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1.
BACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system. RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m?2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 106 nematodes m?2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae. CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

2.
BACKGROUND: The most serious insect pest problems affecting the cultivation of mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach] in Turkey are mushroom flies (sciarids, cecids and phorids). Mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), is the most common insect pest species during April‐October. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for eight botanical materials (two commercial neem‐based products and six hot‐water plant extracts) to control M. halterata populations in three successive growing periods. RESULTS: Treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing adult emergence and sporophore damage rates compared with that of a standard insecticide, chlorpyrifos‐ethyl (positive control). All plant extracts caused significant reductions in the mean number of emerging adults and sporophore damage rates compared with the water‐treated control (negative control). Reduction in adult emergence in both neem treatments, Neemazal and Greeneem oil, was greater than that in the positive control. While Neemazal and Origanum onites L. extract had significantly lower sporophore damage rates than the positive control, there were no significant differences between the chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, Greeneem oil and Pimpinella anisum L. extract treatments. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that both neem products and hot‐water extracts of O. onites and P. anisum may be potential alternatives to conventional pesticides for the control of mushroom phorid fly. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) is one of the major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The feeding of sciarid fly larvae causes damage to the cultivation substrates, compost and casing. A comparative study of insecticidal treatments incorporated into compost and casing against B. ocellaris was conducted during 2003–2004. Treatments with an organophosphate, diazinon, a pyrazole, fipronil, and an insect growth regulator (IGR), triflumuron, were incorporated into casing. Another IGR, cyromazine, was incorporated into compost. Insecticidal incorporation into compost and casing has been associated with reductions in mushroom yield. Therefore, the effect of these insecticidal treatments on the overall yield was evaluated. RESULTS: A combined treatment, incorporation of cyromazine at 10 mg kg?1 into compost and of triflumuron at 20 mg kg?1 into casing, provided 100% control against B. ocellaris. There was no apparent reduction in yield as a result of incorporation of the tested chemicals into either compost or casing. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that incorporation of insecticides into both compost and casing is required to control a moderate to high pressure of insect pests. There were no significant yield reductions as a result of the incorporation of pesticides in the Australian mushroom‐growing system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Spinosad is a biopesticide widely used for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). It is reported to be non‐toxic to several predatory mite species used for the biological control of thrips. Predatory mites Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) have been used for control of F. occidentalis. This study investigated the impact of direct and residual toxicity of spinosad on F. occidentalis and predatory mites. The repellency of spinosad residues to these predatory mites was also investigated. RESULTS: Direct contact to spinosad effectively reduced the number of F. occidentalis adults and larvae, causing > 96% mortality. Spinosad residues aged 2–96 h were also toxic to F. occidentalis. Direct exposure to spinosad resulted in > 90% mortality of all three mite species. Thresholds for the residual toxicity (contact) of spinosad (LT25) were estimated as 4.2, 3.2 and 5.8 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. When mites were simultaneously exposed to spinosad residues and fed spinosad‐intoxicated thrips larvae, toxicity increased. Residual thresholds were re‐estimated as 5.4, 3.9 and 6.1 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. Residues aged 2–48 h repelled T. montdorensis and H. miles, and residues aged 2–24 h repelled N. cucumeris. CONCLUSION: Predatory mites can be safely released 6 days after spinosad is applied for the management of F. occidentalis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
A pepper esterase (PepEST) gene was introduced into creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Purified recombinant PepEST proteins were sufficient to inhibit the growth of the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani AG2‐2 (IIIB) (causing brown patch) and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (dollar spot), but not the oomycete responsible for pythium blight, Pythium aphanidermatum. PepEST proteins were most effective against R. solani. After genetic transformation of creeping bentgrass with PepEST, the genomic integration of transgenes bar and PepEST was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and their expression was also validated by northern blot and western blot analyses. Disease severity on R. solani‐inoculated leaves of transgenic plants was <10% compared to ca. 50% in non‐transgenic plants. Microscopic observation of infected leaves indicated that PepEST inhibited the growth of hyphae upon fungal infection.  相似文献   

