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1.
二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生对寄主二化螟幼虫免疫反应的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探明二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura)寄生对寄主二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)幼虫血细胞和体液免疫反应的影响,观察并测定了二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生引起二化螟幼虫血细胞数量、延展、存活、吞噬和包囊作用以及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性等的变化。结果显示,二化螟幼虫血细胞总数在寄生后1天即显著高于对照。其中,颗粒血细胞和浆血细胞在寄生后的数量变化均与血细胞总数变化相似,颗粒血细胞在寄生后3天、浆血细胞在寄生后0.5天起即分别与其对照差异显著,但两种血细胞在血细胞总数中各自所占的比例与对照多无显著差异。二化螟幼虫血细胞延展能力在寄生后0.5天受到显著抑制,此后与对照无显著差异;同时寄生可增加寄主血细胞的死亡率。寄主幼虫血细胞的吞噬作用在寄生后2天起显著降低;包囊作用则在寄生后1天起显著降低。二化螟幼虫被二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生后,血淋巴酚氧化酶活性显著升高,但随后呈逐渐下降趋势。研究结果说明,二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生使寄主二化螟幼虫的免疫反应呈现一定的规律变化。 相似文献
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为探讨寄生蜂调控寄主的免疫反应,研究了淡足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti寄生对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)幼虫血淋巴的影响。结果表明,寄生总体上降低了寄主血淋巴的黑化率;与未被寄生幼虫相比(对照),寄生蜂寄生引起寄主血细胞总数和颗粒血细胞数量下降,且寄生后第1~3 d和6 d达到显著水平;寄生蜂寄生后第1~3 d致使寄主浆血细胞数量下降,但第4 d开始寄主桨血细胞数量增高,且寄生后第6 d显著高于对照。寄生蜂寄生也改变了寄主浆血细胞和颗粒血细胞构成比例。本研究揭示了寄生蜂寄生引起寄主血淋巴黑化和血细胞数量及其构成的变化是寄主对寄生蜂入侵产生免疫响应的结果。 相似文献
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快速评价内寄生蜂雌蜂携带因子生理活性的简易方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍一种以γ-射线辐射处理雌蜂,评价内寄生蜂雌蜂携带因子生理活性的简易方法。该方法既能维持雌蜂正常的寄生能力和携带因子的生理活性,又能排除寄生蜂胚胎和幼虫来源因子对寄主的影响。当以150Gy剂量的γ-射线处理蝶蛹金小蜂雌蜂时,其存活率和产卵能力未受明显影响,但其子代胚胎不能发育。经辐射处理的雌蜂寄生菜粉蝶蛹后能象未处理正常蜂一样明显地抑制寄主的血细胞免疫,其引起寄主血细胞总数、组成、死亡率及浆血细胞延展率变化与正常蜂基本一致。结果表明,寄主蛹被寄生后其血细胞免疫受抑制主要是该蜂雌蜂携带因子引起的。最后讨论了使用该方法的注意事项。 相似文献
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为明确不同寄主对蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromalus puparum卵巢发育的影响,以柑橘凤蝶Papilioxuthus和菜粉蝶Pieris rapae这两种常见的寄主为研究对象,调查了两种寄主对蝶蛹金小蜂卵巢管长度、不同发育级别卵的卵室数,以及各自占整个卵巢卵室总数的比例进行了调查。结果表明,从两种寄主中羽化出的寄生蜂在卵巢管长度间差异显著,而在Ⅲ级卵的卵室比例上以柑橘凤蝶为寄主的寄生蜂明显高于以菜粉蝶为寄主的寄生蜂,而Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级的卵比例则低于后者。 相似文献
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蝶蛹金小蜂寄生被大菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒(PbGV)严重感染的菜粉蝶蛹后,出蜂数、羽化率和性比分别由对照组的22.3头/蛹、99.8％和92.1％,下降至5.7头/蛹、51.6％和79.7％。由这些蛹育出的金小蜂雌蜂,存活期缩短、产仔数和寄生蛹数明显减少,但是其子代的发育历期、羽化率和性比,则不受影响。 PbGV包涵体直接被蝶蛹金小蜂成虫取食后,能显著延长其寿命,估计该病毒包涵体对金小蜂可能有一定的营养功能。蝶蛹金小蜂的寄生,可使带毒寄主蛹中PbGV包涵体含量下降25.2％。金小蜂雌蜂在带毒菜粉蝶蛹中产过卵后,部分个体能在随后的产卵活动中将病毒传给健康寄主,并引起发病。根据本文结果,作者认为:在菜粉蝶的生物防治中,只要掌握好病毒的施用时期,PbGV与蝶蛹金小蜂之间的关系,是可以协调的。 相似文献
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小菜蛾主要天敌颈双缘姬蜂对寄主蛹龄的选择性和适合性 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
颈双缘姬蜂对小菜蛾不同日龄蛹有明显的选择性，对０～１天蛹龄的选择性指标，分别为１～２天、２～３天、３～４天的１．７、７．３和１９．１倍；在龄期较低的寄主蛹中，寄生成功羽化出蜂率较高，育出的雌蜂个体较大，生殖力较高，成蜂寿命较长，但未成熟期发育历期、子代性比则不受育蜂寄主蛹龄的影响，雌蜂虫体大小各指标与其生殖力和寿命三者之间相关密切。从０～１天蛹龄中育出的雌蜂，比１～２天和２～３天平均寄生寄主头数，分别高出３．６１、４．５１倍，成蜂寿命分别长１倍以上。 相似文献
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啮小蜂寄主接受行为的研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
啮小蜂Ｔｅｔｒａｓｔｉｃｈｕｓ ｓｐ．是一种群聚性蛹的内寄生蜂，主要寄生于茶长卷叶蛾的蛹。在实验室中，它还能寄生蓖麻蚕、粘虫、亚洲玉米螟、棉褐带卷蛾和家蝇等寄主蛹。在小环境中，啮小蜂雌蜂搜寻大蛹（粘虫）花费的时间要明显少于寻找小蛹（棉褐带卷蛾）所花费的时间。雌蜂多戮从寄主的腹部爬上蛹，其次为胸部和头部。８８％的雌蜂产卵管插入蛹的位置与上蛹的部位一致。蜂龄（２－６天龄）对雌蜂接受寄主的行为无明显影响。雌蜂对寄主蛹龄有一定的辨别能力，在第７天龄粘虫蛹中产的子蜂数明显减少，对第９天龄的粘虫蛹雌蜂虽作刺探，但未见寄生。随着寄主密度增加，平均每雌寄生的蛹数和产的子蜂数均相应增加，而寄主蛹的寄生率却逐渐下降。随着雌蜂密度增加，寄主蛹的寄生率和平均每头寄生蛹中的子蜂数相应提高，但平均每雌产的子蜂数则逐渐减少。雌蜂在寄生（平均１．７４±５．０５分．秒）和未寄生（平均２．９０±６．５０分．秒）寄主中产卵管插入的时间无明显差异，但在寄生（平均每蛹为１８２．２０± ８５．０６头）和未寄生（平均为８７．８０±６９．５０头）寄主中产的子蜂数则有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０２）。表明啮小蜂雌蜂对已寄生寄主蛹无明显的辩别能力。 相似文献
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1975年在芜湖市郊发现一种蝶蛹寄生蜂,风蝶金小蜂Pteromalus puparum L.对菜粉蝶蛹寄生率很高。现将情况简报如下。 1.生活史据六年来在芜湖市郊野外调查及室内饲养观察,该蜂11月上旬以幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬。翌年2月下旬至3月中旬进入蛹期,3月中旬至4月上旬均有羽化的成蜂出现。一般羽化后经20分钟即行交尾。交尾后12小时即可产卵。雌蜂产卵于即将化蛹的老熟菜青虫体内。被寄生的菜青虫仍即化蛹。卵期1—2天。幼虫在寄主蛹内吸取汁液。3—5天后寄主组织被破坏而致死。幼虫食尽寄生体内全部营养物质后便化蛹, 相似文献
