共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 588 毫秒
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简述了生物技术在改良小麦品种,解决粮食产量与质量问题中的重要性,我国应用生物技术培育小麦新品种的研究进展及存在问题,指出育种新技术是作物单产取得突破性进展的关键措施之一,并根据生物技术发展的趋势,预计21世纪可培育出4大类小麦新品种以满足生产及人们生活的需要。 相似文献
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花香是一系列低分子量、挥发性物质的复杂混合物,由花朵释放来吸引和引导授粉的昆虫。花香在植物繁殖上具有重要作用,还能提高观赏植物和切花的审美价值。在过去的数十年里,随着生物技术的发展,有数种花香相关基因已经相继被克隆,花香物质的生物合成和代谢工程也得到了研究。本文综述了植物花香物质生物合成途径及其相关酶和基因的研究进展;探讨了基因工程调控及改良植物花香的策略;同时简要评述了花香基因工程研究的影响因素并展望了其应用前景。 相似文献
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木薯是一种很有发展潜力的非常古老的作物,但是木薯的育种工作却处于非常年轻的阶段。随着生命科学技术的发展,木薯育种工作也得到了进一步提高,由传统育种向现代育种转变,从各个方面对木薯品种进行分子改良。本文对近几十年来木薯生物技术研究取得的进展进行了系统的回顾和分析。木薯分子改良包括两个方面：木薯遗传转化体系和基因转化方法的发生、发展。目前研究所用的木薯再生系统途径,主要包括器官发生途径、体细胞胚胎发生途径;常用且有成功先例的木薯基因转化方法,包括农杆菌介导法和基因枪法。最后对前人研究的成果和存在的问题进行了讨论,并展望了以后的发展方向。 相似文献
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饲草作为家畜饲料而被广泛栽培。广义的饲草包括青饲料和作物。饲草生产是我国畜牧业发展必不可少的环节,其在很大程度上受到品种的制约与限制。饲草育种作为改善这一方向的核心手段与方法极大地影响着我国饲草生产以及畜牧业的发展。目前我国正大力进行粮改饲政策的推广与实施,在这一背景下,饲草品种的改良与良种选育在畜牧业发展中所起到的作用更加凸显。本文简要回顾了我国饲草育种工作,综述了我国饲草育种工作中存在的问题,并分析了我国与世界主要饲草生产及畜牧业发达国家在饲草育种方面的优势与不足。对饲草育种过程中所涉及的种质资源、育种方法及新品种的选育进行了介绍,并提出在种质资源收集及育种方法创新上的建议。 相似文献
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黄土高原生态环境建设是跨世纪的系统工程,需要多学科协同攻关,方可能达到预期的效果。在概述黄土高原生态环境建设方面已取得主要进展的基础上,重点从生物技术潜在应用的角度论述黄土高原的生态环境建设策略,并对存在的问题提出了相关的解决思路与建议。认为改良黄土高原生态环境的重点应放在生物措施方面,而生物措施又包括许多层次,有分子水平、细胞水平、组织水平与个体水平等。从长远角度看分子水平的生物措施应该是最有前景的,也是从根本上改变黄土高原生态环境现状的希望所在,也只有将分子生物学和生物技术与黄土高原生态系统功能的过程紧密结合起来考虑才能使相关资源可持续利用,发挥其战略地位的作用,进而形成分子生物学、生物技术与生态学真正意义上的交叉融合,成学科生长点。黄土高原的生态环境建设至少应包括水土流失治理、植被恢复与保持及生态农业建设等。生物因素在其中各部分起到了中心与独特作用,生态农业建设也要得到足够的重视。以往的研究主要围绕影响生物因素的外因进行了系统研究,目的性较差,而从影响生物因素的内因(遗传物质)入手则会目的明确,并从根本上达到预期目的。 相似文献
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生物技术在农业种植中的推广应用分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《南方农业》2015,(36)
主要研究生物技术在农业种植推广中的应用,总结分析了国内农业生物技术发展现状及其在农业生产中应用的优势,并对生物技术的应用与推广措施进行了研究,生物技术作为一种生物体改造技术,在农业种植中的应用能够有效改善农作物的抗病虫害能力,提高农作物产量和产品质量。 相似文献
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中国野生观赏植物种质资源及其应用前景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《南方农业》2016,(3)
伴随着国民经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对观赏植物具有更高的要求,并逐渐重视观赏植物的生态功能和美化功能。基于我国地域广阔,气候带分布较为复杂,因此为野生植物的生长提供便利条件。针对中国野生观赏植物具体现状进行研究分析,将其同园林应用结合在一起,充分分析野生观赏植物园林应用前景。同时,对出现的相应问题进行处理,便于野生观赏植物健康成长。 相似文献
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为研究观赏向日葵品种资源表型性状多样性,改良现有观赏品种,筛选出有市场前景的观赏向日葵新品种,对30份观赏向日葵种质资源的11个质量性状和7个数量性状进行变异系数、相关性分析,采用系统聚类组间聚合的方法根据欧式距离进行聚类分析。结果表明,观赏向日葵种质的表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性。在质量性状中, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数最高的是舌状花颜色(1.408 7),舌状花杂色的分布频率为40.00%。数量性状中,变异系数从大至小依次为舌状花宽、舌状花瓣数、舌状花长、株高、花朵数、SPAD值、分枝长。基于表型性状,在遗传距离为10处将供试的30份种质划分为3个群组,第I群组共包含有12个种质,第II群组共包含14个种质,第III群组有4个种质。 相似文献
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Rommens CM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(11):4281-4288
New crop varieties are developed by applying traditional breeding methods that rely on random genome modifications. These varieties combine multiple traits that support farm efficiency and acceptable yields but also contain genes associated with the production of toxins, allergens, and/or antinutritional compounds that were not considered during the selection process. Furthermore, existing cultivars frequently lack the functional genes required for specific sensory traits and the formation of health-promoting antioxidants. One new method efficiently addresses some of these issues by either silencing undesirable genes or enhancing the expression of genes that are linked to dormant beneficial traits. Rather than incorporating foreign DNA into the plant's genome, these methods transform crops with plant-derived transfer (P-) DNAs that consist of only native genetic elements. The genetic modification can be characterized molecularly so that any inadvertent transfer of undesirable DNA, as may be the case with traditional methods, is excluded. A recently developed intragenic potato plant is silenced for the polyphenol oxidase, dikinase R1, and phosphorylase-L genes in a tuber-specific manner. French fries derived from these tubers lack discolorations, display an enhanced potato flavor, and produce greatly reduced amounts of