6.
Agaricus bitorquis, a species originally found in nature, produces snowwhite, tasty and well storable fruiting bodies on the common mushroom substrate. Several strains of this species were tested for susceptibility to mushroom virus, viz, the original wild isolatesA. bitorquis Nos 1, 2, 4 and 6, and the selection and breeding products ‘Somycel 2.017’, Horst B30, Horst B6, Horst K26 and Horst K32. Inoculum consisted of either mycelium or spores from virus-infected mushrooms (A. bisporus), or both. Trays withA. bisporus were always inoculated simultaneously to check the infectivity of the inoculum. UnlikeA. bisporus, the strains ofA. bitorquis tested did not show symptoms of virus disease after inoculation. Their fruiting bodies did not present mushroom virus particles, either in extracted cell-free preparations, or in ultrathin sections of the tissue. Yields ofA. bitorquis were not decreased by inoculation. The efficacy of the inoculation technique is discussed. The recent commercial availability of immune mushroom strains was a relief to Dutch mushroom growers, who found the disease difficult to eradicate by sanitary measures only.  相似文献   

7.
Glucosinolate degradation products (GLDPs), mainly isothiocyanates, obtained by myrosinase‐catalysed hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GLs), are an important group of natural bioactive substances. The fungitoxic activity of four GLDPs, chosen on the basis of their side‐chain structures, was assayed against Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani. The effectiveness of the degradation products (DPs) of sinigrin (alkenyl GL), epi‐progoitrin (hydroxy‐alkenyl GL), glucoiberin and glucoerucin (thiofunctionalised GLs) in inhibiting P irregulare oospore germination and R solani soil colonisation were tested in a closed system, using an artificially infected soil. The fungitoxic activity of these GLDPs varied according to their side‐chain structure. As in previous in vitro studies, the thiofunctionalised GLDPs were found the most effective, producing complete inhibition of P irregulare oospore germination (0.01 µmole g−1 soil) and R solani soil colonisation (0.5 µmole g−1 soil), but even sinigrin DP showed a fungitoxic activity higher than that of epi‐progoitrin DP. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th2), T. harzianum (Th1), T. koningii (Tk) and T. viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 degrees C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre(-1), or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg(-1), reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz+carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn.  相似文献   

9.
Early blight of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) caused by Alternaria solani has the potential to become one of the most serious diseases throughout the tomato‐producing regions of Greece. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to study the virulence of A. solani isolates and the susceptibility of commercial tomato cultivars and hybrids to early blight. The isolates used, derived from naturally infected tomato plants during the period 1997/1998, differed significantly (P>0.05) in the rate of mycelial growth as well as in their ability to sporulate in vitro. No correlation (R2= 0.33) was found between mycelial growth and conidia production. Isolates of A. solani were virulent to young tomato plants (cv. Ace 55VF), although they differed significantly (P>0.05) in the intensity of symptoms produced on leaves, stems, petioles and flowers. Defoliation was linearly related (R2= 0.87) to the percentage of leaf area with symptoms. Twenty‐three tomato cvs. or F1 hybrids were evaluated for their susceptibility to early blight. The cultivars or hybrids were arbitrarily categorized as immune, highly tolerant, tolerant, moderately tolerant, susceptible and highly susceptible based on a percent disease index range: 0%, 1‐9%, 10‐24%, 25‐49%, 50‐74% and 75% or more respectively. None of the cultivars or hybrids tested was immune or tolerant to A. solani infection.  相似文献   