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Tomoko Takeda 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2006,86(1):15-22
Insecticidal tests using diazinon showed that the mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Cotesia plutellae was reduced by 4.6-fold compared to that of the nonparasitized hosts. The use of chemicals with synergistic effect to insecticides in toxicity assay helps to elucidate the kind of enzyme involved in lowering insect mortality. Synergism of diethyl maleate and piperonyl butoxide with diazinon resulted to 2.4- and 1.9-fold increase, respectively, in susceptibility of parasitized larvae compared to those of nonparasitized larvae. These results indicated the possibility that the decrease in susceptibility to diazinon was due to the elevated activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP), respectively. The GST activities in parasitized larvae were significantly higher than those of nonparasitized ones starting from three days post-parasitization until emergence of parasitoid larva. High GST activities during late parasitism could be attributed to both enzyme activities toward diazinon of parasitized P. xylostella larva itself and C. plutellae larva inside larval host. High GST activity one day after parasitization, although statistical significance was not detected, was caused by polydnavirus (PDV) and the venom of C. plutellae not by parasitoid larvae. Artificial injection of PDV plus venom demonstrated that the resulting increase in GST activity is similar to the increase brought by parasitization. High CYP activity after 3 days post-parasitization in parasitized larva was attributed mainly to the activity of parasitoid larva. Carboxylesterase activity in the parasitized host remained at a high level, while that in the nonparasitized host decreased slightly as pupation approaches. On the other hand, acetylcholinesterase activity also remained constant after parasitization until larval emergence, while that of the nonparasitized hosts decreased gradually as the host larvae approach pupation. These results were supported by inhibition tests using diazoxon in vitro. 相似文献
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《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2002,75(1):13-18
A new technique was performed to simulate exposure of the host Pieris rapae larvae to both botanical treatment and the parasitoid Hyposoter eheninus in different sequences. It was found that: host larvae subjected to both parasitoid and 1% neem treatment showed significant or insignificant reductions both in pupal formation as well as adult emergence percentages when treatment preceded or followed parasitism, respectively. Both neem treatments revealed significant prolongation in the development of unparasitized and parasitized larvae (on average 4 to 5 days delay), whereas chinaberry caused significant prolongation only among parasitized larvae (on average 2.7 days delay in egg-larval duration). Fate of parasitism among untreated hosts was found to be faster than among neem-treated ones. Parasitism percentages among 1 and 0.5% neem-treated third instar host larvae held 7 days before parasitism reached 3 and 2 times that achieved among those reared on untreated diet for the same period, respectively.It was concluded that prolongation of the preferred target instars of the host, due to neem treatments, increased the chance for parasitism. Nevertheless, treatment with neem at the LC50 level exhibited a great reduction in parasitoid progeny. However, a lower concentration (LC25) could reasonably potentiate parasitism without drastic losses in parasitoid emergence. 相似文献
