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1.
应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4-8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系.结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为( 49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg.  相似文献   

2.
利用热扩散式液流探针（TDP）对天目山柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）树干液流进行连续测定,同步测定太阳有效辐射、空气温度、空气湿度等气象因子,探讨环境因子与树干液流之间的内在响应关系。结果表明：柳杉树干液流速率呈单峰曲线;柳杉液流在7：00-8：00启动,12：30-14：00达到峰值,夜间仍然存在微弱的液流变化;不同天气柳杉液流日变化差异明显,晴天液流启动较早峰值最大,阴雨天气液流启动延迟峰值较小;柳杉液流速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关关系,而与空气湿度呈极显著负相关关系,其相关性大小排序依次为：空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气湿度＞光合有效辐射。  相似文献   

3.
侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15  
利用树干边材液流探针(TDP)和微型自动气象站对北京西山地区侧柏人工林树干秋季不同高度、不同方位、不同径阶边材液流及相关环境因子日周期变化动态进行连续观测,对环境因子与边材液流速率的相关性进行分析.结果表明:同一立木,树干上位边材液流启动早,上升快,到达峰值后随即急剧下降;树干下位边材液流启动时间明显推迟,且上升和下降缓慢;二者之间最大液流速率相差2倍以上.树干不同方位边材液流速率日变化进程有差异,其中南侧树干边材液流速率很低,北侧、西侧和东侧3个方位液流速率较高,边材液流速率与测定部位的边材宽度和冠幅关系不明确.单株树干边材液流速率与树干冠幅、树干直径和边材面积相关不显著,但液流通量随直径的增大而增大,不同径阶单木液流通量波动规律不尽相同.侧柏林分内部环境因子日周期变化规律明显,边材液流速率与主要环境因子相关显著,其中边材液流速率与空气湿度呈负相关,各径阶表现出相同的趋势;边材液流速率与太阳辐射强度和空气温度之间存在极显著的相关性,胸径大的立木呈正相关,胸径小的单株呈负相关;风速对边材液流速率有较大影响;20～40cm土壤层温度对树木耗水有显著的影响,大径阶立木表现为负相关,小径阶立木表现为正相关.以太阳辐射强度、气温、空气湿度、风速、不同层次土温等环境因子作自变量,以边材液流速率作因变量,经过逐步回归,建立侧柏边材液流速率与环境因子的多元线性模型,回归方程极显著.  相似文献   

4.
依据组织热平衡原理,运用热扩散探针法,于2015年3月1日—2016年3月1日对冀北山地小五台自然保护区华北落叶松的树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测气温、相对湿度、净辐射、总辐射、风速等环境因子的变化,研究其树干液流特征以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)小五台地区,华北落叶松树干液流启动于4月下旬,结束于10月上旬,前后历时160多d。晴天条件下,不同月份树干液流速率日变化均呈典型的单峰曲线,且液流的启动、到达峰值、结束时间以及液流升降速率存在差异。(2)生长季华北落叶松树干液流速率峰值以7、8、9月最高,都达到0.034 kg·h~(1)cm~(1)以上;日均值以7、8月最高,达到0.014 kg·h~(1)cm~(1)以上。(3)华北落叶松树干液流速率与空气温度、净辐射、总辐射、水汽压亏缺、风速呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度呈极显著负相关。环境因子对树干液流速率影响的大小顺序为:净辐射空气温度总辐射空气湿度风速。(4)整个生长季华北落叶松单株总耗水量为2 145.73±379.30 kg,其中以7、8月耗水量最大,分别为517.23±54.60和515.01±71.58 kg。  相似文献   

