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Field experiments were set up from 2001 to 2004 in North West Italy to determine the effects of plant density on the susceptibility of medium and medium-late maturity maize hybrids to ear rot and to mycotoxin contamination in natural infection conditions. The ears were rated for the incidence and severity of disease symptoms at harvest and the harvested kernels were analysed for mycotoxin fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. 相似文献
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采用可见光光谱扫描研究田间条件下春玉米冠层图像色彩参数和氮素营养指标之间的相关性以及简便、快捷、非接触性的作物氮素营养诊断方法。结果表明,春玉米冠层图像色彩参数与氮素营养指标间的相关性依次为6叶期>9叶期>3叶期。在6叶期,春玉米冠层图像色彩参数B、R/G、G/B、G/L、B/L、G/(R+G+B)均与氮素营养指标存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系,其中,G/(R+G+B)与氮素营养指标间的线性正相关性最高。运用可见光光谱扫描的数字图像进行东北地区春玉米氮素营养诊断是可行的,6叶期可作为春玉米氮素营养诊断的关键时期,G/(R+G+B)是春玉米氮素营养诊断的最佳冠层图像色彩参数。 相似文献
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Cheryl E. A. Lovelace William G. L. Aalbersberg 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(4):393-399
Fungal growth is a major problem of food storage in humid environments, as occur in South Pacific countries for parts of the year. Major crops, including edible nuts, copra and root crops, are susceptible toAspergillus growth and therefore potential contamination with aflatoxin. Liver cancer occurs in Fiji and Tonga, with the occurrence in Fijians being significantly higher than in the Indian population.Thirty-three peanut samples from farmers were analysed for aflatoxin and 50% of the samples from Fiji were positive but only 9% from Tonga, reflecting different storage practices. Local copra, cassava, and maize samples were found contaminated, with only the maize at a serious level. Twenty-five plate food samples from Fiji showed low contamination. When starch foods from the Fijian diet left after cooking were analysed to follow potential aflatoxin development only sweet potatoes showed some contamination. 相似文献
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Caterina Morcia Elisa Rattotti A. Michele Stanca Giorgio Tumino Vittorio Rossi Stefano Ravaglia Christoph U. Germeier Matthias Herrmann Ivana Polisenska Valeria Terzi 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013
Risks associated with mycotoxin contamination of cereals, that are included in the ten major staple foods and greatly contribute to the dietary energy intake, are of worldwide relevance. In small grain cereals, mycotoxins are produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium that colonize the plant in the field and can grow during the post-harvest period, producing several classes of mycotoxins. The identification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains is essential for developing effective strategies for control. For this purpose, genetic traceability has proved to be a valuable tool that can be applied along the whole production chain, starting in the field for early diagnosis of FHB (Fusarium Head Blight) disease to the final processing steps, such as malting or pasta making. In this paper, DNA-based analytical tools that are currently available for the identification and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains are reviewed, with particular emphasis on Fusarium, and their possible applications in mycotoxin control in small grain cereal chains are discussed. 相似文献
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In northern Italy, the most frequently occurring class of mycotoxins in maize are fumonisins, mainly those produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Currently, good agricultural practices (GAPs) represent the best line of defense for controlling the contamination of maize by Fusarium-toxins. Annual fluctuations in weather conditions can strongly reduce the advantages conferred by GAPs, and thus integration with biological control strategies can be a sustainable way to achieve reliable control of Fusarium colonization and toxin contamination. Trichoderma harzianum is a good biocontrol agent against a wide range of plant pathogens, and previous studies have reported its ability to reduce F. verticillioides colonization under greenhouse conditions. Field trials were conducted in two locations to assess the effect of seed treatment with T. harzianum strain T22 on F. verticillioides kernel colonization and on fumonisin contamination under various natural conditions. An average reduction of 58% in fungal infestation and 53% in mycotoxin contamination was observed during our three-year experiments. This research suggests that seed biopriming with T. harzianum T22 can be a promising and environmentally friendly way to control F. verticillioides kernel colonization and fumonisin accumulation. 相似文献
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黄淮海夏玉米倒伏及化控抗倒技术研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
倒伏是制约黄淮海平原区夏玉米增产的重要因素之一,创新防止倒伏的技术措施是目前玉米高产生产中亟待解决的问题。化控技术是除品种选择外解决作物高产与倒伏矛盾的有效措施之一。国内外学者从农艺性状、解剖学特征、生理代谢变化及分子机理等方面对作物化控抗倒栽培技术进行了大量研究,并取得了显著成效。本文综述黄淮海平原区夏玉米倒伏分类、发生特点、影响因素以及化控技术对玉米抗倒伏的调控机制及其应用的发展历程,对解决该地区玉米倒伏问题实现高产、抗倒栽培提供参考。 相似文献
