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1.
Foster  P.  Cravo  A. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,145(1-4):53-65
The concentrations of minor elements (magnesium and strontium)and trace metals (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) in the shellof fifty-nine species of marine gastropod collected from a shorein tropical East Africa are reported. Mean trace metalconcentrations and range of concentrations in the fifty-threespecies having an aragonitic shell were: iron, 17.5 μg g-1, range 7.2 to 30.6 μg g-1; manganese 2.4 μgg-1, range 1.8 to 3.4 μg g-1; copper, 1.2 μgg-1, range 0.6 to 2.4 μg g-1 and zinc, 1.5 μgg-1, range 0.8 to 2.6 μg g-1. The six species ofthe Nerita included in the study all had a shell of mixedmineralogy, a high magnesium concentration (2550 to 3407 μgg-1) and relatively elevated concentrations of the tracemetals, manganese, copper and zinc (mean concentrations, 7.5,3.4 and 5.5 μg g-1, respectively). Highestconcentrations of all three metals occurred in the shell of N. albicilla. Manganese, copper and zinc concentrations inshells of a population of N. albicilla (n = 20) taken fromthe Kenyan coast were higher than those in a similar populationof shells taken from Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles) by factors of29, 10 and 2.6, respectively. Of the fifty-nine species ofmarine gastropod included in this study the shell of N.albicilla is identified as having the greatest potential as abiomonitoring tissue for trace metals.  相似文献   

2.
The concentrations of trace and non-trace elements were determined in blood and fibers of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from a north Italian area, as well as in their pasture forages. This is the first investigation regarding this species in Italy, and the first considering alpaca’s fiber as bioindicator worldwide. Metal contents in blood were in the decreasing order: copper?>?zinc?>?aluminum?>?selenium?>?lead?>?nickel?>?manganese?>?chromium?>?arsenic and cadmium, while in fiber, metal levels were in the following order: aluminum?>?zinc?>?copper?>?manganese?>?chromium?>?nickel?>?selenium?>?lead?>?arsenic and cadmium. Antimony, beryllium, mercury, tin, and thallium were below the limit of quantification (0.010 mg kg?1). The analysis of the alpacas’ forage confirmed the same trend found in fiber, suggesting that metal bioaccumulation was affected by diet. These preliminary results have shown that all the trace elements studied bioaccumulated to a greater extent in the fibers of the alpaca than in the blood. Accordingly, we may suggest that alpaca fibers could be used for monitoring exposure especially to non-essential metals like aluminum, cadmium, and lead, and could constitute a suitable non-invasive method for measuring trace and non-trace element exposure in camelids.  相似文献   

3.
The study was conducted in a small (7.4 ha) peatland system with a humic lake concentrically surrounded by Sphagnum mat (Caricetum limosae) and Sphagnum bog (Ledo-Sphagnetum) in the Mazurian Lakeland in North-Eastern Poland. The peatland was situated in a forested catchment with a total area of 16.25 ha, and was influenced by surface drainage, artificially designed for forestry purposes. The content of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and hydrogen (H) ions was analysed in waters from precipitation, humic lake, mat, bog and surface outflow. The yearly budget of these ions, expressed as difference between atmospheric inflow and surface outflow, for the whole catchment was presented. The drainage of the peatland system over three years was accompanied by an increase in pH of lake, mat and bog waters. The whole catchment retention of H+ and trace metals studied decreased yearly in absolute values under these conditions. The peatland system began to leach Pb into surface waters and lost its ability to intercept Cd. These effects could be caused by intensity of outflow of water and sulphates and lowering of water storage. However, the potential to retain Zn and Cu ions was preserved.  相似文献   

4.

Purpose

This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using three aquatic macrophytes, Phragmites australis, Juncus effusus and Iris pseudacorus, to phytoextract potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from a contaminated area by mining activities.

Materials and methods

An artificial pond was constructed with two topsoils (yellow and black samples) collected from Portman Bay. In order to simulate the mixing with carbonate materials, which naturally occurs in this area, a stabilisation approach was applied by mixing with 30 % of limestone filler. Three replicates of each type of soil have been prepared in pots for the selected species. The total PTEs content (arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc) was determined and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and transfer factor (TF) calculated.

