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1.
Live weight development and feed expenditure were investigated on 3 levels of protein supply and isocaloric rations in scientific feeding experiments with 10 castrated male pigs each of the genetic origin land race pig X large white fed individually in the live weight range between 30 and 100 kg with a subdivision at 60 kg. In the air-dried matter the crude protein content of the feed mixtures used in the first fattening period was 17.6; 15.7 and 13.7% resp. and in the second fattening period from 60 kg live weight onwards 14.9; 12.8 and 11.4% resp. for the 3 test groups. In both fattening periods the digestibility of the rations and the N-balance were determined at 3 representative animals from each of the 3 groups. The following average live weight gains were achieved in the 3 test groups: 1st fattening period: 662; 592 and 539 g resp.; 2nd X fattening period: 709; 676 and 644 g resp. Feed expenditure over the complete fattening period was 4.2; 4.5 and 5.2 kg air-dried matter per kg live weight gain. The highest protein supply resulted in the best live weight gain performance and the lowest expenditure. 相似文献
2.
Scientific feeding experiments were carried out with 7 male castrated pigs of the genetic origin land race pig X large white with the test animals fed individually and the rations containing approximately the same amounts of protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins but varied amounts of energy. Energy intake was adjusted to three levels: 100%, 85% and 70% of semi-ad-libitum intake (group 1 = 100%). With regard to protein supply there was a subdivision into 30-60 and 60-100 kg live weight. In addition to this, the digestibility of the feed mixture used and the N-balance were determined in both fattening periods. Having reached 100 kg live weight, the animals were slaughtered and a number of slaughtering parameters was determined. The average daily live weight gain in the three test groups was 749, 664 and 540 g over the whole fattening period. The feed expenditure was 3.7, 3.9 and 4.3 kg mixed feed per kg live weight gain so that, with regard to live weight performance and feed expenditure the group with the highest energy supply showed the best results. The level of energy supply had a remarkable influence on the composition of weight gain; thus the amount of fat in the carcass of the animals of groups 3 was by 1.8 kg and 2.5 kg resp. lower than of the animals in groups 2 and 1. 相似文献
3.
Scientific feeding experiments were carried out with 5 castrated male pigs and 4 female animals of the genetic origin "Camborough" in the live weight range between 30 and 100 kg with a subdivision at 60 kg. In each test group the animals were fed individually and received rations with approximately equal contents of protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins but different energy contents. Energy intake was adjusted to 3 levels of 100%, 85% and 70% of semi-ad-libitum intake. Apart from that, the digestibility of the feed mixtures used in the 2 fattening periods was determined. Having reached a live weight of 100 kg, 7 representative animals per group were slaughtered and a number of slaughtering parameters were registered. In all three test groups the daily live weight gain over the complete fattening period was very high (846, 819 and 778 g). Though the weight gain in group 3 with 70% of the energy supply of group 1 is significantly lower than in the other two groups, it is, however, only 70 g lower than in group 1. Consequently, the feed expenditure (2.6 kg mixed feed per kg live weight gain) in group 3 is by 20% lower than in group 1, in which the feed expenditure is 3.2 kg mixed feed per kg live weight gain. There were no significant differences on the weight gain performances and the registered carcass parameters between sows and castrated male pigs. Observed deviating tendencies are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
4.
Groups of male and female Cairina ducks subjected to equal starter feeding (1st to 3rd weeks) were used from the 4th week of live (fattening period) to test feed mixes of varying energy and crude protein levels (480 energetic feed equivalents/heu[EFH] - 140 g crude protein[CP]; 480 EFh - 180/g CP; 555 EFh - 140 g CP; 555 EFh - 180 g CP; 625 EEh - 140 g CP; 625 EFh - 180 g CP - all figures referred to 1 kg of feed). The different energy levels remained without influence of the live weight development. High-energy feed caused, however, higher expenditures of energetic feed equivalents per kg of gain and resulted in carcases with higher fat proportion. At all the 3 energy levels under study, high-protein feeding proved superior to low-protein rations with regard to live weight gains and meat yield. For the time being, 500 EFh and 180 g CP per kg of organic matter are recommended as indicators for Cairina duck fattening rations. 相似文献
5.