5.
大青山油松人工林树干液流动态及其蒸腾耗水规律研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
应用TDP(Thermal Dissipation Probe)技术对大青山古路板林场的30a生油松人工林树干液流以及不同林分密度下的树木蒸腾耗水规律进行了研究。结果表明:1)在生长季内,树干径向断面形成层以下不同部位输水能力差异较大,最大流速位于形成层下3cm。2)油松树干液流的日进程呈现明显的昼夜变化规律。在11:00左右达到峰值,其值可达0.286 6~0.306 0cm3/s。3)树干液流量(Y)与树木的胸径(X)之间的关系可用Y=0.0053EXP(0.4823X)的指数函数模型表达。4)在相同立地条件下,随着阴坡林分密度从2 147株/hm2增加到4 463株/hm2,单株蒸腾耗水量从0.543 4cm3/s降低到0.319 7cm3/s,而林分蒸腾耗水量变化幅度较小,平均蒸腾耗水量为0.3710±0.0489(5)mm/h。结果指出,大青山30a生油松人工林经营密度应控制在3 307株/hm2左右。  相似文献   

6.
以神农架华山松为研究对象,采用热扩散探针法对树干液流进行连续1 a的测定,结合同步观测的环境因子,分析华山松树干液流规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)华山松树干液流具有明显的昼夜与季节变化规律。全年夜间树干液流量占整日液流量的10.37%,树干液流速率在不同季节表现为夏季春季秋季冬季。(2)不同天气条件下树干液流速率表现为晴天阴天雨天,晴天和阴天树干液流速率日变化规律均为单峰曲线,而雨天树干液流日变化规律不明显。(3)空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺为影响华山松树干液流月通量的主要因子。不同季节影响树干液流日通量的主要因子存在差异,春季主要影响因子是太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;夏季主要影响因子是风速、空气相对湿度和太阳总辐射;秋季主要影响因子是降水量、空气相对湿度、太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;冬季主要影响因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺。  相似文献   

7.
选择新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣、银白杨、大果榆、白榆和火炬等5种乔木树种,于2009年5月份和8月份对树干液流和气象进行同步监测。结果表明:(1)沙枣、银白杨和火炬树干液流表现为单峰曲线;大果榆和白榆树干液流则为双峰曲线;5月份平均液流流速为火炬银白杨沙枣大果榆白榆;8月份树干液流平均流速为沙枣白榆大果榆火炬=银白杨。(2)5种树种的树干液流流速与气温、太阳辐射强度呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关;除大果榆树干液流与风速呈显著相关外,其余树种树干液流流速与风速关系不密切。(3)沙枣、大果榆和白榆8月份树干液流流速比5月份高;火炬则表现出相反的变化趋势;银白杨变化不明显;5种树种的日耗水量也表现出类似的变化;各树种5月份日耗水量为大果榆白榆火炬银白杨沙枣;8月份的日耗水量为大果榆白榆沙枣银白杨火炬。  相似文献   

8.
采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)结合气象站资料,观测和研究黄连木生长季节树干液流与环境因子的关系,以揭示黄连木的耗水规律.结果表明:(1)黄连木树干液流日变化呈现“几”字型,呈“宽峰”型,夜间仍保持一定液流,日耗水量为12～ 14.5 L.液流规律受天气影响:阴天较晴天时具有“窄峰”,雨天时的液流变化不大;晴天比阴天液流启动早,进入低谷晚,雨天则表现无规律;树干液流峰值大小、日均液流速度和耗水量均为晴天＞阴天＞雨天.(2)黄连木各月树干液流变化有所不同,5月份呈“单峰”型,6-8月表现为“宽峰”型,而9-10月则呈现“双峰”型;液流启动6-8月早于其他月份;液流速度峰值大小顺序为:5月＞7月＞9月＞8月＞6月＞10月,日均液流速度及耗水量大小顺序为:7月＞5月＞8月＞6月＞9月＞10月.(3)影响黄连木树干液流的主要环境因子是太阳辐射、大气温度、空气相对湿度;各月份耗水模型拟合良好,调整R2大部分达到0.89以上.  相似文献   