Results and discussion

Soil samples showed high PTEs content as a result of mining activities. As regards the root contents, the PTEs is higher in yellow samples (YS) than in black ones, because in these samples the PTEs content that could be mobilised is higher. The BCF results were higher than unity for arsenic, copper, lead and cadmium for I. pseudacorus and P. australis growing on YS soil. Overall, copper and manganese showed a larger number of plants with BCF higher than unity. The PTEs content in leaves is low, and the TF results are lower than unity in almost all samples.

Conclusions

The results indicate that it is possible to use the selected species for phytostabilisation of soils contaminated with PTEs. J. effusus, P. australis and I. pseudacorus could be considered as tolerant, and natural or artificial wetlands containing these species could be used for remediation purposes.
  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

For the determination of total element contents in plant material by atomic spectrometry after wet digestion, both dissolution and oxidation of the matrix are necessary. This was achieved by a sequential digestion procedure using first hydrogen fluoride (HF) for dissolution of silicate, followed by oxidation with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The final solution is 0.2M HNO3, and contains only traces of HF. Application of the method for the determination of aluminium (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) in various materials showed good agreement with certified reference materials.  相似文献   

6.
Responses of isopod assemblages to urbanisation were studied along an urban–suburban–rural gradient representing a decrease in the intensity of human disturbance. Pitfall trapping collected six species (Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber, Porcellium collicola, Trachelipus ratzeburgii, Cylisticus convexus, and Trachelipus rathkii). A. vulgare occurred abundantly in all sites reflecting the broad tolerance and invasive nature of this species. Indicator species analysis demonstrated that P. scaber and T. rathkii were significant quantitative character species for the urban site, while T. ratzeburgii was characteristic for the natural habitats (suburban and rural sites). CANOCO revealed that ground and air temperature show positive correlation with the distribution of P. scaber and T. rathkii, and negative correlation with T. ratzeburgii. Nested ANOVA on trap level showed that there were no significant differences between the number of isopod species and individuals, and the diversity of isopod assemblages in the three studied areas. Significant differences were observed at site level. The results did not support the hypothesis that diversity should decrease in response to habitat disturbance. They also contradicted the intermediate disturbance hypothesis; species richness was not the highest in the moderately disturbed suburban area. Multivariate methods detected that the isopod assemblages of the rural and suburban areas were relatively similar, while that of the urban area was relatively separated.  相似文献   

7.
Soils from a heavy metal contaminated southeast Kansas mining site were characterized for microbial resistance to zinc, cadmium, and lead. Plant availability indices (DTPA-extractable) for zinc were very high in the waste material (610 Μg g?1), while levels of lead and cadmium were more moderate, 45 and 4.3 Μg g ?1, respectively. Soil contamination decreased with distance from the mine tailings or ‘chat’. In the rhizosphere, bacterial resistance to zinc and cadmium increased as the DTPA-extractable plant availability indices increased. Mycorrhizal root colonization was not affected by the heavy metal concentration in the soil. The established vegetation in the contaminated area included warm- and cool-season grasses as well as forbs and sedges.  相似文献   

8.
Heavy metals in surface soils of the Warta river valley in an urban area In the urban area of the city of Poznan the contamination with heavy metals was investigated. From the top soil layers of five cross-sections of the valley of the Warta river 87 samples were collected. Beside common soil characteristics the contents of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, phosphorus and zinc were analyzed. Predominantly the level of contamination with heavy metals is low in the valley soils. A higher level was found in the area of the old city centre. Especially the contents of lead, copper and zinc were raised. Downstream of the sewage plant discharge into the river Warta increased contents of lead and cadmium were found. The distribution of heavy metals in the river Warta sediments indicates that the reason of the local increase of heavy metal contents is the sewage water discharge, Correlations between the content of different heavy metals and other soil properties (pH, clay and P-content, C/N-ratio) were calculated.  相似文献   

