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1.
The common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a widespread invasive weed species in Europe. In order to estimate the deteriorative effect of native arthropods on the invasive ragweed the effect of three indigenous aphid species on plant development and pollen production was studied. Common ragweed plants grown in a greenhouse were artificially infested with five apterous individuals of either Aphis fabae, Brachycaudus helichrysi or Myzus persicae at the 4-leaf stage. Feeding by all three aphid species over a 5-week period significantly reduced plant height, the number of male inflorescences, the length of racemes, pollen emission and plant dry mass. Brachycaudus helichrysi produced the largest colonies, followed by A. fabae and M. persicae. In a host plant choice test, B. helichrysi showed significant preference for ragweed over sunflower, whereas A. fabae preferred sunflower and M. persicae did not show any preference. In a field experiment, the growth rate of A. fabae on caged ragweed plants was similar to that in the greenhouse, but the final numbers of B. helichrysi and M. persicae after 30 days was ten and seven times lower than under greenhouse conditions, respectively. On exposed field plants, B. helichrysi was more abundant than other species. However, no aphid species affected the height or dry mass of either caged or exposed plants during a 30-day period. Under controlled conditions aphids effectively hampered development and pollen production of ragweed, however, under Hungarian field conditions the development of ragweed was much more dynamic, therefore no deleterious effect of aphid feeding occurred.  相似文献   

2.
Under laboratory conditions, when reared onPhorodon humuli aphid,Adalia bipunctata deposited 1011 ova and mean longevity of males and females was 55–73 days respectively. When reared onAphis fabae orA. fabae + Aphis craccivora diet, females ofA. pipunctata deposited 41–63 ova, and mean longevity of males and females was 20–32 days respectively. Larvae reared onP. humuli completed development in average 8.9 days, and mortality was 16.7%. Larvae reared onA. fabae, orA. fabae + A. craccivora aphids, completed development in 14–15 days, and mortality was 83–90%. It is concluded thatP. humuli aphid is an essential food forA. bipunctata, whereasA. fabae andA. craccivora aphids, are unsuitable foods.  相似文献   

3.
In light of a recent increase in the aphid populations on young canola (Brassica napus) in autumn in Northwestern Europe, we carried out a survey of their parasitoid species during this season. The study was done in France from 1998 to 2001 using different sampling methods. Results highlighted the presence of two main species of Aphidiinae, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae (and to a lesser extent Aphidius ervi) on Myzus persicae, and of D. rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Nine other Aphidiinae species were found occasionally as well as some Aphelinidae parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. There was no difference in parasitoid species pattern between fields in Northern and Southern France. The principal parasitoid species found in the fields were reared in the laboratory to confirm their ability to develop on the canola aphids. Aphidius matricariae and D. rapae were reared successfully on M. persicae, but a low parasitism rate was obtained for A. ervi on this aphid. This study showed that A. matricariae and D. rapae could develop on aphids on canola and that they are present naturally in canola in autumn. However, the parasitism rate is low in autumn, so the options could be the use of these parasitoids in augmentative release biological control programs or in an IPM project on canola fields during this time of the year.  相似文献   

4.
The transgenic rice lines Kemingdao 1 (KMD1) and Kemingdao 2 (KMD2) contain a synthetic cry1Ab gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and are highly resistant to rice stem borers and foliage-feeding lepidopterans. Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important predator of rice insect pests; it also uses rice pollen as a food source under natural conditions. In the present study, the effects of KMD1 and KMD2 pollen expressing Cry1Ab protein on the fitness of P. japonica were assessed in the laboratory. P. japonica larvae and adults were provided with the following four diets: KMD1 pollen with the aphid Myzus persicae, KMD2 pollen with M. persicae, nontransgenic Xiushui 11 (parent variety of KMD1 and KMD2) pollen with M. persicae, and M. persicae only (KMD1–pollen, KMD2–pollen, XS11–pollen, and aphid treatments, respectively). The results showed that the longevity of female adults in the KMD1–pollen treatment was significantly lower than that in the XS11–pollen treatment, but was not significantly different from that in the KMD2–pollen and aphid treatments. Newly emerged males in the KMD2–pollen treatment were evidently less vital than those in the XS11–pollen treatment, but not significantly different from those in the KMD1–pollen and aphid treatments. The development, survival and reproduction indices for the three pollen treatments did not differ significantly from one another. In short, Bt toxin expressed in Bt rice pollen had no evident negative impacts on P. japonica fitness when the pollen was used as a food by this beetle.This revised version was published in March 2005 with corrections to the names of the authors.  相似文献   

