission. The buried horizons, as compared to the recent mineral ones, contain a greater fungal biomass (by several times) and have a higher species diversity of microscopic fungi (including fungi that are not isolated from the recent horizons). Nonsporulating forms are also present there as sterile mycelium. The seasonal dynamics of the species composition and biomass of the fungal complexes were more prominent and differed from those inherent to the surface soil horizons. In the buried humus horizons, the dynamics of the fungal biomass were mainly due to the changes in the content of spores. The data on the composition of the fungal complexes in the buried soils confirm (due to the presence of stenotopic species) the results of paleobotanic analyses of the past phytocenoses or do not contradict them. 相似文献