the suspected carcinogen acrylamide. It is argued that intragenic modification is unlikely to trigger phenotypic, biochemical, or physiological variation that is new to the species. Similarly, the targeted traits are similar to those that breeders select for and often have a history of domestication and reduced fitness. For these reasons, an updated regulatory system is proposed whereby intragenic crops are considered as low risk and should be cleared for commercial release in a timely and cost-effective manner. By using modern techniques to modify the same genetic material that is used by breeders, intragenic approaches may be perceived as an acceptable extension of traditional methods in crop improvement. 相似文献
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叶绿体转化及其应用于作物改良研究的最新进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农杆菌介导的核基因转化技术已普遍应用于作物改良和分子育种方面,而其不可避免的转基因沉默现象和生物安全问题是科研工作者和广大民众关注的焦点,进而成为基因工程技术广泛应用的主要限制因素。叶绿体遗传转化技术因具有核转化不可比拟的独特优势,成为植物基因工程发展的新方向和科研工作者研究的热点之一,通过该技术有望培育出真正生物安全的转基因作物新品种。本文围绕叶绿体转化的原理、方法、筛选标记及其应用等方面进行阐述,着重介绍其在作物改良方面研究的最新进展,并对存在问题及应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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Birgit Arnholdt‐Schmitt 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):617-624
The review aims at visualizing and strengthening approximation of current strategies in plant breeding, plant nutrition, and molecular biology. Innovations in new breeding strategies on quantitative traits are based on the development of functional DNA markers. This requires knowledge on robust physiological key reactions or parameters in view of the desired agronomic trait. To understand the significance of adaptive molecular‐physiological factors for the expression of agronomic traits in quantitative terms, systems analyses have to demonstrate the phenotypic effect of differential gene activities. The logistic to advance in applied systems biology is currently being strongly discussed. In the present contribution, identification of target cells, which are important for agronomic traits, is stressed as a key for future modeling and virtual experimentation. Integration of target cells in systems analysis should allow to link top‐down approaches, that start at the whole‐plant level, with bottom‐up approaches, that come from the molecular level. To illustrate the importance of adaptive cell reprogramming for agronomic traits, reprogramming of rhizodermic cells to trichoblasts is pointed out in its role for nutrient efficiency (NE). The nature of molecular factors, which may serve as functional markers in breeding, is discussed in view of future marker developments. 相似文献
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Liyun Sui Yifei Liu Caihong Zhong Hongwen Huang 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(6):1873-1883
The fruit flesh color of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is generally green or yellow when ripened. Developing kiwifruit cultivars with new fruit flesh color such as red-fleshed color has stimulated much interest for kiwifruit breeders and researchers recently due to its potentially importance for meeting the increasing and changing markets and consumers. In the present study, the whole geographical distribution and morphological variation of wild red-fleshed kiwifruit in China were investigated. In total of 56 accessions of red-fleshed kiwifruit were found across 19 separated localities, representing different ecological and climatic conditions throughout South and Central China. Characterization of nine horticulturally important fruit traits of all accessions showed that there are extensive variations in fruit shape, fruit hairs and as to red intensity, spread of the red pigments and background flesh color. The results presented here have updated the current knowledge on the natural distribution and ecological adaptation of wild red-fleshed kiwifruit resource, which should be valuable for kiwifruit agriculture such as the determination of planting areas of red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars. The accessions with extensive morphological variation can also contribute to kiwifruit breeding in future such as developing new cultivars with red color flesh. 相似文献