5.
The parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, were investigated throughout two far distant provinces, Tehran and Sistan-Baluchestan. Colonies of the cowpea aphid were collected from different host plants and reared under laboratory conditions until the parasitoids emerged. The aphids were parasitized by an expected range of parasitoids. The species were Aphidius colemani Viereck, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay and Eady, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday), Praon volucre (Haliday) and Ephedrus persicae Froggatt. L. testaceipes is reported here for the first time in Iran. The most common species was L. fabarum followed by B. acalephae and L. confusus. A key is provided for identification and host plant associations are considered.  相似文献   

6.
Abtract The system Vicia faba–Aphis fabae fabae was studied under the influence of Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Satureja hortensis, in a wind tunnel, in the greenhouse and in field experiments. In the wind tunnel at 20°C both Lamiaceae were deterrent for A. fabae, and S. hortensis proved to be more deterrent than O. basilicum. In experiments in the greenhouse at low temperatures (average minimum 14.6°C, average maximum 24.1°C), A. fabae colonised first and significantly more intense Vicia fabae (field beans) not surrounded by O. basilicum or S. hortensis. At high temperatures (average minimum 18.0°C, average maximum 38.5°C) this relation was inverted: Vicia faba surrounded by the two Lamiaceae were preferred for colonisation (Ocimum basilicum significantly). It showed that pots with Lamiaceae were no obstacle for the aphids to reach Vicia faba. In strip cropping in the field, the repellent effect of Ocimum basilicum proved to be stronger than of Satureja hortensis. In 2002 there was observed only a tendency of lower aphid attack of field beans intercropped with Lamiaceae, while in 2004 and 2005 the infestation of Vicia faba by Aphis fabae was significantly lower in plots intercropped with basil. In plots with Satureja hortensis as intercrop, Vicia faba were significantly lower infested, after 3 weeks. The differences between the results of the wind tunnel/greenhouse at low temperatures, and the field experiments concerning the deterrence by Satureja hortensis cannot be explained. But basing on our results with Ocimum basilicum and those published by other authors, it is recommended to follow up intercropping, after a sincere analysis in every case, in favour of agronomists.  相似文献   

7.
Impatiens parviflora andI. glandulifera, two invasive touchme-not species of exotic origin were found to be associated with two aphid groups in Central Europe: a) Exotic species subsequently following their invasive plant hosts (Impatientinum asiaticum Nevsky), b) native species secondarily adapted to the new exotic hosts (Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scop.). The species number (listed) of associated syrphid flies in the newly developed guilds was rather high, consisting of broadly oligophagous species. The plant phenology and adaptation of the aphids have resulted in associations which apparently represent seasonally significant sources of prey, their importance apparently increasing with the decreasing season. Antattendance was determined in both aphid species, and no adverse interference with the preying syrphid larvae was observed. In spite of an overall classification of the target plants as expansive weeds, they are classified positively as contributing to the enhancement of syrphid fly populations in the biocorridors in the cultivated landscape.  相似文献   

8.
Direct observations in grasslands and cereal fields near Zurich (Switzerland) have shown that aphids constitute an essentiel component in many spiders' prey. Spiders were observed to be predators of the agricultural harmful aphidsRhopalosiphum padi L.,Sitobion avenae F.,Metopolophium dirhodum Walck.,Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.,Myzus persicae Sulz. andAphis fabae Scop.  相似文献   