10.
Trichoderma aggressivum is an aggressive contaminant mould in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus leading to severe reductions in mushroom yields. Production of fully colonised A. bisporus substrate in Europe is commonly carried out in large tunnels (Phase III), after which the substrate undergoes several bulk handling (mixing) operations before ending up on shelves in mushroom growing facilities. The work presented here studied the effect of Trichoderma aggressivum inoculum, substrate mixing and supplementation on Agaricus bisporus yields and evaluated four methods to detect T. aggressivum in bulk handled substrate. Inoculum dilution level was shown to correlate well with mushroom yield (P < 0.0001) with reductions of 2–6 % at the most dilute level (10?4) and 60–100 % at the most concentrated level (10?1), depending on the experiment. Supplementation, with or without T. aggressivum, had no significant effect on mushroom yield (P ≥ 0.85) but a high degree of substrate mixing was shown to significantly increase (P < 0.0001) T. aggressivum-associated crop losses. Four T. aggressivum detection methods were evaluated and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method gave the most consistent and least variable results. Cycle threshold (CT) values ranged from 24 to 40, depending on the experiment and the inoculum dilution level, and false negatives (CT = 40) were reported on one occasion with the most dilute samples. The results indicate that Phase III mushroom substrate is vulnerable to infection by T. aggressivum when the fully colonised substrate is broken up and mixed during bulk handling operations, identifying a previously unidentified risk for Phase III substrate producers.  相似文献   

11.
Lectin fromGlycine max L. was extracted and purified by affinity chromatography using asialofetuin-linked porous amino-activated silica beads. The concentration-dependent effect of lectin was studied on freshly laid eggs (0–8 h old) of the melon flyBactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett); lectin failed to influence egg hatching. However, treating second instar larvae (64–72 h old) with increasing concentrations of lectin significantly reduced the development period, number of pupae and number of emergingB. cucurbitae, and was negatively correlated with the increase in the lectin concentration. The LC50 value, 54μg ml−1, was calculated on the basis of adult emergence. Treatment of the larvae (64–72 h old) with the LC50 concentration resulted in a decrease in pupal weight. The activity of three hydrolase enzymes (esterases, acid and alkaline phosphatases), one oxidoreductase (catalase) and one group transfer enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) was assayed in second instar larvae at the LC50 concentration of lectin after exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h. The activity of esterases increased significantly (P<0.01) at the three exposure intervals, whereas the activities of the three other hydrolyses and the transferases were significantly suppressed (P<0.01). http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 13, 2006.  相似文献   

12.
Studies were conducted to explain the relative success of ‘Dickeya solani’, a genetic clade of Dickeya biovar 3 and a blackleg‐causing organism that, after recent introduction, has spread rapidly in seed potato production in Europe to the extent that it is now more frequently detected than D. dianthicola. In vitro experiments showed that both species were motile, had comparable siderophore production and pectinolytic activity, and that there was no antagonism between them when growing. Both ‘D. solani’ and biovar 1 and biovar 7 of D. dianthicola rotted tuber tissue when inoculated at a low density of 103 CFU mL?1. In an agar overlay assay, D. dianthicola was susceptible to 80% of saprophytic bacteria isolated from tuber extracts, whereas ‘D. solani’ was susceptible to only 31%, suggesting that ‘D. solani’ could be a stronger competitor in the potato ecosystem. In greenhouse experiments at high temperatures (28°C), roots were more rapidly colonized by ‘D. solani’ than by biovar 1 or 7 of D. dianthicola and at 30 days after inoculation higher densities of ‘D. solani’ were found in stolons and progeny tubers. In co‐inoculated plants, fluorescent protein (GFP or DsRed)‐tagged ‘D. solani’ outcompeted D. dianthicola in plants grown from vacuum‐infiltrated tubers. In 3 years of field studies in the Netherlands with D. dianthicola and ‘D. solani’, disease incidence varied greatly annually and with strain. In summary, ‘D. solani’ possesses features which allow more efficient plant colonization than D. dianthicola at high temperatures. In temperate climates, however, tuber infections with ‘D. solani’ will not necessarily result in a higher disease incidence than infections with D. dianthicola, but latent seed infection could be more prevalent.  相似文献   