9.
Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) widely occur in semiarid and arid regions throughout the world and play important roles in many desert ecosystems: protecting soil from wind erosion and detaining nutrient-rich dust and organic carbon. An experiment was conducted in the Shapotou revegetated area of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China to investigate the physiological responses of the dominant biocrust mosses, Bryum argenteum and Didymodon vinealis, to desiccant stress using different osmotic adjustments. B. argenteum and D. vinealis accumulated K+, total soluble sugar, sucrose, trehalose, proline, and glycine betaine during desiccation. The proline content of B. argenteum was about two times higher than that of D. vinealis. The K+ and glycine betaine contents in B. argenteum were slightly higher than those in D. vinealis. In contrast, the total soluble sugar, sucrose, and trehalose contents in D. vinealis were about 3 to 5 times higher than those in B. argenteum. With gradual desiccation stress, the Na+ content of B. argenteum was low and did not significantly change. On the contrary, the Na+ content of D. vinealis sharply increased and reached a very high level of about 10 to 18 times higher than that of B. argenteum, indicating that B. argenteum and D. vinealis gradually adapted to desiccation stress by osmotic substances accumulation to different degrees.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The analysis of extractable trace elements was carried out on 434 soils using 0.1 N HC1 as the extractant for copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cobalt, 0.2 M ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 for molybdenum and boiling water for boron. Results indicated that on the average from about 1 to 20 percent of the total element content of the soil uas extractable, the percentage varying with the element. Comparing the amount of extractable elements in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm layers indicated that only manganese, zinc and boron were significantly different.

Correlation studies showed that the pH significantly influenced the quantity of manganese, iron, zinc and boron extracted, while organic matter influenced copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt and boron and clay content the copper, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt and boron.  相似文献   

11.
Wetland plants have a capacity for metal sequestration and have been used to remediate such environmental contaminants. How this capacity will be affected by a warming environment is not well-known. Our objective was to identify the effect of small environmentally realistic increases in temperature on metal (cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper) accumulation in Typha latifolia as compared with Scirpus acutus. These common wetland plant species were grown in metal-contaminated sediments at 13??C, 16??C, and 18??C for 3?months to determine the effect of environmentally realistic temperatures on metal accumulation. Cd109 was used as a radiotracer to study the effect of temperature on uptake kinetics. Growth of the two wetland plants differed markedly; S. acutus displayed linear growth reaching a maximum height of ca. 100?cm; by contrast, T. latifolia grew to ca. 40?cm by day?60 with no further growth occurring over the remainder of the 105-day growth period. S. acutus accumulated more cadmium, lead, and zinc from contaminated sediments than T. latifolia, but only within roots and rhizomes. Although not significant, uptake of cadmium, lead, and zinc by both plants was enhanced under warmer conditions and was most pronounced in S. acutus. This was supported by the radiotracer studies which indicated that under the higher temperatures, there was increased rates of Cd109 uptake by shoots of S. acutus. By contrast, temperature did not affect Cd109 uptake rate constants in T. latifolia. S. acutus appears to be more effective at sequestering metals from contaminated sediments; this species as compared to T. latifolia may also be more affected by a warming climate. In the design of wetlands for metal remediation, differences in how these two plants sequester metals from their environment should be considered.  相似文献   