9.
Pathogenicity of Lecanicillium muscarium, against Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), was investigated under laboratory conditions to determine if the fungal infection of the whitefly host can effect the survival, longevity and fecundity of female parasitoid. The results indicated that the number of parasitized larvae surviving a L. muscarium treatment after 6 days of oviposition decreased with increasing concentrations of L. muscarium and in later stages of development (12 days post oviposition) were not affected by fungal application. There were no significant differences on adult parasitoid survivorship after 7 days among all treatments. Maximum survivorship (73.33%) was observed for control and it was minimum (60%) at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. L. muscarium showed a non significant effect on longevity and next offsprings of female parasitoids. The percentage emergence of parasitoids from the whitefly nymphs produced by the females emerged from treated pupae was almost similar. Maximum emergence (69.77%) was observed at 1 × 106 conidia/ml and it was lowest (61.02%) at conidial concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. Maximum longevity of adult Eretmocerus sp. emerging from whitefly nymphs when treated after 12 days of postoviposition was observed for 1 × 105 conidia/ml having a mean value of 5 days whereas the lowest longevity was 4.9 days observed at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. The results mentioned above indicate that the interaction among biocontrol agents is positive to a greater extent with minimum risk hazards.  相似文献   

10.
Winter canola (Brassica napus) is an important crop in various parts of the world. It is planted in fall, vernalized during winter and offers higher yields than spring canola. One of the key aphid pests of this crop is Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae). Recent surveys in Europe showed that M. persicae in winter canola is parasitized by Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae, but not by other aphidiine parasitoid species known to attack M. persicae in other crops. During vernalization, winter canola plants acclimatize to survive specific climatic conditions of winter, e.g. through the formation of epicuticular waxes on leaves. These waxes could affect efficiency on natural enemies. In this study, we characterized (1) the ability of aphidiine parasitoids to locate and attack M. persicae on winter canola, and (2) how plant vernalization influences parasitoid ability to attack suitable hosts. In the laboratory, the ability of A. ervi, A. matricariae and D. rapae to orient toward odors of the M. persicae-winter canola complex was studied in an olfactometer, as well as their ability to attack M. persicae on winter canola. In addition, the impact of plant species and plant vernalization on the ability of A. colemani to attack and locate M. persicae was evaluated. The results show that A. matricariae and D. rapae readily locate and attack M. persicae on winter canola as does A. ervi, albeit to lesser extent. Aphidius colemani shows low ability to parasitize M. persicae on this plant species. Vernalization of canola is an important factor mediating the ability of A. colemani to attack M. persicae and it likely results from the presence of Brassica’s waxes that reduce parasitoid mobility and impact foraging behavior. These results show that aphid parasitoids differ in their ability to locate and attack M. persicae on winter canola, the latter being a function of parasitoids’ capacity to cope with plant characteristics that are mediated by growing conditions.  相似文献   

11.
The potential of the two predators,Chrysoperla carnea Steph. andCoccinella undecimpunctata Reich., as well as the two parasitoidsDiaeretiella rapae andEretmocerus mundus in an open field and under green house were conducted after several releases againstAphis gossypii, A. fabae, Brevicorine brassicae andBemisia tabaci. Double releases ofC. carnea (1∶5 predator∶aphids) achieved 100% reduction inA. gossypii after 12 days. A single release ofC. undecimpunctata (1∶50 predator∶aphids) resulted in 99.97% reduction in the same aphid. Releasing ofD. rapae to controlB. brassicae at the rate of 1∶50 resulted in 29% parasitism. ReleasingE. mundus for the control ofB. tabaci in cabbage at the rate of 5 adults/m2 resulted in 32% parasitism. Three releases ofC. undecimpunctata adults in a greenhouse cultivated with soybean, decreasedA. fabae population from 207 to 7.6 aphids/plant.  相似文献   