A total of 110 barrows fed varying levels of energy and amino acids in 8 treatments, were tested. The weight gains per fattening day and energy expenditure were found to be mainly determined by energy intake. Up to a liveweight of 100 kg both low and high levels of amino acid supply produced the same fattening performance results as amino acid supply to standard. In the 100-120 kg liveweight range, the animals fed higher levels of protein proved slightly superior. As to energy expenditure, animals subjected to restricted feeding up to 70 kg liveweight and fed full rations later, consumed 2.22 kEFs (2.22 kilo energetic feed equivalents/swine) per kg gain and proved significantly superior to those animals that were very intensively fed at the beginning and put to restricted feeding beyond 70 kg liveweight (2.53 kEFs per kg gain) as well as to those receiving high levels of energy all the time (2.39 kEFs/kg gain). In the latter case, 23 g of lysine were required per kg gain. 相似文献
6.
With a total number of 157 boars 9 feeding variants with different levels of energy and amino acids were checked. The weight increase per fattening day and the energy and lysine expenditure per kg live weight increase were determined. The insufficient supply with lysine had negative effects on the live weight increase and the energy expenditure during the whole fattening period. Between the variantes with a high supply with amino acids (120%) and the supply according to standard (100%) no significant differences concerning the live weight increase could be ascertained up to 90 kg live weight. Between 90 and 120 kg live weight the animals in the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply achieved significantly higher increases than those in the standard variant. Up to 90 kg live weight the energy expenditure for all groups amounted to 2,08 kEFs (energetic feed units for pigs) per kg live weight increase. The most suitable results were achieved by the animals which received the variants rich in energy (1,760 resp. 1,770 kEFs per kg live weight increase). Above the 90 kg live weight limit the energy expenditure rose considerably, remained however under 2,000 kEFs per kg live weight increase for the boars of the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply as well as for the variant rich in energy and 100% lysine supply. The lysine expenditure in the first variant amounted to 25.1 g per kg live weight increase and for the variant rich in energy to 20.6 g lysine per kEFs. 相似文献
7.
In two growth experiments with 30 lambs per group the influence of urea (1-2% of the ration) and straw (20-30% of the ration) on the performance was studied under conditions of intensive fattening. The content of native crude protein in the rations varied between 10.1 and 18.4% of the DM. In experiment 1 the lambs of the two groups which received mixed feed for fattening lambs without urea on average consumed with 1.02 and 1.11 kg DM resp., 696 and 757 EFUcattle resp. and 173 and 189 g crude protein resp. per animal and day. The groups with wheat or barley and urea consumed 1.06 and 0.96 kg DM resp., 714 and 627 EFUcattle resp. and 209 and 155 g crude protein resp. Their weight gain of 247 g/animal and day was 24% and that of 230 g resp. 26% higher than that in the control groups without urea. The lowest dry matter intake (0.91 and 0.82 kg resp.) was shown by the animals of the groups which received wheat or barley without urea. In the second experiment the control group achieved an average daily weight gain of 327 g at an expenditure of 2.24 kEFUcattle/kg weight gain. Despite a partly higher dry matter intake, the daily EFUcattle intake was between 12.2 and 24.5% lower in the straw groups and energy expenditure increased between 12.0 and 27.8%. Urea supplements of between 1 and 2% improved dry matter, EFUcattle and crude protein intake and thus weight gain. 相似文献
8.
For the purpose of ascertaining the vitamin A requirement seven experiments with 303 pigs in the live weight range between 6.5 and 114 kg were made. In three experiments under in practice conditions we checked the standard vitamin A supplement to the mixed feed with 1,732 pigs (live weight range between 8.5 and 110 kg). The supplement to vitamin-A-free rations and to those poor in or free of carotene amounted to between 0 and 8,000 IU/kg feed. Above that, between 0 and 16 mg beta-carotene and 1,000 mg nitrite/kg feed were supplemented. As long as the vitamin A store in the liver during weaning amounted to greater than 50 IU and greater than 100 IU/g at the beginning of fattening, feed intake, live weight growth and feed expenditure were not influenced by the supplement of vitamin and provitamin resp. The supplement of 250 IU resulted in the same weight growth from weaning to the end of fattening as that of 4,000 IU. Nitrite supplement had a negative effect at 250 IU, at 500 IU vitamin A consumption and weight growth tended to be only insignificantly lower. The methaemoglobin content decreasing in the course of the experiment reflects the adaptation of the pigs to the nitrite load. The consumption and growth depression caused by vitamin A deficiency could be observed from the 7th week of the experiment when casein-swelling starch rations were fed, but from the 13th week of the experiment only when cereal-soybean oilmeal rations were fed. The weight of liver, spleen, kidneys, heart and brain was not influenced by vitamin A supply. The same applies to the body composition and retention with the exception of two deficiency piglets, which contained less fat in the empty body than the control animals. 相似文献
9.