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M.?M. Matter M.?A. Gesraha A.?A.?I. Ahmed N.?A. Farag 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2002,19(2):13-18
A new technique was performed to simulate exposure of the host Pieris rapae larvae to both botanical treatment and the parasitoid Hyposoter eheninus in different sequences. It was found that: host larvae subjected to both parasitoid and 1% neem treatment showed significant or insignificant reductions both in pupal formation as well as adult emergence percentages when treatment preceded or followed parasitism, respectively. Both neem treatments revealed significant prolongation in the development of unparasitized and parasitized larvae (on average 4 to 5 days delay), whereas chinaberry caused significant prolongation only among parasitized larvae (on average 2.7 days delay in egg-larval duration). Fate of parasitism among untreated hosts was found to be faster than among neem-treated ones. Parasitism percentages among 1 and 0.5% neem-treated third instar host larvae held 7 days before parasitism reached 3 and 2 times that achieved among those reared on untreated diet for the same period, respectively.It was concluded that prolongation of the preferred target instars of the host, due to neem treatments, increased the chance for parasitism. Nevertheless, treatment with neem at the LC50 level exhibited a great reduction in parasitoid progeny. However, a lower concentration (LC25) could reasonably potentiate parasitism without drastic losses in parasitoid emergence. 相似文献
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管侧沟茧蜂寄生对粘虫在玉米植株上分布位置选择性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer寄生对粘虫Mythimna separata在玉米植株上分布位置的影响及相关机理,采用生物学观察法在温室和实验室内监测了被寄生与未被寄生的粘虫幼虫在玉米活体植株和离体叶片上的分布及管侧沟茧蜂结茧位置的变化。结果表明,被管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫在玉米叶片背面的平均分布比例为36.29%,显著高于未被寄生粘虫的14.60%;寄生后第8天开始,被寄生粘虫在黄色叶片上的分布比例显著高于未被寄生粘虫;非滞育和滞育条件下,管侧沟茧蜂在玉米植株黄色叶片上的平均结茧数目分别为19.3个和15.3个,显著高于绿叶上的6.5个和4.7个及土面上的0.8个和0.7个,选择性试验发现湿度在结茧位置的选择中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,管侧沟茧蜂可以通过调控寄主粘虫在玉米植株上的分布位置协助其找到合适的结茧位置。 相似文献
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卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae Watanabe是棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius幼虫期的一种重要内寄生蜂,对棉大卷叶螟种群有较好的控制作用。在实验室条件下,运用人工接虫观察法研究卷叶螟绒茧蜂对棉大卷叶螟幼虫的寄生行为。结果表明,该蜂搜寻寄主的时间平均为2．38 min,处理寄主的时间仅需0．86 min;寄生寄主的最适龄期为寄主2龄幼虫;对1龄幼虫的致死率达32%,但其寄生率仅为16%,其余16%的个体为穿刺致死。饲喂蜂蜜水能显著增加该蜂的产卵量,延长其产卵历期和增强其穿刺能力。寄生蜂的寄生能力与寄主密度的关系呈抛物线型:在寄生蜂均为16头/m~3雌蜂条件下,当寄主密度从80头/m~3增加到320头/m~3时,寄主的被寄生个体数随之增加,但当寄主密度超过320头/m~3后,寄主的被寄生个体数反而随寄主密度的上升呈下降趋势。 相似文献
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赤眼蜂寄生对亚洲玉米螟卵内蛋白质变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
采用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法比较了玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生对亚洲玉米螟卵内蛋白质变化的影响。结果发现,寄生发生48h后,蛋白质谱带出现明显差异。被寄生和未被寄生卵内含有的97kD蛋白质在60h后明显减少,而前者含有的90kD蛋白质在寄生发生60h时含量明显增加;此外,被寄生和未被寄生卵电泳后均出现约50和44kD蛋白质条带,但在寄生发生84h后,这两条蛋白质带明显变浅,且未被寄生卵的改变更明显。同一时期被寄生和未被寄生卵间约有50%蛋白质条带出现在相同位置,而72、96h的寄生和未被寄生卵间约有30%。被寄生和未被寄生卵之间,同一时期的蛋白质条带数一般相差4条左右,但寄生发生6h后相差的条带数多达9条,这一时期出现与寄生和抗寄生有关的特异性蛋白质的可能性较大。 相似文献
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Selectivity of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum reared on two laboratory-reared hosts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin, carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S. cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S. cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram, mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect the percentage of F1 wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance. 相似文献