12.
The functional response of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), was examined. Five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and six host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64) were used during a 24-h period. At each temperature, 2–64 third-instar nymphs of A. gossypii were exposed to individual wasp mating pairs. A type II functional response model for both parasitoid wasps was fit separately for each temperature. The results showed that instantaneous attack rate (a) in A. colemani increased linearly as the temperature increases from 10 to 30°C, but in A. matricariae, (a) increased almost linearly with temperature to reach a maximum at 25°C, and then decreased at 30°C, displaying an asymmetrical dome-shaped pattern. The highest instantaneous attack rate for A. colemani and A. matricariae were calculated 0.940 ± 0.144 day−1 at 30°C and 0.687 ± 0.157 day−1 at 25°C, respectively. Handling time (T h) for A. colemani was inversely proportional to temperature and ranged from 0.093 ± 0.026 day at 10°C to 0.032 ± 0.004 day at 30°C, but in A. matricariae, (T h) was between 0.078 ± 0.015 day at 10°C and 0.036 ± 0.014 day at 20°C. A. colemani achieved higher parasitism rate than A. matricariae at higher temperatures. This observation suggests that A. colemani maybe more effective for biological control of the cotton aphid during warmer periods.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The uptake of 1-Naphthyl-N-Methyl Carbamate (Sevin) through the roots of plants an its systemic effect The systemic property of the compound 1-naphthyl-n-methyl carbamate applied to the roots of tabac, pea and turnip plants in aquous culture was tested by cagingMyzus persicae, Aphis fabae andPhyllotreta atra, which were used as test insects, on foliages.It was found that the ability of the tested plants to absorb and translocate the compound was very high and resulted on tabac plants, 3 days after infestation with insects: 0, 0, 68.0% and 100% mortality at concentrations of 0, 25, 250 and 2,500 ppm respectivly.On pea plants Sevin caused 46 hours after infestation withA. fabae. 0, 35.1%, 77.6% and 100% mortality at concentrations of 1.2, 12.5, 125 and 1250 ppm respectivly.6 days after infestation of the beetle,Phyllotreta atra, on seeds of rape Sevin caused 0, 12%, 30%, 90% and 100% mortality at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm respectivily. After the first 48 hours the mortality was under 25% at all concentrations.These results prove undoubtly the systemic property of sevin. Taken the physiological process involved in absorbtion and translocation of this compound in consideration, it might be that sevin acts as growth regulator when applied at low or high concentrations. Sevin at 25 ppm stimulated the tabac plants to absorb more water than at the highest concentration or at untreated stems. Similar effect was found on the length of roots and stems as well of the weight of dry leaves of oil radish at different concentrations.  相似文献   

14.
The developmental time, survivorship and reproduction of Aphis gossypii Glover was evaluated on detached cucumber leaves at nine constant temperatures ranging from 15±1°C to 35±1°C in 2.5°C increments in the laboratory. Developmental periods of immature stages ranged from 10.8 days at 15°C to 4.1 days at 30°C and 32.5°C. Constant 35°C was lethal to immature stages of A. gossypii. The lower developmental threshold for the cotton aphid was estimated at 6.0°C and it required 92.6 degree–day development for a first instar to become adult. The average reproduction rate was 82.1 nymphs female–1 at 25°C and 2.3 nymphs female–1 at 32.5°C. The mean generation time of the population ranged from 6.8 days at 32.5°C to 22.8 days at 15°C. The highest per capita growth rate (rm=0.526) occurred at 25°C and the lowest at 15°C (rm=0.208) and 32.5°C (rm=0.132). It was evident that temperatures over 30°C prolonged development, increased mortality of immature stages, shortened adult longevity and reduced fecundity. The optimal range of temperature for population growth of A. gossypii on cucumber was very broad and ranged between 22.5°C and 30°C.  相似文献   

15.
Efect of certains rates of fertilization on the population of Aphids and Jassids attacking potato plants in Egypt The effect of three rates of fertilization (no fertilization, normal, and double the normal) of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on the infestation of potato plants with the two aphid species,Myzus persicae Sulz.Aphis gossypii Glov. the jassig speciesEmpoasca decipiens Paoli, were studies under field conditions in Egypt.The results indicated that unfertilized plants harboured the least number of aphids and leafhoppers, whereas those receiving double the normal rates of fertilization (200 kg Potassium sulphate 48 %, 400 kg Calcium superphosphate 15 % P and 400 kg Ammonium sulphate 20.5 % N per feddan) had the highest numbers of the three insect pests. At the normal rate of fertilization (100 kg. P. sulph., 200 kg Cal. sup. ph. and 200 kg Amm. sulph. per feddan), the plants suffered an intermediate infestation, significantly less, in all cases, than in the high fertilization treatment.The infestation of aphids followed a normal curve, with a peak aroun April 27. The jassid infestation, on the other hand, continued to rise progressively throughout the growing season of the early summer potato cultivation.  相似文献   