In 3 experiments a total of 242 total metabolism experiments with ad libitum feeding (experiment 1), 75% (experiment 2) and 62% (experiment 3) of the energy level of the 1st experiment and approximately equal protein and amino acid doses in experiments 1-3 were carried out with 8 castrated male fattening hybrids each (large white X land race pig) X line 150) in the live weight range between 30 and 120 kg. On average, feed intake over the whole live weight range was 2.24; 1.79 and 1.50 kg/animal and day, the corresponding daily live weight gain was 729, 533 and 396 g. With regard to the digestibility of the energy and the nutrients and the metabolisable energy in % of the gross energy there was no relation to the development of the animals. The intake of metabolisable energy per kg live weight decreased with ad libitum feeding and with the advancing development at the end of the experiment in contrast to the beginning of the experiment to 53%, energy retention to 56%. The utilisation of metabolisable energy for body energy retention, taking account of a maintenance requirement of 450 kJ/kg live weight 0,62 on the average of the 3 experiments was 68.4 +/- 1.9, 70.3 +/- 2.0 and 64.3 +/- 2.6%. Energy retention in experiments 1 to 3 amounted to 8.6, 6.8 and 5.3 MJ at the beginning and to 18.1, 12.2 and 8.0 MJ per animal and day at the end of the experiment. Protein energy retention of the pigs (live weight 40 kg) was 26% of the total energy retention in experiments 1 and 2 and 49% in experiment 3. In experiments 1 and 3 protein retention decreased to 15% of the total energy retention, in experiment 2 protein retention remained constantly at 22% between 60 and 110 kg live weight and then decreased to 18%. Consequently, the N-balances were 23-16 g, 16-20 g and 16-9 g/animal and day. The chemical composition of the carcasses was strongly influenced by the level of nutrition. At the beginning of the experiment the protein content averaged between 49 and 57% and the total fat content between 31 and 38% of the dry matter. At the end of the experiment the carcasses of the animals from experiments 1-3 had crude protein contents of 28, 33 and 42% and total fat contents of 66, 61 and 50% of the dry matter. 相似文献
10.
Studies of the energy metabolism at maintenance and growth levels after the feeding of rations with a crude protein content of 17-24% and 44-47% resp. were carried out with hybrid pigs of line 150 in the live weight range between 10 and approximately 50 kg. This paper gives information on the methods and the outlay of the experiment and presents results concerning feed intake, live weight development and digestibility. Feed intake increased on average with growing live weight by 30-35 g DM/kg live weight. Feed conversion ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 kg DM/kg live weight gain in the first period and from 2.3 to 3.2 kg DM/kg live weight gain in the last period. The digestibility of the energy in the rations with a crude protein content of between 17 and 24% averaged 80% and that of the rations with a crude protein content of 44-47% averaged 86%. In the course of ontogenetic development the digestibility increased up to about 30 kg LW. The influence of the nutritional level on the level of digestibility was unequal in the experiments. In one experiment a decrease (1% unit) and in two experiments an increase (1-3% units) of the digestibility after the feeding of growth level in contrast to maintenance level could be observed. The change of rations with a varying protein content did not result in an influence on the digestibility level in comparison with the constant feeding of one ration. 相似文献
11.
In three experiments with fattening pigs the supplementation of a ration with 8% rapeseed oilmeal (RSO) with 1 mg J/kg resulted in an increased weight gain per day of 31, 94 and 87%. On the other hand, only 83, 76 and 84% of the weight gain of the soybean oilmeal control groups were achieved. The additional supply with 250 mg Cu (experiments II and III) increased the weight gain to 84 and 96% in comparison to the unsupplemented control groups. The combination of J + Cu + Zn lead to the same performance as that of J + Cu (experiment III). In the RSO groups without J-supplement changes in body proportions and parakeratosis could be observed after approximately equal to 7 weeks. After the sole supplementation of Cu these symptoms occurred approximately equal to 4 weeks later. In vitro, the supplementation of RSO with a CuSO4 solution resulted in a decrease of vinylthiooxazolidon and isothiocyanate in line with the CuSO4-concentration. 0.2 mg J/kg feed (experiment III) resulted in the same fattening performance as the supplementation of the ration with 1 mg J and outwardly visible deficiency symptoms. The results show that Cu, depending on its quota, results in a decrease of goitrogenics in the feed and that J and Cu supplementation to rations with rapeseed oilmeal have an additive effect and that parakeratosis can be prevented by J-supplementation. 相似文献
12.