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Toxicogenic fungal moulds have been previously identified in Irish farm silages and are known to be capable of producing mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are detrimental to animal health and performance and can be transferred through feed to animal produce. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify the challenge posed to livestock from mycotoxins in Irish silages and determine whether conventional chemical characteristics could be used as indicators of mycotoxin occurrence. Over the 2‐year period, 300 silages were sampled on 150 farms and these consisted of round‐baled grass silages (n = 115) and pit silages of either grass (n = 175) or maize (n = 10). There was no significant difference in mycotoxin concentrations across silage types in either year, except for baled silage containing higher concentrations of enniatin B compared with pit silage in Year 1. Conventional chemical characteristics of silages were generally not reliable predictors for mycotoxin incidences; however, dry‐matter digestibility, crude protein, fermentation products and ash did predict the incidence of enniatins and beauvericin. The incidence and concentration of the twenty measured mycotoxins were generally low and individual mycotoxin concentrations recorded were considerably lower than current EU directive or guidance thresholds. Non‐regulated mycotoxins measured were similar to or lower than concentrations reported in the literature. Based on current knowledge and the concentrations of individual mycotoxins detected in this study, the challenge to Irish livestock and livestock products from animal consuming silage is generally low. However, the additive or synergistic effects of multiple mycotoxins in silage are unknown. 相似文献
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Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production 
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下载免费PDF全文 T. Cogan R. Hawkey E. Higgie M. R. F. Lee E. Mee D. Parfitt J. Raj S. Roderick N. Walker P. Ward J. M. Wilkinson 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):601-613
Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling. 相似文献
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The present study analysed the constructive and operative parameters of pneumatic seeders and researched and assessed possible technical solutions for limiting the unwanted dispersion of dust from seed dressing during sowing of maize seeds. Tests were made on several maize pneumatic seeder models. The air flow rates and the air velocities at the fan outlet were assessed, the sizes of the areas contaminated with the material from the maize seeds was evaluated and the air velocities along the contour of the sowing machines were measured. Results showed that by decreasing the fan air flow rate by 30% it was possible to consistently reduce the size of the area contaminated by seed dressing dust while maintaining a good quality of seeding. They also showed that the technical solutions proposed by the seeder manufacturers reduced the environmental contamination with the pesticide-containing dust by more than 90%. 相似文献
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Fusarium verticillioides is a common maize pathogen which causes diseases on ears and synthesis of the mycotoxins, fumonisins, in kernels. Fumonisin production is influenced by both environmental conditions and agricultural inputs during growth and maturation of the maize plant. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of crop management techniques on fumonisin contamination in maize kernels. Experiments were conducted in Northern Italy during 2006 and 2007 using two maize hybrids with different precocity. Factors evaluated were seed planting time (March versus May), plant density (65,000 plants versus 80,000 plants per ha), N fertilization (200 kg N versus 400 kg N per ha), and chemical treatment to control European maize borer (ECB) (yes versus no). These factors were analyzed were as follows: (T1) May sowing, high plant density and N fertilization, (T2) March sowing time, high plant density and N fertilization, (T3) March sowing time, low plant density and balanced N fertilization, (T4) the same agronomic techniques as T3 plus a chemical treatment to control European maize borer. Ears were analyzed morphologically for ECB incidence and severity. Subsequently, kernels were analyzed chemically for fumonisins. Fumonisin contamination was reduced by 57%, 69% and 86% for T2, T3 and T4, respectively, compared to T1. This study clearly underlines that the application of good agricultural practices (GAP) in crop management strategies can effectively control fumonisin contamination of maize kernels. 相似文献
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《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(4):166-173
Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of secondary metabolites belonging to polyketide-derived furanocoumarins produced by Aspergillus fungi. As one type of mycotoxins, AFs are the most carcinogenic and toxic compounds for human and animal health, which might lead to serious contamination on agricultural products including peanut, maize and milk. Moreover, AF contamination in food chain was difficult to be controlled. This review summarizes the research progress on the types, producers and properties of AFs, gene clusters, AF biosynthesis and genetic regulation in major Aspergillus fungi, aiming to provide comprehensive information for developing cost-effective strategies on control of AF contamination in agriculture production and consequent food chain. 相似文献
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Tomohito Arao Satoru Ishikawa Masaharu Murakami Kaoru Abe Yuji Maejima Tomoyuki Makino 《Paddy and Water Environment》2010,8(3):247-257
Many heavy metals exist in minute amounts in natural agricultural soil. However, when their amounts exceed a certain level
due to pollutants brought from outside, soil contamination occurs and agricultural products become contaminated. There have
been many cases in Japan of heavy metal contamination originating from old mines and smelters, and soil contamination of agricultural
land has become a social issue. In particular, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most harmful heavy metals. If agricultural products
absorb an excessive amount of Cd, they may adversely affect people’s health, and therefore allowable concentrations are regulated