16.
On the development and weight of Myzus persicae feeding on leaves of Chenopodium quinoa by different means Individuals ofMyzus persicae feeding on detached yellowing leaves ofChenopodium quinoa became four times heavier than those feeding on attached leaves. If the detached leaves were treated with kinetin by spraying, the weights of the adults decreased about 25% as compared to those feeding on detached yellowing leaves treated with water. The resistance of the attached leaves was not restored completely by kinetin-treatment of detached leaves which remained green, however.More aphids survived, if they were placed on the detached leaves as 0–1 days old larvae. Detaching of leaves, however, did not lead to a decrease of the resistance ofCh. quinoa to adults ofMyzus fersicae bred onSinapis alba. Adults could neither be settled on plants of Ch.quinoa nor on detached yellowing leaves. Apparently, there exists another type of resistance which cannot be influenced by detaching leaves.  相似文献   

17.
An in vitro system using detached western hemlock branches infected with dwarf mistletoe was developed to screen the virulence of five isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a hyperparasite of dwarf mistletoe shoots and berries. Detached branches infected with dwarf mistletoe were placed in nutrient‐saturated rock‐wool blocks and mistletoe shoots were inoculated with a conidial suspension of C. gloeosporioides. One month after inoculation, lesions on mistletoe stems and berries were well developed. Infection levels for individual isolates varied from 40% to 60% of shoots and 60% to 80% of berries. Significant differences were found between the isolates and control (p = 0.02 and 0.001, respectively) while no differences were noted between the isolates for both the shoots and berries. Parallel inoculation of mistletoe shoots detached from hemlock branches on moist filter paper and in rock‐wool blocks failed because these shoots deteriorated rapidly, fragmenting into segments within a week. This in vitro test may provide an alternative method for rapid screening of potentially virulent C. gloeosporioides isolates.  相似文献   