In investigations with 30 young cows (twin cattle) the applicability of straw materials as sole roughage was tested during the first half of their second year of life (183 feeding days). In the course of the experiment sole feed pellets (I) and partly pelleted rations of dried feed (straw pellets plus loose wheat and loose wheat straw resp.; II) were used. Approximately 72% of the dry matter intake was provided from straw materials in both groups and on an average of the test period. Weight gain and feed expenditure were ascertained and at the end of the test period also the parameters of rumen fermentation and of the concentration of some metabolism parameters in the blood serum. With feed supply being restrictive (2.2 kg dry matter/100 kg live weight), a high dry matter intake from straw (1.6 kg/100 kg live weight or 4.8 kg/animal and day resp.) and average weight gains of between 574 (I) and 582 g (II) were achieved. The standard expenditure of energy (kEFUcattle) and protein stated in the GDR feed evaluation system for this period of development was undercut by 27 (II) and 29 (I)% and 12 (II) and 18 (I)% resp. On average the expenditure of kEFUcattle/kg weight gain was 4.75 (I) and 4.98 (II) and that of digestible crude protein/kg weight gain 679 (I) and 733 g (II). Compared to standard values the expenditure of energy and feed expenditure from concentrates was 80%. Rumen fermentation conditions corresponded to those of a high cellulolytic activity (C2: C3 ratio of greater than 4: 1). The only significant differences between the groups at the time of sampling were to be observed in the total concentration of volatile fatty acids and in the pH-value in the rumen. The absolute (1/animal) and relative (1/kg dry matter intake) volume of rumen fluid varied between 65 and 70 and between 10.5 and 12.5 1. The ascertained concentration of selected metabolism parameters were within the physiologic standard range. 相似文献
13.
The suitability of a corn and cob maize silage (CCM) as a component rich in energy in the fattening ration was investigated in a growth experiment with male broilers. The CCM silage with a dry matter content of 60.2% contained the following substances determining its value (per 1 kg dry matter of the feed): 102 g crude protein, 61 g crude fibre and 682 energetic feed units for chickens (EFUc). CCM silage was either fed as a component of a feed mixture consisting of 70.5% CCM silage and 29.5% protein concentrate (all values of original substance) or both components of the ration were fed to broilers separately. The protein concentrate was composed as follows (values per kg): 650 g soybean oilmeal, 110 g fishmeal, 85 g tankage from rendering plants, 55 g torula yeast, 70 g mineral mixture and 30 g of a mixture of biologically active substances. The broilers of the control group received commercial fattening feed for broilers with coarse maize meal as cereal component. The feed mixture with CCM silage and separate CCM silage were accepted readily. When CCM silage and protein concentrate were offered alternatively, the same amount of CCM silage was consumed but 8% less protein concentrate. The broilers fed with CCM silage plus protein concentrate reached 96-97% of the live weight of the control animals (1.952 g/animal, 49th day), which received conventional feed, although their net energy intake was 10% lower. This proves a more favourable net energy expenditure for the test groups fed with CCM silage. 相似文献
14.
Seven variants with graduated energy and amino acid levels were tested at 105 growing sows in a live weight range between 30 and 120 kg. The weight increase and the energy expenditure showed a distinct dependence on the energy level of the ration and are mainly determined by the energy intake. Up to a live weight of 90 kg a 20% lysine over- or undersupply in comparison with the norm had no influence on the growth intensity of the animals. On the low and medium energy levels there was a tendency of superiority of the animals which received feeds rich in protein in the section between 90 and 120 kg. In the variant with a high energy level, however, a diminishing increase was detected in the last third of the fattening period in connection with the growing lysine level. The overall most suitable result was achieved in variant M 120 with a daily increase of 675 g and an energy expenditure of 2.04 kilo energetic feed units for pigs per kg increase. 相似文献
15.
In an individual feeding experiment (150-500 kg live weight) the influence of the polyether antibiotic Monensin on the fattening, slaughtering and retention performances of crossbreeding dairy bulls (genotype 31) and fattening hybrids (genotype 61) was ascertained. The supplementation of the polyether antibiotic on average resulted in a decrease by approximately equal to 11% of the dry matter and energy expenditure per kg weight gain due to a lower feed intake and a higher live weight gain. The slaughtering parameter investigated and the chemical composition of the empty body remained uninfluenced. The daily nutrient retention values were positively influenced by the Monensin supplementation since the fattening bulls of the test group required 30 days less to achieve the attempted fattening weight. The additional retention of protein, fat and energy per animal and day in the dairy bulls approximately equal to 10.9; 13.5 and 16.4% and in the fattening hybrids 1.9; 3.2 and 2.6%. Due to a higher energy retention at a lower level of feed and energy intake after Monensin supplementation an average of approximately equal to 11.3 and 15.4% resp. more of the consumed digestible protein and the digestible energy resp. were retained in the empty bodies. One can conclude that Monensin improved the utilisation of feed energy; obviously the effect of the polyether antibiotic is due to its influence on processes in the rumen or directly or indirectly on metabolism. 相似文献
16.