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中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状与未来研究方向 总被引：2，自引：13，他引：2
近年来,中国设施园艺装备产业得到了跨越式发展,一个完备的技术体系正在逐步建立。受设施环境-作物交互影响机理缺乏、设施-设备匹配性差等因素的制约,中国设施园艺装备在稳定性、智能化等方面与国际先进水平仍存在较大差距,制约了产业效益水平和劳动生产效率的提升。有必要对中国设施园艺装备技术进行一个系统总结,为下一步产业的技术研发指明方向。该文在准确把握中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状的基础上,从种苗装备、生产装备、物流装备、管理装备等4个环节入手,将中国设施园艺装备技术与国际发达国家的水平进行了比对,并找出了相关差距。研究得出了中国设施园艺装备技术发展中存在的技术研发系统性持续性不够、与装备匹配的农艺参数积累缺乏、装备的整体性和工程性亟需提高等问题,明确了区域化园艺作物生长机理、北方日光温室结构与装备升级、全产业链自动化作业、园艺信息化智能化管理、非耕地基地化与城镇化装备等未来重点研发的方向,提出了制定设施园艺装备技术创新发展规划、实施设施园艺技术促进与产业促进的"全面赶超"计划、创新以激发协同研发活力的体制机制、强化技术推广服务体系建设等政策建议,从而为指导中国设施园艺装备技术的革新提供借鉴。 相似文献
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M. Boczkowska J. Nowosielski D. Nowosielska W. Podyma 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2014,61(5):927-941
In Poland oat breeding began at the late nineteenth century. During the World War II almost all of Polish breeding materials were lost, and then were replaced by German cultivars. The main aim of this paper was to show the level of genetic diversity of Polish oat cultivars which were bred before 1939. Simultaneously usefulness and informativeness of molecular and morphological methods were tested and compared. This study involved 23 cultivars, which were described by 25 morphological traits and three types of molecular markers (AFLP, ISSR and RAPD). Based on Dice coefficient, genetic distance between cultivars ranged from 0.17 to 0.44. The degree of morphological differentiation within the collection varied depending on trait. Nei’s genetic diversity for the combined results for the whole collection was equal to 0.202. Neither unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean nor principal coordinate analysis showed any discrimination of cultivars according to breeding period and morphological trait. Part of morphological diversity has been preserved in the Polish early oat cultivars, do not exist anymore in contemporary cultivars, and also in landraces. The interest of breeders in early cultivars germplasm stored in genebank was and still is negligible. Breeding is confined to a few preferred by market morphotypes. So, it is very probable that the gene pools of early and contemporary cultivars could be separable. 相似文献
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Ernest Baafi Vernon E. Gracen Joe Manu-Aduening Essie T. Blay Kwadwo Ofori Edward E. Carey 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(2):110-118
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)) is a nutritious food security crop for most tropical households, but its utilisation is very low in Ghana compared to the other root and tuber crops due to lack of end-user-preferred cultivars. Knowledge on the genetic control of important traits such as dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato storage roots in a breeding population is critical for making breeding progress in developing sweetpotato varieties preferred by farmers and consumers. This study used diallel mating design to elucidate general combining ability and specific combining ability, to determine the gene action controlling storage root dry matter, starch and sugar content in sweetpotato and the heterotic potential of the traits to facilitate the crop’s improvement for increased utilisation. A general model for estimating genetic effects, GEAN II, was used to analyse the data. Genetic variability was seen for dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato and much of this genetic variation was additive in nature. The study also revealed significant heterosis in sweetpotato which offers opportunity for breeding non-sweet, high dry matter sweetpotato varieties that are preferred by farmers and consumers in Ghana. 相似文献
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小麦远缘杂交种质资源创新 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
小麦近缘种是改良小麦的一个重要基因库, 具有许多栽培小麦所不具备的优良特性。我们通过远缘杂交、染色体工程的方法创制了一大批不同类型的材料, 经基因组原位杂交GISH、多色FISH 和特异分子标记鉴定, 抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病鉴定, 品质、营养性状以及产量性状鉴定, 共选育出10 类可为育种家利用的抗病、优质、富含微量营养元素、氮高效、丰产性状优良的远缘杂交新种质和新不育系种质; 开发了414对黑麦基因组专化的EST 引物, 31 个黑麦染色体(臂)专化的EST 分子标记, 可应用于分子标记辅助育种, 或追踪检测小麦背景中的黑麦染色体或染色体片段; 进行了抗病新基因的遗传分析和分子标记定位工作。利用新种质, 选育出了一批表现突出的抗病、营养高效的小麦-黑麦、小麦-冰草远缘杂交新品系 相似文献