12.
Lacey  E. M.  King  J. W.  Quinn  J. G.  Mecray  E. L.  Appleby  P. G.  Hunt  A. S. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,126(1-2):97-120
Surface samples and cores were collected in 1993 fromthe Burlington Harbor region of Lake Champlain. Sediment samples were analyzed for trace metals(cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc),simultaneously extracted metal/acid volatile sulfide(SEM-AVS), grain size, nutrients (carbon and nitrogen)and organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)). The concentrations of cadmium, copper,silver and zinc from the partial sediment digestion ofthe surface samples correlated well with each other(r 2>0.60) indicating that either a commonprocess, or group of processes determined the sedimentconcentrations of these metals. In an analysis of thespatial distribution of the trace metals and PAHs,high surficial concentrations were present in thesouthern portion of the Harbor. The trace metal trendwas strengthened when the concentrations werenormalized by grain size. A sewage treatment plantoutfall discharge was present in the southeasternportion of the Harbor at the time of this study and isthe major source of trace metal and PAH contamination. Evaluation of sediment cores provides a proxy recordof historical trace metal and organic inputs. Thepeak accumulation rate for copper, cadmium, lead, andzinc was in the late 1960s and the peak silveraccumulation rate was later. The greatestaccumulation of trace metals occurred in the late1960s after discharges from the STP began. Subsequentdeclines in trace metal concentrations may beattributed to increased water and air regulations. The potential toxicity of trace metals and organiccontaminants was predicted by comparing contaminantconcentrations to benchmark concentrations andpotential trace metal bioavailability was predictedwith SEM-AVS results. Surface sample results indicate lead,silver, ΣPAHs and ΣPCBs are potentially toxicand/or bioavailable. These predictions were supportedby studies of biota in the Burlington Harborwatershed. There is a clear trend of decreasing PAHand trace metal contaminant concentrations withdistance from the STP outfall.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Domestic sewage sludge applied to farm fields at a rate of 44.9 kg/ha in a mixture with lime and sawdust was found to increase the soil levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. The average levels in sludge treated soil were: 0.11, 0.56, 3.59, 2.72, 0.068, 1.49 and 2.57 ppm, respectively. The increases were small and the overall loading factors were well below recommended maximums. The uptake of these heavy metals by grass and legume plants was variable with cadmium, copper and zinc levels being higher in those plants growing in the sludge treated soils but only copper was significantly higher. The heavy metal contents found were all within the levels normally found in grass and legume plants. The higher mean concentration in plants growing on the sludge treated soils were cadmium 0.495; chromium 1.22; copper 12.3; lead 1.54; mercury 0.022; nickel 4.08 and zinc 28.4 ppm.  相似文献   

14.
Levels of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and iron were determined seasonally in the liver, spleen, kidney, gill and muscle tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata from the Iskenderun Gulf, East Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Wet digested tissues were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Metal levels were higher in liver, spleen and kidney compared with the gill and muscle tissues in both species; the levels of all metals in a given tissue were always higher in Mullus barbatus than in Sparus aurata.  相似文献   

15.
Two cadmium-resistant bacteria, Ralstonia sp. TAK1 and Arthrobacter sp. TM6, produced exopolymers that promoted cadmium solubilization in contaminated soil. The enhancement of cadmium uptake and accumulation in a monocot (Vetiveria nemoralis, vetiver grass) and a dicot (Ocimum gratissimum, African basil) was investigated in a greenhouse study. Compared with the uninoculated control, Ralstonia sp. TAK1 and Arthrobacter sp. TM6 increased cadmium accumulation in the roots and shoots of V. nemoralis. These cadmium-resistant bacteria increased the cadmium content of whole V. nemoralis plants similarly to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment alone. In contrast, only Arthrobacter sp. TM6 enhanced cadmium accumulation in the roots and shoots of O. gratissimum. The highest cadmium content of whole O. gratissimum plants was observed when the plant was treated with EDTA following treatment with Arthrobacter sp. TM6. The phytoextraction coefficient and translocation factor (TF) of bacteria-inoculated V. nemoralis were higher than those of O. gratissimum. Arthrobacter sp. TM6 increased the phytoextraction coefficients and TFs in V. nemoralis and O. gratissimum. These results indicate that Arthrobacter sp. TM6 and both tested plant species promote cadmium phytoextraction in contaminated soil.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A two‐seasonal study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of goats' grazing forages and soils in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Soil and forage samples were collected fortnightly for two seasons. Sampling period effects were found in soil copper, zinc, and selenium, and all forage minerals except selenium were affected by sampling times. Seasonal effects were observed in iron, manganese, and selenium for soils and in copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium for forages. All soil mineral levels except cobalt and selenium were found to be above critical levels and likely to be adequate for normal growth of plants growing therein, whereas soil cobalt and selenium were severely deficient during both seasons. The levels of iron, zinc, cobalt, and selenium in soil were higher and copper and manganese were lower during winter than during summer. Forages contained marginal to deficient levels of cobalt during the winter, copper and selenium during the summer, and moderately deficient levels of iron and severely deficient levels of zinc, manganese, and cobalt during the summer. Forage copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium during winter were found to be adequate for the requirements of ruminants. Consequently grazing animals at this location need continued mineral supplementation of these elements to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimum animal productivity.  相似文献   