18.
Pathogenicity of 13 strains of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to genera Paecilomyces, Tolypocladium, Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) was evaluated on fourth instar larvae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Schiff.) (Lep.: Thaumatopoeidae). Larvae were treated individually by dipping into conidial suspension with the concentration of 1.0 × 105 conidia ml−1. All the tested isolates resulted in various levels of mortality (16–100%), and eleven of them were able to grow and sporulate on dead larvae. Mortality caused by three isolates of P. fumosoroseus, one isolate of Beauveria bassiana and one isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Three isolates of P. fumosoroseus, one isolate of P. farinosus, and one isolate of M. anisopliae showed mycelial growth and sporulation on significantly more cadavers compared to other treatments. Dose–mortality test was conducted with P. fumosoroseus (isolate no: 2679), which appeared to be the most promising isolate among the tested fungi, by spraying five concentrations of its conidia (1.0 × 106, 1.5 × 106, 7.5 × 106, 1.0 × 107 and 1.5 × 107 conidia ml−1). The estimation of the LC50 (95% confidence limits) was 3.4 × 106 (9.3 × 105 − 6.9 × 106) conidia ml−1. This study showed that P. fumosoroseus (isolate no: 2679) could be a good candidate as a microbial control agent against T. pityocampa in forest environment.  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung In Nordwestdeutschland ist die sogenannte Gurkenblattlaus überall auf Kartoffelfeldern aufgetreten und hat gebietsweise alle anderen Arten weit übertroffen.Wegen ihrer systematischen Zugehörigkeit zurAphis frangulae/A. gossypii-Gruppe, deren Taxonomie noch unzureichend bekannt ist, und in Anbetracht ihrer Bedeutung als Vektor für das Y-Virus der Kartoffel, wurde im Zuchtversuch die Möglichkeit der Überwinterung bzw. des Wirtswechsels für diese Blattlaus geprüft — zugleich ein Beitrag zur vielfach umstrittenen Frage der Identität vonA. frangulae Kltb. undA. gossypii Glov.Im Zuchtzwinger gelang ohne Schwierigkeit sowohl die Besiedlung der Kartoffel durch faulbaumbürtige Fundatrigenien vonAphis frangulae als auch die herbstliche Rücksiedlung aufFrangula alnus durch solche Gynoparen, welche einer Freilandpopulation der Gurkenblattlas entstammten und alsA. frangulae Kltb. determiniert wurden. Die Herbstbesiedlung wurde durch eine sehr starke Eiablage auf dem Faulbaum abgeschlossen.Die Versuchsergebnisse und Freilandbeobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß es sich bei der auf den norddeutschen Kartoffelfeldern vorkommenden Gurkenblattlaus in erster Linie umAphis frangulae Kltb. handelt, welche in diesem Gebiet sehr wahrscheinlich weitgehend heterözisch ist und aufFrangula alnus Miller überwintert. Ob auch eine Überwinterung aufRhamnus cathartica L. möglich ist, müßte in weiteren Versuchen geklärt werden.
Summary An aphid resemblingAphis gossypii Glover, the melon aphid, occurs commonly on potato in North West Germany and in some districts it is more common than any other potato aphid.Through breeding the method of hibernation and the occurrence of host alternation in this aphid was investigated. The species is important as a vector of Y-virus in potato. Taxonomically it is related to theAphis frangulae/A. gossypii-group which as yet has been unsufficiently studied. It is clear from this work that the nomenclaturally correct and oldest name for this aphid isAphis frangulae Kaltenbach, 1845. It is still not clear whetherAphis gossypii Glover is this same species or an unholocyclic form. In breeding cages spring migrants fromFrangula alnus successfully colonized potato. Gynoparae from a field population of the aphid under consideration produced oviparae onFrangula alnus, which in the cages was strongly colonized bygynoparae which lead to heavy oviposition. The results from both experiments and field observations show that in North West German potato fields the population of the mentioned aphid consists mainly ofAphis frangulae Kltb., which in this area shows marked host alternation, withFrangula alnus as primary host plant.Fundatrices of this species transmitted fromFrangula alnus Mill. toRhamnus cathartica reproduced and started colonies similar to, but slightly different in colour from, those onFrangula alnus, but the alatae that developed could not colonize potato plants that were placed in the cages. In the fieldAphis frangulae was not found onRhamnus cathartica and successful hibernation ofAphis frangulae as eggs onRhamnus cathartica could not yet be demonstrated in the field or in breeding experiments.
  相似文献   

20.
Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh.) is an endoparasite of the turnip aphid,Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a wide geographical distribution. The four Pesticides Nogos 50 EC at 600 ml per acre, Dimecron 50 WSC, Monofos 40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL at 500 ml per acre, used in practice for the control of this pest, were tested for their side-effects onD. rapae. The parasitoid was reared on pottedBrassica napus plants infested with aphid under laboratory conditions (22±2°C, 60–70% rel. hum., 16 h light and 8 h dark). In one test, adult female parasitoids were exposed to fresh pesticide residues on glass plates and in another test, the pupae within aphid mummies were directly sprayed. The results revealed that Dimecron 50 WSC, Nogos 50 EC and Monofos 40 WSC were harmful causing 100% mortalitv toD. rapae followed by Tamaron 600 SL (97% moderately harmful) after 24 hours of application, compared to no mortality in control, where only water was sprayed. Directly spraying of pupae with Dimecron 50 WSC and Nogos 50 EC reduced adult parasitoid emergence to 9 and 7%, respectively, Monofos 40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL to 3% compared to 78% emergence for the control within one week of treatment. The results showed that none of the tested pesticides was safe toD. rapae and according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) further testing under semi-field and field conditions is recommended.  相似文献   

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