9.
在广西黄冕林场采用Granier热扩散技术方法对人工纯林桉树、杉木和香樟的液流密度、液流通量、单株日均耗水量及耗水量与主要环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:3个树种树干液流密度均与光合有效辐射有一致的变化规律和单峰曲线.综合分析显示桉树在3个树种中耗水能力最强,虽然香樟液流密度比杉木大,但因为边材面积最小,所以表现出耗水量最小,单株日均耗水量仅有桉树的0.5倍左右,而杉木虽然边材面积比桉树大,但耗水量并不高,仅为桉树的0.7倍左右;通过偏相关分析发现3个树种的液流通量均与光合有效辐射、水气压亏缺和空气温度有极显著的正相关关系,杉木和香樟液流通量与空气相对湿度有极显著的负相关关系,而桉树表现不显著;通过多元线性分析发现3个树种的液流通量均与光合有效辐射、空气温度和空气相对湿度有很强的线性相关关系.3个不同树种的耗水研究结果可为本地区造林树种选择的优劣性提供参考.  相似文献   

10.
华北石质山区乔、灌木耗水特征比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本研究采用热扩散式液流探针（TDP）法对华北石质山区黄连木、刺槐、酸枣、荆条的树干液流进行了监测。结果表明：（1）4树种的树干液流均呈现＂几＂字形,其中黄连木呈单峰型,刺槐呈宽峰型,酸枣荆条呈波动状;液流启动黄连木的最早,酸枣和荆条的居中,刺槐最晚;液流停滞黄连木和刺槐晚于酸枣和荆条;液流速度大小为：黄连木〉酸枣〉荆条〉刺槐,日均耗水量为：黄连木〉刺槐〉酸枣〉荆条。（2）4树种树干液流变化阴天时要比晴天时平缓,液流启动晴天早于阴天,而停滞则晴天晚于阴天。（3）不同树干直径的各树种树干液流变化波形基本一致;黄连木树干液流直径大的启动晚,而停滞早,而刺槐则相反;酸枣和荆条不同直径的液流启动与停滞时间几乎一致;除刺槐外,各树种树干液流速度均表现为直径大的小于直径小的,而刺槐则相反;各树种日均耗水量均表现树干直径大的耗水量大。  相似文献   

11.
刺槐春夏季树干液流变化规律   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于4-8月对刺槐树干液流进行连续观测,结果表明:刺槐边材液流速率日变化呈宽峰曲线,每日6:50左右启动,13:00左右达到峰值,19:30左右开始迅速下降,没有明显的液流停止界限,夜间有较高的液流存在;夏季液流每天启动的时间早于春季10min左右,达到峰值的时间早于春季1h左右,迅速下降的时间晚于春季1h左右,即夏季液流高峰维持的时间长于春季,但是夏季的峰值、日平均液流速率和液流通量小于春季;树干液流速率与直径关系不大,但日周期单木耗水量随树干直径的增大而增加,与树干直径和边材面积相关显著,相关系数分别为0.983和0.999.  相似文献   

12.
Stöhr A  Lösch R 《Tree physiology》2004,24(2):169-180
We report on diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate and stem water potential of Fraxinus excelsior L. saplings growing at the edge of a Fraxino-Aceretum forest in western Germany. Because of shallow soil, the trees were subjected to drought in summer. When soil water availability was not limiting, sap flow rate was related to changes in solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit. Maximum transpiration rates per leaf area were 3.5-7.4 mmol m-2 s-1, and maximum daily totals were 1.7-3.3 kg m-2 day-1. Under drought conditions, stem water potential dropped to midday minima of -2.6 to -3.5 MPa and sap flow rate was strongly related to this parameter. After the drought period, reduced apparent (whole-plant) hydraulic conductance was observed, which was attributed to a continued reduction in stomatal conductance after the drought stress had ceased. A model was developed that linked sap flow rate directly to climatic variables and stem water potential. Good correlation between measured and simulated sap flow rates allowed the model to be used for data interpretation.  相似文献   