17.
为探明豫中植烟土壤p H和有机质对微量元素有效态含量的影响，在豫中许昌市的建安、禹州、襄城和漯河市的城区、临颍和舞阳6个植烟县(区)采集了191个典型烟田耕层(0～20 cm)土样，测定了微量元素(有效铜、铁、锰、锌、钼)含量、p H和有机质含量，采用Pearson相关分析法与曲线回归方法分析了有效态微量元素含量与pH、有机质之间的关系。结果表明，有效铜、铁、锰、锌和钼的平均含量分别为1.20、49.24、84.80、1.71和0.02mg/kg，有效锰总体上充足，有效钼整体极为缺乏，个别样点有效铜、铁和锌缺乏；p H平均为7.90，总体上偏高；有机质平均为17.78g/kg，总体上适宜；微量元素有效态与pH、有机质之间均存在二次函数关系，随p H升高，有效铜呈增加趋势，有效铁和锌呈先升后降趋势，有效锰和钼呈先降后升趋势；随有机质升高，有效铜、锰、锌和钼呈增加趋势，有效铁呈先升后降的趋势。  相似文献   

18.
An ultrasonic method using two approaches, A and B, along with a reference Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 3050B [i.e., a mixture of 30 mL of nitric acid–hydrochloric acid–hydrogen peroxide–water (HNO3-HCl-H2O2-H2O)] were contrasted for leaching of a plant matrix. The trace metals were arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) and quantified by ICP-OES followed by an investigation into residue formation and the impact of digestion time. Approach B was the most accurate and precise with percent recoveries ranging between 99 and 120%, whereas ultrasonic approach A and the USEPA method 3050B gave similar results with poor accuracies and precisions. In the optimization of the digestion time using approach B, the total metal recovery was fairly the same over a period of 120 min except for Cr and Cu, which showed slight variations.  相似文献   

19.
A four-year study in a forest catchment exposed to a moderate level of anthropogenic pollution indicated heavy accumulation of hydrogen (H+), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in the ecosystem and phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and cadmium (Cd) to a lesser extent. Nitrogen, which is also accumulated, is leached mainly as NO3 –, even though the input is dominated by NH4 +. Magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) are leached from the catchment, presumably due to intensive weathering processes in deeper layers of mineral soil. Chloride ion (Cl–) is also lost from the ecosystem. The output of sulphate (SO4 2–) with stream water exceeds its input only slightly. Although it appears that the catchment as a whole has a large buffering capacity (average stream water pH=7.43, rainfall pH=4.33), the upper biologically active soil layers are probably more susceptible to acidification and pollution. With constant accumulation of H+ and heavy metal ions this may lead to degradation of forest health.  相似文献   

20.
Wind has extensive effects on biological and ecological performances of organisms throughout the world. However, the responses of desert biological soil crusts to wind are still largely unexplored. Bryum argenteum and Didymodon vinealis are two predominant soil crust mosses that exhibit restricted, contrasting microhabitats with B. argenteum being excluded from higher wind speed microsites in the windward slopes of fixed sand dunes in the Tennger Desert, Northern China. We conducted this study to determine if wind has negative effects on the ecophysiological variables of the two soil crust mosses and whether D. vinealis possesses greater resistance to high wind speed than B. argenteum. The results showed that photosynthesis, respiration, PSII photochemical efficiency, photosynthetic pigments, shoot upgrowth, productivity and regeneration potential of the two soil crust mosses were all drastically inhibited due to the rapid drying, prolonged drought period and unfavorable coupling of moisture and temperature under high wind speed conditions. In addition, D. vinealis displayed stronger resistance to wind than B. argenteum based on all of the aspects mentioned above. Overall, the negative effects of wind on the physiology of soil crust moss and the differential resistance to wind observed in this study suggest that wind is an important determinant regulator influencing ecological micro-distribution patterns of soil crust moss in desert ecosystems.  相似文献   

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