A total of 1,900 male broilers of the variety White Plymouth Rock was tested with 4 energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) and 4 protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) in their first 56 days of life in 16 test groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban summer temperatures from their 15th day of life onwards. As every test group was run with 6 repetitions, the results could be variance analytically calculated. In a comparison of the behaviour of the male animals in winter and in summer it can be stated that the animals took in between 3.4 and 25% more feed in winter than in summer. In general, a lower body protein and body fat amount could be found in all test groups in summer compared to that in winter. Feed expenditure and the utilization of energy and protein were not as good as in winter. It could be shown that both maximum live weight and live weight gain can be achieved in the 2nd fattening period in the Cuban summer if rations containing 12.6 MJ metabolizable energy and 20% CP are fed in a one-phase feeding system. 相似文献
17.
A Hennig G Flachowsky D Wolfram G Stubendorff C Geissler E Flachowsky G Richter 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1979,29(11):731-741
In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin. 相似文献
18.
Three groups of six pigs each (live weight at the beginning of the experiment 20 kg) were given a cereal ration with 8% rape seed meal. Group I did not receive a J supplement and was fed ad libitum. The rations of groups II and III were supplemented with 1 mg J/kg feed. The feed intake of group II was limited to the amount consumed by group I (pair fed); group III received the feed ad libitum. The daily weight gains of the 3 groups were 327, 377 and 613 g, feed expenditure 3.79, 3.68 and 3.47 kg/kg gain. In an N balance experiment carried out with 3 animals each from groups I and II, 41.4% of the N taken in group I and 43.8% in group II were retained (p greater than 0.05). Liver, intestinal fat and leaf were heavier in group I (p less than 0.01), the protein content of the empty body, the bones and bristles significantly lower than in group II. Protein retention in group II was 14% higher than in group I. In case of iodine deficiency protein retention is lower, energy retention, however, is largely unchanged. 相似文献
19.
Six fattening boars each, hybrids of line 150(150 X (L X E] received rations with 17 and 45% crude protein. In the live weight range of 36 to 167 kg, 5 periods of growth feeding alternated with 4 periods of maintenance feeding. Compared with maintenance level the nutrition level of 2.7 did not have an influence on digestibility. Nitrogen retention was only insignificantly influenced by the level of protein supply. The maintenance requirement of the animals used was by 50% higher than in previous experiments made by our work team. On average it amounted to 1,017 KJ metabolizable energy per kg LW0.62, i.e. to 1,063 for those animals fed with rations containing 17% crude protein and to 986 for those animals receiving 45% crude protein in their rations. The utilization of metabolizable energy for energy retention amounted to 75% for rations with 17% crude protein and to 70% for rations with 45% crude protein. The partial utilization of metabolizable energy for fat retention was ascertained as 90% and for protein retention as 53% by means of multiply regressive assessment. 相似文献
20.
In connection with the measuring of parameters of the protein metabolism in parallel experiments, the energy metabolism of 6 chickens (origin Tetra B) in the live weight range between approximately 100 and 1,800 g was determined under conditions of restricted energy supply. 3 animals each received a feed mixture containing 20% (animal group 1) and 38% (animal group 2) crude protein. The amount of feed was daily increased by 1.5 g DM. The digestibility of energy and nitrogen was independent of the age. 66.3 +/- 3.3% and 64.0 +/- 5.0% resp. of the metabolisable energy were utilised for protein and fat retention. The energy maintenance requirement, determined at a live weight of 2,000 g, was independent of protein supply and averaged in the two animal groups 434 +/- 40 kJ metabolisable energy/kg live weight 0.75 . d. The result of multiple regression was, for the growth period investigated, an energy maintenance requirement of 403 +/- 32 kJ metabolisable energy/kg live weight 0.75 . d. 1.77 and 1.38 J metabolisable energy resp. were required for 1 J protein or fat retention. The energy requirement for protein retention was independent of the degree of protein supply. The results from the measuring of energy metabolism are discussed in connection with the kinetic parameters of protein metabolism ascertained in parallel experiments. 相似文献