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1.
The global budget of N(2)O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean. Measurements of the (15)N/(14)N and (18)O/(16)O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N(2)O, tropical rain forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N(2)O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from sugar-cane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both (15)N and (18)O relative to mean tropospheric N(2)O. A major source of heavy N(2)O, enriched in both (15)N and (18)O, must therefore be present to balance the light N(2)O from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N(2)O from the stratosphere, which is enriched in (15)N and (18)O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of (15)N and (18)O are so great that a large oceanic flux of N(2)O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these effects will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N(2)O in polar ice cores. 相似文献
2.
Laboratory studies show that the reaction of short-lived O2(B3Sigmau) molecules (lifetime approximately 10 picoseconds) with N2 and the photodissociation of the N2:O2 dimer produce NOx in the stratosphere at a rate comparable to the oxidation of N2O by O(1D). This finding implies the existence of unidentified NOX sinks in the stratosphere. The NO2 observed in this experiment is isotopically heavy with a large 15N/14N enhancement. However, photodissociation of this NO2 unexpectedly produced NO molecules with a low 15N/14N ratio. The diurnal odd-nitrogen cycle in the stratosphere will be marked by a complex isotope signature that will be imprinted on the halogen and HOX catalytic cycles. 相似文献
3.
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion. 相似文献
4.
【目的】对燕麦发芽前后酚类物质的组成变化进行分析,对疑似燕麦蒽酰胺的组分进行结构鉴定。【方法】通过高效液相色谱分析未发芽燕麦、发芽6 d燕麦籽粒、芽和根提取物的多酚组成,利用高效液相色谱与串联四级杆飞行时间质谱仪联用技术（HPLC/Q-TOF-MS）获得燕麦蒽酰胺的精确分子量。【结果】燕麦发芽后籽粒中酚酸的种类和数量明显减少,相对含量由32.14%下降至5%以下,而燕麦蒽酰胺的相对含量由45.52%上升至79.21%。2c、2p、2f、t2和t3是原样和6 d籽粒中共有的主要蒽酰胺,其分子式（分子量）分别为C16H13O6N（315.0753）、C16H13O5N（299.0818）、C17H15O6N（329.0912）、C18H15O5N（325.0968）和C19H17O6N（355.1077）,其中t2和t3是发芽过程中含量上升最显著的组分。6 d芽和6 d根提取物中的成分与籽粒存在显著差异,主要组分w6—w10的分子量分别为564.1498、592.1808、494.1781、710.1834和192.0433。【结论】燕麦发芽前后酚类物质的组成产生了很大变化,明确了6种蒽酰胺的结构信息以及4种未知物质的精确分子量,为发芽燕麦的研究提供了新的理论依据。 相似文献
5.
Marty B Chaussidon M Wiens RC Jurewicz AJ Burnett DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6037):1533-1536
The Genesis mission sampled solar wind ions to document the elemental and isotopic compositions of the Sun and, by inference, of the protosolar nebula. Nitrogen was a key target element because the extent and origin of its isotopic variations in solar system materials remain unknown. Isotopic analysis of a Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator target material shows that implanted solar wind nitrogen has a (15)N/(14)N ratio of 2.18 ± 0.02 × 10(-3) (that is, ≈40% poorer in (15)N relative to terrestrial atmosphere). The (15)N/(14)N ratio of the protosolar nebula was 2.27 ± 0.03 × 10(-3), which is the lowest (15)N/(14)N ratio known for solar system objects. This result demonstrates the extreme nitrogen isotopic heterogeneity of the nascent solar system and accounts for the (15)N-depleted components observed in solar system reservoirs. 相似文献
6.
硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
【目的】明确好气条件下硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献,比较温度变化对两个过程排放贡献的影响。【方法】通过室内好气培养试验（60%WHC）,采用15N同位素标记技术测定林地和草地土壤在10℃和15℃下铵态氮、硝态氮和N2O的15N丰度,计算硝化和反硝化过程对N2O排放的贡献。【结果】好气培养条件下,林地和草地土壤中的硝化作用和反硝化作用同时发生,硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献为53.1%―72.0%,是N2O排放的主要过程。培养期间林地土壤中反硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为44.9%,显著大于草地土壤（28.9%）,而硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为55.1%,显著小于草地土壤（71.1%）。温度增加显著促进了土壤中N2O的排放,但是对硝化和反硝化过程的N2O排放贡献没有影响。【结论】好气条件下硝化作用是土壤中N2O排放的主要过程,但反硝化作用仍占有很大比例。 相似文献
7.