13.
Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F.J. Muell.) forest catchments exhibit a strong relationship between stand age and runoff, attributed inter alia to differences in tree water use. However, the tree water use component of the mountain ash forest water balance is poorly quantified. We have used the sap flow technique to obtain estimates of daily water use in large mountain ash trees. First, the sap flow technique was validated by means of an in situ cut tree experiment. Close agreement was obtained between the sap flow estimate of water use and the actual uptake of water by the tree from a reservoir. Second, we compared the variability in sap velocity between a symmetric and an asymmetric tree by using multiple sap flow loggers. In the symmetric tree, velocity was fairly uniform throughout the xylem during the day, indicating that accurate sap flow estimates can be obtained with a minimal number of sampling points. However, large variations in sap velocity were observed in the asymmetric tree, indicating that much larger sampling sizes are required in asymmetric stems for an accurate determination of mean sap velocity. Finally, we compared two procedures for scaling individual tree sap flow estimates to the stand level based on stem diameter and leaf area index measurements. The first procedure was based on a regression between stem diameter and tree water use, developed on a small sample of trees and applied to a stand-level census of stem diameter values. Inputs to the second procedure were tree water use and leaf area of a single tree and the leaf area index of the stand. The two procedures yielded similar results; however, the first procedure was more robust but it required more sampling effort than the second procedure.  相似文献   

14.
Canopy transpiration and forest water use are frequently estimated as the product of sap velocity and cross-sectional sapwood area. Few studies, however, have considered whether radial variation in sap velocity and the proportion of sapwood active in water transport are significant sources of uncertainty in the extrapolation process. Therefore, radial profiles of sap velocity were examined as a function of stem diameter and sapwood thickness for yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) trees growing on two adjacent watersheds in eastern Tennessee. The compensation heat pulse velocity technique was used to quantify sap velocity at four equal-area depths in 20 trees that ranged in stem diameter from 15 to 69 cm, and in sapwood thickness from 2.1 to 14.8 cm. Sap velocity was highly dependent on the depth of probe insertion into the sapwood. Rates of sap velocity were greatest for probes located in the two outer sapwood annuli (P1 and P2) and lowest for probes in closest proximity to the heartwood (P3 and P4). Relative sap velocities averaged 0.98 at P1, 0.66 at P2, 0.41 at P3 and 0.35 at P4. Tree-specific sap velocities measured at each of the four probe positions, divided by the maximum sap velocity measured (usually at P1 or P2), indicated that the fraction of sapwood functional in water transport (f(S)) varied between 0.49 and 0.96. There was no relationship between f(S) and sapwood thickness, or between f(S) and stem diameter. The fraction of functional sapwood averaged 0.66 +/- 0.13 for trees on which radial profiles were determined. No significant depth-related differences were observed for sapwood density, which averaged 469 kg m(-3) across all four probe positions. There was, however, a significant decline in sapwood water content between the two outer probe positions (1.04 versus 0.89 kg kg(-1)). This difference was not sufficient to account for the observed radial variation in sap velocity. A Monte-Carlo analysis indicated that the standard error in estimated mean f(S) declined rapidly with increasing sample size. At n = 10, the coefficient of variation in mean f(S) was 7% and at n = 15 it was slightly less than 5%. These observations indicate that radial variation in sap velocity is an important, albeit often overlooked, source of uncertainty in the scaling process. Failure to recognize that not all sapwood is functional in water transport will introduce systematic bias into estimates of both tree and stand water use. Future studies should devise sampling strategies for assessing radial variation in sap velocity and such strategies should be used to identify the magnitude of this variation in a range of non-, diffuse- and ring-porous trees.  相似文献   

15.
Tropical moist forests are notable for their richness in tree species. The presence of such a diverse tree flora presents potential problems for scaling up estimates of water use from individual trees to entire stands and for drawing generalizations about physiological regulation of water use in tropical trees. We measured sapwood area or sap flow, or both, in 27 co-occurring canopy species in a Panamanian forest to determine the extent to which relationships between tree size, sapwood area and sap flow were species-specific, or whether they were constrained by universal functional relationships between tree size, conducting xylem area, and water use. For the 24 species in which active xylem area was estimated over a range of size classes, diameter at breast height (DBH) accounted for 98% of the variation in sapwood area and 67% of the variation in sapwood depth when data for all species were combined. The DBH alone also accounted for > or = 90% of the variation in both maximum and total daily sap flux density in the outermost 2 cm of sapwood for all species taken together. Maximum sap flux density measured near the base of the tree occurred at about 1,400 h in the largest trees and 1,130 h in the smallest trees studied, and DBH accounted for 93% of the variation in the time of day at which maximum sap flow occurred. The shared relationship between tree size and time of maximum sap flow at the base of the tree suggests that a common relationship between diurnal stem water storage capacity and tree size existed. These results are consistent with a recent hypothesis that allometric scaling of plant vascular systems, and therefore water use, is universal.  相似文献   