13.
Mushrooms are susceptible to a range of diseases and pests that can cause serious crop loss. Effective pest and pathogen control is a very important factor for the maintenance of efficient production of cultivated mushrooms. Integrated pest management in mushrooms is reliant upon four main principals/elements: sanitation, exclusion, monitoring and pest control. Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) and Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) (Diptera: Sciaridae) are major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. These pests cause losses in yield through larval damage of the compost, mycelium and sporophores, and affect the structural features of the compost itself. Adult flies of these species also act as vectors for the introduction of mites and fungal diseases in cultivated mushrooms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

14.
The effects of soil moisture (varying from 15% to 42% (v/v)) and sowing depth (1.5–6.0 cm) on the development of bean plants grown in sterile soil infested by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and its antagonist Trichoderma harzianum were studied under greenhouse conditions. The four possible combinations of soil infestation with both fungi were tested. Disease severity, percentage of plants emerged, plant height and dry weight were evaluated 3 weeks after sowing. Emergence rate and growth of plants inoculated only with R. solani were not affected by soil moisture, but in the presence of both fungi, plant emergence, plant height and dry weight significantly decreased when soil moisture diminished. Deep sowing significantly reduced the emergence rate and growth of those plants that were inoculated with R. solani only. However, when the soil was infested with both fungi, the effect of sowing depth was not significant. At a sowing depth of 6.0 cm, the percentage of plants emerged was 50% in the presence of T. harzianum, but only 6.7% when the pathogen was inoculated alone. The antagonist protected bean seedlings from pre-emergence damping-off, reduced disease severity and increased plant growth in the presence of R. solani, especially in moist soil.  相似文献   

15.
Two neem preparations and the bitter‐tasting synthetic chemical denatonium benzoate were tested in the laboratory as antifeedants against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. The effects of the three materials on Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), a hymenopteran parasitoid of ­P xylostella, were also recorded. All three materials significantly reduced the food consumption of ­P xylostella larvae. Parasitoid cocoons were formed on approximately half of those larvae which had been exposed to female C plutellae, regardless of antifeedant treatment, but emergence of adult parasitoids from the cocoons was significantly reduced by antifeedant treatment. In terms of food consumption and mortality of unparasitised P xylostella larvae, and emergence of adult C plutellae, the effect of each antifeedant preparation was directly related to the concentration of material used, but the effects of the neem preparations were greater than those of denatonium benzoate. However, no adult P xylostella emerged on any antifeedant treatment, therefore some of the parasitoids survived antifeedant treatments which were fatal to the unparasitised hosts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
The effects of post‐harvest curing and storage temperature on severity of black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, were investigated for potato crops grown for different crop durations (days from 50% emergence to harvest) in soils that posed a low, medium and high risk of disease. In field trials over four growing seasons (2005–8), black dot severity at harvest increased with increasing crop duration, within the range 103–146 days from 50% emergence to harvest (P < 0.05). In field trials over three growing seasons (2006–8), black dot severity on tubers at harvest increased significantly with increasing soil inoculum in each year, within the range 43–4787 pg C. coccodes DNA/g soil (P < 0.05). Storage trials were conducted to measure the influence of accumulated post‐harvest temperature on black dot. In 2005, no difference in black dot severity was observed on tubers stored for 20 weeks at 2.5 and 3.5 °C. In 2006 (but not 2007), increasing the duration of curing after harvest from 4 to 14 days increased black dot severity on tubers from 8.9 to 11.2% (P < 0.01) in long duration crops (>131 days after 50% emergence) grown under high (>1000 pg C. coccodes DNA/g soil) soil inoculum. The number of days of curing did not affect disease severity for shorter duration crops grown at high soil inoculum, or on crops grown at medium or low (100–1000 and <100 pg C. coccodes DNA/g soil, respectively) soil inoculum concentrations. Soil inoculum and crop duration together provided a reasonable prediction of black dot severity at harvest and after a 20‐week storage period.  相似文献   