Arpigny C Jehin E Manfroid J Hutsemékers D Schulz R Stüwe JA Zucconi JM Ilyin I 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5639):1522-1524
High-resolution spectra of the CN B2 summation operator +-X2 summation operator + (0,0) band at 390 nanometers yield isotopic ratios for comets C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) as follows: 165 +/- 40 and 115 +/- 20 for 12C/13C, 140 +/- 35 and 140 +/- 30 for 14N/15N. Our N isotopic measurements are lower than the terrestrial 14N/15N = 272 and the ratio for Hale-Bopp from measurements of HCN, the presumed parent species of CN. This isotopic anomaly suggests the existence of other parent(s) of CN, with an even lower N isotopic ratio. Organic compounds like those found in interplanetary dust particles are good candidates. 相似文献
8.
The ocean is an important global source of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone destruction. Bacterial nitrification and denitrification are thought to be the primary sources of marine N(2)O, but the isotopic signatures of N(2)O produced by these processes are not consistent with the marine contribution to the global N(2)O budget. Based on enrichment cultures, we report that archaeal ammonia oxidation also produces N(2)O. Natural-abundance stable isotope measurements indicate that the produced N(2)O had bulk δ(15)N and δ(18)O values higher than observed for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but similar to the δ(15)N and δ(18)O values attributed to the oceanic N(2)O source to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ammonia-oxidizing archaea may be largely responsible for the oceanic N(2)O source. 相似文献
9.
采用分隔式封闭箱法,测定盆栽大豆植株氧化亚氮(N2O)通量以及光照度、光合速率和气孔导度的日变化。同时,观测田间大豆—土壤系统在主要生长阶段N2O释放的变化。在温室里,大豆植株N2O释放在上午10:00时出现一个高峰;中午时N2O释放量较低,此时光照度和光合速率都保持在较高的水平上;在14:00时,N2O释放量达到低谷,光照度达到最大,但光合速率却处于很低的水平;在15:00时,植株N2O的释放达到第二个高峰,但光照度和光合速率却处于快速下降期。结果表明:植物N2O的释放不仅与光合作用的光反应有关,而且也与暗反应有关。上午10:00以后植株N2O释放通量与气孔导度变化没有一致的关系。在大豆生长季,大豆—土壤系统N2O释放通量有两个高峰,第一个峰出现在6月中下旬,第二个高峰出现在9月下旬。 相似文献
10.
Atmospheric gases trapped in polar ice at the firn to ice transition layer are enriched in heavy isotopes (nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18) and in heavy gases (O(2)/N(2) and Ar/N(2) ratios) relative to the free atmosphere. The maximum enrichments observed follow patterns predicted for gravitational equilibrium at the base of the firn layer, as calculated from the depth to the transition layer and the temperature in the firn. Gas ratios exhibit both positive and negative enrichments relative to air: the negative enrichments of heavy gases are consistent with observed artifacts of vacuum stripping of gases from fractured ice and with the relative values of molecular diameters that govern capillary transport. These two models for isotopic and elemental fractionation provide a basis for understanding the initial enrichments of carbon-13 and oxygen-18 in trapped CO(2), CH(4), and O(2) in ice cores, which must be known in order to decipher ancient atmospheric isotopic ratios. 相似文献
11.
采用田间原位采集系统,于2010年7月25日～2010年9月11日对小白菜生长期间土壤剖面7cm,15cm,30cm与50cm N2O浓度进行田间原位监测。结果表明,土壤剖面间N2O浓度呈现较大的时空变异性。同一土层中,N2O浓度的变异性达到31%～135%。7cm与15cm,30cm与50cm土壤剖面间土层间N2O浓度呈显著的正相关。30cm与50cm土层的N2O浓度显著大于7cm与15cm土层的N2O浓度。小白菜地的30～50cm土层是N2O产生的主要位点。此外蔬菜地土壤剖面有明显的硝酸盐积累现象,同时表层土壤pH低于底层土壤。 相似文献
12.