16.
用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用热扩散式边材液流探针和环境自动监测系统对北京3种园林树木的树干液流及主要环境因子进行了一个生长季的同步观测.结果表明,3树种树干液流的日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,晴天的液流速率大于多云天和阴天,紫叶李和悬铃木的日耗水量明显大于元宝枫;对不同天气3树种每h的液流速率与相应的环境因子进行逐步回归分析.结果显示,影响3树种液流速率的主要环境因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度、辐射强度和5 cm土层温度,在不同天气里起主导作用的因子不同,环境因子与树干液流之间的数量关系能较好地预测树木的蒸腾耗水量.  相似文献   

17.
We monitored the radial distribution of sap flux density (v; g H2O m(-2) s(-1)) in the sapwood of six plantation-grown Pinus taeda L. trees during wet and dry soil periods. Mean basal diameter of the 32-year-old trees was 33.3 cm. For all trees, the radial distribution of sap flow in the base of the stem (i.e., radial profile) was Gaussian in shape. Sap flow occurred maximally in the outer 4 cm of sapwood, comprising 50-60% of total stem flow (F), and decreased toward the center, with the innermost 4 cm of sapwood (11-15 cm) comprising less than 10% of F. The percent of flow occurring in the outer 4 cm of sapwood was stable with time (average CV < 10%); however, the percentage of flow occurring in the remaining sapwood was more variable over time (average CV > 40%). Diurnally, the radial profile changed predictably with time and with total stem flow. Seasonally, the radial profile became less steep as the soil water content (theta) declined from 0.38 to 0.21. Throughout the season, daytime sap flow also decreased as theta decreased; however, nighttime sap flow (an estimate of stored water use) remained relatively constant. As a result, the percentage of stored water use increased as theta declined. Time series analysis of 15-min values of F, theta, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (D) showed that F lagged behind D by 0-15 min and behind PAR by 15-30 min. Diurnally, the relationship between F and D was much stronger than the relationship between F and PAR, whereas no relationship was found between F and theta. An autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) model estimated that 97% of the variability in F could be predicted by D alone. Although total sap flow in all trees responded similarly to D, we show that the radial distribution of sap flow comprising total flow could change temporally, both on daily and seasonal scales.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate indicators of whole-tree physiological responses to climate stress, we determined seasonal, daily and diurnal patterns of growth and water use in 10 yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) trees in a stand recently released from competition. Precise measurements of stem increment and sap flow made with automated electronic dendrometers and thermal dissipation probes, respectively, indicated close temporal linkages between water use and patterns of stem shrinkage and swelling during daily cycles of water depletion and recharge of extensible outer-stem tissues. These cycles also determined net daily basal area increment. Multivariate regression models based on a 123-day data series showed that daily diameter increments were related negatively to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but positively to precipitation and temperature. The same model form with slight changes in coefficients yielded coefficients of determination of about 0.62 (0.57-0.66) across data subsets that included widely variable growth rates and VPDs. Model R2 was improved to 0.75 by using 3-day running mean daily growth data. Rapid recovery of stem diameter growth following short-term, diurnal reductions in VPD indicated that water stored in extensible stem tissues was part of a fast recharge system that limited hydration changes in the cambial zone during periods of water stress. There were substantial differences in the seasonal dynamics of growth among individual trees, and analyses indicated that faster-growing trees were more positively affected by precipitation, solar irradiance and temperature and more negatively affected by high VPD than slower-growing trees. There were no negative effects of ozone on daily growth rates in a year of low ozone concentrations.  相似文献   

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