by law. If agricultural land has become contaminated with Cd, measures for minimizing the absorption of Cd by agricultural
crops are necessary; these include: (1) soil dressing, (2) water management (paddy field), (3) chemical cleaning of soil,
(4) phytoextraction, and (5) use of different varieties and rootstock. Other heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, copper, zinc,
and mercury also sometimes cause contamination of agricultural soil. 相似文献
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J.W. Muthomi J.K. Ndung&#x;u J.K. Gathumbi E.W. Mutitu J.M. Wagacha 《Crop Protection》2008,27(8):1215-1219
Freshly harvested wheat grain samples were collected during the 2004 growing season to determine the presence of head blight-causing Fusarium species. Fungal contamination was determined by isolation on agar media, while mycotoxin analysis was by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The wheat grain samples were highly contaminated with fungi, especially Epicoccum, Alternaria and Fusarium species. The mean Fusarium infection rate varied from 13% to 18%, with the major head blight-causing species being Fusarium poae, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium avenaceum. F. graminearum isolates were found to be highly virulent (79% disease severity) and significantly reduced kernel weight. Most grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, with a mean incidence rate of up to 75% for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 86% for T-2 toxin. Other mycotoxins detected were zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. Co-occurrence of DON, T-2 toxin and zearalenone was found in up to 35% of the samples. The results suggested the presence of Fusarium head blight and associated mycotoxins in Kenya. The presence of several mycotoxins, even at such low levels, could pose chronic adverse health effects to human and livestock fed on the contaminated wheat products. 相似文献
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我国北方玉米子粒禾谷镰孢菌群产毒素化学型检测分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用镰孢菌产毒素基因特异性引物,对分离自我国北方春玉米区玉米子粒的禾谷镰孢菌复合种群(Fusarium graminearum clade)的43株镰孢菌菌株进行产毒素化学型检测.结果表明,我国北方玉米子粒中携带的禾谷镰孢菌(包括F. graminearum和F.asiaticum)检测到2种产毒素化学型,F. graminearum只产生脱氧雪腐镰孢烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON),F. asiaticum可以产生脱氧雪腐镰孢烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)和雪腐镰孢烯醇(Nivalenol, NIV). 相似文献
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S. S. Leach 《American Journal of Potato Research》1985,62(3):129-136
A survey of selected potato soils in Maine was made to determine the species and populations ofFusarium spp. present.Fusarium solani ‘Coeruleum’ was most often isolated butFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ was not recovered from any soil. Crops or cropping sequences in general showed no direct relationship to observed Fusaria populations or tuber dry rot. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect ofFusarium contaminated seed on soil and daughter tuber contamination. Whole and cut seed were inoculated withFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ and half of each lot treated with thiabendazole (1500 ppm) to controlFusarium seed decay. Soil populations ofF. roseum ‘Sambucinum’ were higher near plants produced from non-treated, cut seed tubers. No increase inFusarium populations was found between plants or near plants produced from whole or thiabendazole treated seed. Daughter tuber contamination was greatest from plants produced from non-treated contaminated cut seed, and lowest from whole or treated seed. Whole non-treated seed produced daughter tubers with contamination equal to treated whole seed. This indicates that the use of whole seed could be a method to reduce daughter tuber contamination and reduce reliance on chemical treatments. Cut seed contaminated withFusarium spp. is an important source of daughter tuber contamination which can result in a high amount of tuber dry rot in storage. 相似文献
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玉米抗旱性指标研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱作为玉米生长发育最主要的非生物逆境因子,已成为限制玉米产量形成的关键生态因素,也是我国玉米产量产生波动的重要原因,对粮食生产安全构成严重威胁。玉米抗旱性是水分胁迫条件下表现出的一种复杂综合特性,其适应干旱的形态结构是长期进化的结果,其生理指标变化也是一系列适应性改变后的综合表现。当今水资源短缺日益成为突出问题,且对玉米造成干旱的外部因素较多。本文从鉴定方法、形态指标、生理生化等方面阐述玉米抗旱机制与鉴定方法,综述玉米抗旱性最新研究进展。发展抗旱性玉米研究,为创制选育新的耐旱种质提供支撑,最终提升玉米抵御干旱胁迫的能力,这对于保障玉米可持续生产、解决粮食安全具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Guadalupe Méndez-Montealvo Francisco J. García-Suárez Octavio Paredes-López Luis A. Bello-Pérez 《Journal of Cereal Science》2008
Nixtamalization of maize grain is an ancient process that until now is used for tortilla production. This thermal-alkaline process produces important changes in morphology and rheological characteristics of starch that is the major component of maize. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the morphological and rheological properties of starch brought by nixtamalization of maize using image analysis and dynamic rheometry, respectively. Nixtamalized maize starch (NS) presented granule sizes higher than starch isolated from raw maize (S) due to the partial swelling produced in the nixtamalization process. In dynamic tests during the retrogradation kinetics, an inverse effect of the temperature was observed in the re-arrangement of starch components. NS was affected due to the thermal-alkaline process presenting an annealing that provoked a reduction in its ability to develop gels. This information is important during the processing of nixtamalized maize to masa and tortilla production. 相似文献
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建立玉米现代产业技术体系,加快玉米生产发展 总被引：26，自引：5，他引：21
玉米生产涉及多学科、多部门和多产业,形成独特的产业链条。玉米现代技术产业体系的建立必将大大加快我国玉米生产的发展。本文论述了玉米现代产业技术体系的内涵、玉米种质创新、育种取得的成就、存在的问题及其解决途径,玉米高产优质栽培理论与技术的发展现状与存在的问题,玉米产后加工的现状和前景。 相似文献