Holtgrieve GW Schindler DE Hobbs WO Leavitt PR Ward EJ Bunting L Chen G Finney BP Gregory-Eaves I Holmgren S Lisac MJ Lisi PJ Nydick K Rogers LA Saros JE Selbie DT Shapley MD Walsh PB Wolfe AP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6062):1545-1548
Humans have more than doubled the amount of reactive nitrogen (Nr) added to the biosphere, yet most of what is known about its accumulation and ecological effects is derived from studies of heavily populated regions. Nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios ((15)N:(14)N) in dated sediments from 25 remote Northern Hemisphere lakes show a coherent signal of an isotopically distinct source of N to ecosystems beginning in 1895 ± 10 years (±1 standard deviation). Initial shifts in N isotope composition recorded in lake sediments coincide with anthropogenic CO(2) emissions but accelerate with widespread industrial Nr production during the past half century. Although current atmospheric Nr deposition rates in remote regions are relatively low, anthropogenic N has probably influenced watershed N budgets across the Northern Hemisphere for over a century. 相似文献
13.
畜禽粪便堆肥过程中碳氮损失及温室气体排放综述 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
堆肥是畜禽粪便资源化利用的重要技术,但堆肥过程中碳氮损失会降低产品的农用价值并造成温室气体排放。堆肥过程中的污染气体排放受多种因素影响,本文综述了堆肥原料类型、辅料类型、初始C/N、含水率和通风速率对畜禽粪便堆肥过程碳氮损失和温室气体（CH4、NH3、N2O）排放的影响。结果发现：48.7%的C和27.7%的N在堆肥过程中损失,其中CH4-C损失平均占初始总碳的0.5%,NH3-N和N2O-N损失分别占初始总氮的18.9%和1.1%。不同种类粪便堆肥碳氮损失差异明显,猪粪和鸡粪堆肥的温室气体排放量高于牛粪和羊粪。选择富含C的辅料与畜禽粪便联合堆肥均可促进有机物降解,其中以稻草或锯末为辅料时的温室气体排放量较低。初始C/N对堆肥过程N损失影响较大,总氮、NH3和N2O的损失均随C/N的增加而降低,其中C/N为20~25时最适宜N素保留。初始含水率显著影响CH4和N2O的排放,其排放量随含水率的增加呈显著上升趋势,以含水率为60%~65%最为适宜。通风速率（以堆肥干基计）为0.1~0.2 L·kg-1·min-1时,CH4排放和总碳损失较低;通风速率为0.1~0.3 L·kg-1·min-1时,N2O、NH3和总氮损失较低。因此,为降低畜禽粪便堆肥过程碳氮损失和温室气体排放量,建议采用的工艺参数为：通风速率0.1~0.3 L·kg-1·min-1、含水率60%~65%、C/N为20~25。 相似文献
14.
Impacts of Fertilization Alternatives and Crop Straw Incorporation on N2O Emissions from a Spring Maize Field in Northeastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Spring maize is one of the most popular crops planted in northeastem China. The cropping systems involving spring maize have been maintaining high production through intensive management practices. However, the high rates of nitrogen （N） fertilizers application could have introduced a great amount of nitrous oxide （N2O） into the atmosphere. It is crucial for sustaining the maize production systems to reduce N2O emissions meanwhile maintaining the optimum yields by adopting alternative farming management practices. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of alternative fertilization and crop residue management practices on N2O emission as well as crop yield for a typical maize field in northeastern China. Field experiments were conducted during the 2010-2011 maize growing seasons （from early May to late September） in Liaoning Province, northeastern China. N2O fluxes were measured at the field plots with six different treatments including no N fertilizer use （CK）, farmers＇ conventional N fertilizer application rate （FP）, reduced N fertilizer rate （OPT）, reduced N fertilizer rate combined with crop straw amendment （OPTS）, slow-release N fertilizer （CRF）, and reduced N fertilizer rate combined with nitrification inhibitor （OPT＋DCD）. The static chamber method combined with gas chromatography technique was employed to conduct the measurements of N2O fluxes. The field data showed that N2O emissions varied across the treatments. During the maize growing season in 2010, the total N2O emissions under the treatments of CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and CRF were 0.63, 1.11, 1.03, 1.26, and 0.98 kg N ha-1, respectively. The seasonal cumulative N2O emissions were 0.54, 1.07, 0.96, 1.12, and 0.84 kg N ha1, respectively, under CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and OPT＋DCD in 2011. In comparison with FP, CRF or OPT＋DCD reduced the N2O emissions by 12 or 21%, respectively, while the crop yields remained unchanged. The results indicate that the reduction of N-fertilizer application rate in combination with the slow-release fertilizer type or nitrification inhibitor could effectively mitigate N2O emissions from the tested field. The incorporation of crop residue didn＇t show positive effect on mitigating N2O emissions from the tested cropping system. The field study can provide useful information for the on-going debate on alternative N fertilization strategies and crop straw management in China. However, further studies would be needed to explore the long-term impacts of the alternative management practices on a wide range of environmental services. 相似文献
15.