17.
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a major disease of soybean in Canada. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate potential effectiveness of cell suspensions, cell‐free culture filtrates and broth cultures of Bacillus subtilis strain SB24 for suppression of SSR. The SB24 cell suspensions and cell‐free culture filtrates significantly reduced mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum by 50 to 75% and suppressed sclerotial formation by > 90%. The severity on soybean was negatively correlated (r < ?0·84, P < 0·01) to the concentrations of cell suspension, cell‐free culture filtrate and broth culture applied. The cell suspension and broth culture preparations significantly (P < 0·01) reduced SSR severity by 45 to 90% at concentrations ranging from 5 × 106 to 109 CFU mL?1. The most effective concentration was 5 × 108 CFU mL?1 for all three preparations, reducing the severity by 60 to 90%. The B. subtilis SB24 was most effective in reducing disease severity when applied ≤ 24 h before plant inoculation with S. sclerotiorum and a significant effectiveness was observed up to 15 days after plant inoculation. The population density of B. subtilis on soybean leaves decreased by 1·5 to 2·5 log units over 15 days under field conditions, and by 0·8 log units over 5 weeks under control conditions. The decrease in population density was significantly correlated with rainfall in the field (r < ?0·93, P < 0·01), suggesting that the biocontrol bacteria may be washed away by rain.  相似文献   

18.
Host genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable means of managing tan spot or yellow spot of wheat. The disease is becoming increasingly problematic due to the adoption of minimum tillage practices, evolution of effector‐mediated pathogenicity, and widespread cultivation of susceptible cultivars from a narrow genetic base. This highlights the importance of broadening the diversity of resistance factors in modern breeding germplasm. This study explored 300 genetically diverse wheat accessions, originally sourced from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St Petersburg, Russia. The collection was screened for resistance to tan spot at seedling and adult stage under controlled conditions, and in the field across 2 years. The phenotypic datasets, coupled with ToxA bioassay screening, identified a number of accessions with useful sources of resistance. Seedling disease response corresponded well with ToxA sensitivity (r = 0.49, P < 0.000), but not adult responses (r = ?0.02 to ?0.19, P < 0.002), and overall reactions to ToxA appeared to show poor correspondence with disease response at the adult stage. ToxA‐insensitive accessions were generally found resistant across different growth stages (all‐stage resistance, ASR) in all experiments (seedling and adult stage under controlled conditions and field). ToxA‐sensitive accessions that were susceptible at seedling stage, but resistant at both adult‐plant stages, were deemed to carry adult‐plant resistance (APR). This study provides detailed information on the degree of tan spot resistance in the Vavilov wheat collection and discusses strategies to harness these sources to boost the diversity of resistance factors in modern wheat breeding germplasm.  相似文献   

19.
This report is the first of cobweb disease on Agaricus bisporus in Korea. Cobweb on both fruit bodies and casing soils were observed on several mushroom farms in Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. Classical and molecular characterization indicated that the causal agent is Cladobotryum mycophilum. The isolated fungus was used to inoculate fruiting bodies of A. bisporus and caused the same symptoms.  相似文献   

20.
Schoenoplectus juncoides is one of the most harmful weeds found in East Asian paddy fields. Recent emergence of biotypes that are resistant to the herbicide sulfonylurea (SU) has made weed control difficult. To examine the effect of the evolution of this herbicide resistance on genetic diversity within local populations, we investigated microsatellite variability within and among paddy field populations of S. juncoides in Kinki, Japan. In vivo assay of acetolactate synthase activity and root elongation assay in the presence of SU revealed that of 21 populations, five were sulfonylurea‐susceptible (SU‐S) and eight were completely sulfonylurea‐resistant (SU‐R). The remaining eight populations were a mixture of SU‐S and SU‐R individuals. The average gene diversity for SU‐R populations (HS = 0.168) was lower than those for SU‐S (HS = 0.256) and mixed (HS = 0.209) populations, but the difference was not significant. This indicates that positive selection for SU‐R phenotype did not cause a genome‐wide reduction in genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation among S. juncoides populations was higher than that observed for most weed species studied previously. Although populations in neighbouring paddy fields showed a high level of differentiation, Bayesian clustering analyses suggested that some level of gene flow occurs among them and that the genetic exchange or colonisation between neighbouring populations could contribute to the geographical expansion of the resistant allele.  相似文献   

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