EksotikaⅡ品种番木瓜合理施肥量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2004年7月在海口市琼山区砖红壤地区的EksotikaⅡ品种番木瓜园,采用L18(37)正交设计,研究氮、磷、钾、镁、硼肥的不同配比和施肥量对植株生长量、果实产量、果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)在开花初果期(植后90～240d),促进植株生长健壮(植株叶片数增量9.6～9.7条/月、结瓜数增量13.2～13.3个/月)的合理施肥量(每15d施肥1次)为N15g/株·次、P2O515g/株·次、K2O20g/株·次、Mg0.24g/株·次、B0.28g/株·次;(2)在开花结果收获期(定植240d以后),促进植株高产(年产量达45.33～47.58t/hm2)和保持果实糖度处于最佳水平(糖度值12.0%～12.6%)的合理施肥量(每15d施肥1次)为N35g/株·次、P2O515g/株·次、K2O45g/株·次、Mg0.44g/株·次、B0.40g/株·次。 相似文献
16.
2013年6月～2014年6月,在河南省新乡夏玉米-冬小麦试验田设置四种处理即农民常规施肥（ F 处理,250 kg/hm2）、减氮20%（ LF 处理,200 kg/hm2）、减氮20%+黑炭（LFC）,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对夏玉米-冬小麦生长季土壤CO2和 N2O排放通量动态进行测定。结果表明：①夏玉米-冬小麦田的土壤 CO2排放通量为21.8～1022.7 mg/（m2·h）,土壤 CO2排放通量主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,在夏玉米季受土壤水分的影响更为显著,而在冬小麦季则为5 cm土层处的温度对其影响更为突出。减施氮肥20%处理和减氮加生物黑炭共同作用使土壤CO2累积排放量显著降低,小麦生长季的减排作用尤为显著。②施肥和灌溉是影响土壤 N2O排放的最主要因素,施肥期间 N2O排放量分别占夏玉米季和冬小麦季累积排放量的73.9%～74.5%和40.5%～43.6%;施肥量主要影响排放峰的强度,灌溉主要影响排放峰出现时间的早晚且会影响不同措施的减排效果。③夏玉米-冬小麦田农民常规施肥水平的 N2O 排放系数为0.60%,减氮施肥的 N2O排放系数为0.56%。在华北平原高产集约化农田适当减氮施肥不仅能降低农田土壤温室气体排放,且对作物产量无影响,是适宜的温室气体减排措施。 相似文献
17.
黑麦草鲜草翻压还田对双季稻田肥料氮循环的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】研究黑麦草鲜草与尿素混施对双季稻田肥料氮利用率及氮循环特征的影响。【方法】利用盆栽15N示踪试验比较总施氮量一致的条件下单施尿素（CF）、半量尿素与半量黑麦草鲜草混施（RGCF）以及不施氮肥（CK）对双季稻产量、氮吸收利用效率、肥料氮素在土壤中残余以及N2O排放的影响。【结果】与CK相比,RGCF和CF显著增加了双季稻生物量和稻谷产量。RGCF与CF相比,水稻生物量和稻谷产量分别增加5.9%和7.3%。 与CK相比,RGCF和CF显著增加了双季稻氮素吸收量。RGCF与CF氮素吸收量无显著差异。与CF相比,RGCF增加了氮素干物质生产效率、氮素稻谷生产效率和氮素农学效率,降低了15N回收率和15N收获指数。RGCF比CF提高了氮素在土壤中的残留率,降低了N2O排放量。【结论】在双季稻体系中,尿素与黑麦草混施能够提高氮素利用效率,改善稻田氮素循环。 相似文献
18.
在不同地点、不同肥力的果园,设置柰李肥料试验,对施肥量、土壤有效养分含量(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)和柰李相对产量等试验数据进行相关统计分析,并求取相应的回归方程,建立合适的数学模型,以此初步建立粤北山区柰李土壤有效养分丰缺指标和不同肥力土壤的推荐施肥量指标。结果表明:柰李的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾丰缺指标的数学模型分别为:y(相对产量)=37.334 ln(x)-89.905(R2=0.549 2,n=15)、y(相对产量)=11.149 ln(x)+37.141(R2=0.915 7,n=15)、y(相对产量)=32.779 ln(x)-65.621(R2=0.902,n=15)。柰李的推荐施氮、磷、钾肥总量数学模型分别为:y=-18.763 ln(x)+98.391(R2=0.669 9,n=15)、y=-2.611 2 ln(x)+16.07(R2=0.767 1,n=15)、y=-15.601 ln(x)+83.701(R2=0.750 9,n=15)。并根据推荐施肥量数学模型计算出粤北山区柰李不同土壤有效养分含量的推荐施肥总量。当土壤碱解氮含量分别为:<42.41、42.41~82.84、82.84~114.56、>114.56 mg/kg时,推荐的总施氮量分别为:>28.08、15.52~28.08、9.43~15.52、<9.43 kg/667 m2;当土壤有效磷含量为:<3.17、3.17~29.84、29.84~179.40、>179.40 mg/kg时,推荐的总施磷量分别为:>13.06、7.21~13.06、2.52~7.21、<2.52 kg/667 m2;当土壤速效钾含量分别为:<34.03、34.03~72.96、72.96~134.30、>134.30 mg/kg时,推荐的总施钾量分别为:>28.67、16.77~28.67、7.25~16.77、<7.25 kg/667 m2。 相似文献
19.
光周期和温度处理能够影响桂花Osmanthus fragrans的基因表达水平和花芽分化过程,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）分析基因表达已成为研究这些过程机制的重要手段,而筛选出适合光周期和温度处理的内参基因在研究桂花分子机制中尤为重要。为了得到不同光周期和温度处理下桂花中稳定的内参基因,以桂花品种‘佛顶珠’O.fragrans‘Foding Zhu’当年生枝条的第2或第3对幼叶为材料,以OfACT,OfEF1α,OfIDH,OfRAN1,OfTUB,OfUBC2和Of18S等7个基因作为候选内参基因,利用geNorm,NormFinder和BestKeeper 3个软件对候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行比较分析;以昼夜节律相关基因GIGANTEA（GI）对筛选出的最佳内参基因进行验证。结果表明:在不同处理条件下,桂花叶片中OfRAN1和OfIDH为最佳内参基因,Of18S的稳定性最差（geNorm分析结果显示OfRAN1和OfIDH的稳定值为0.347,而Of18S的稳定值为0.601;NormFinder显示OfRAN1和OfIDH的稳定值为0.135和0.206,而Of18S为0.474;BestKeeper显示OfRAN1的稳定值为0.80,OfIDH为0.133,而Of18S为0.474）;GI基因的相对表达水平分析表明（昼夜节律基因GI的表达模式为在白天累积并在夜间下降）,在7个内参基因及OfRAN1和OfIDH的基因组合中,使用OfRAN1和OfIDH的内参基因组合可获得GI基因更为精确的基因表达结果。综上所述,OfRAN1和OfIDH内参基因组合是桂花在不同光周期和温度处理下最佳内参基因组合。这为桂花分子机制研究奠定基础。 相似文献
20.
冬小麦/大葱轮作体系N2O排放特征及影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦/大葱轮作体系不同施肥处理下农田N2O排放特征及排放系数,分析了土壤湿度和土壤温度等环境因子对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,农田N2O排放高峰值主要出现在每次施肥+灌溉或强降雨之后的一段时间,大葱生长季排放峰值高且出现的频率比小麦生长季密集;N2O排放通量变化范围为-3.85～507.11μg N·m-2·h-1,平均值为251.63μgN·m-2·h-1,对于不同施肥处理,其年度N2O排放总量介于1.71 kg N·hm-2到4.60 kg N·hm-2之间。整个轮作体系不同处理N2O排放系数介于0.31%到0.48%之间,均值为0.43%;相对比农民习惯(FP)处理,优化施肥(OPT)、优化减氮(OPT-N)以及秸秆还田(C/N)处理均能显著减少N2O的排放,秸秆还田处理和优化减氮处理N2O排放总量比优化处理分别减少了17%和10%。在10℃<土壤温度(T)s<20℃时,N2O排放随温度的升高而增加;整个小麦生长季N2O排放随土壤湿度的增加而增加,且达到0.05的显著水平;大葱生长季在20℃相似文献