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1.
Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna, south China 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Zhu Hua 《中国林学(英文版)》2006,8(2):1-58
1 Introduction The tropical area of southern China is climatically and biogeographically located at the northern edge of tropical Asia, including southeastern Xizang (Tibet, lower valleys of the southern Himalayas), southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan and Hainan Island. The largest tropical area still covered by forests is in southern Yunnan. Tropical forests of southern Yunnan were little known until the late 1950s because of poor access except for some brief descrip-… 相似文献
2.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2001,140(1):19-28
Timber harvesting, with and without prescribed slash fire, and wild fire are common disturbances in pine forests of western North America. These disturbances can alter soil nitrogen (N) pools and N supply to colonizing vegetation, but their influence remains poorly understood for many forests. We investigated the effects of clear cut harvesting and fire on KCl extractable N pools, net N mineralization rates, phosphorus (P) fractions, seedling N uptake, and seedling growth in mineral soils sampled from a lodgepole pine forest in southern Wyoming. At a site where wild fire burned through a harvested stand of lodgepole pine and the adjacent intact forest, we analyzed mineral soils from the following four treatments: unburned clear cut, burnt clear cut, unburned forest, and burnt forest. Soils from unburned and burnt clear cut treatments had higher concentrations of KCl extractable N and higher net N mineralization rates, and produced larger pine seedlings in bioassays than soils from unburned and burnt intact forest treatments. Further, while seedlings grown in soils from the unburned and burnt forest treatments responded strongly to N fertilization, seedlings grown in clear-cut soils did not respond to fertilization. Taken together, these results suggest that harvesting had increased soil N supply. In comparing clear cut treatments, soils from the unburned clear cut had smaller extractable N and P pools, and lower net N mineralization rates, but produced larger pine seedlings than soils from the burnt clear cut. 相似文献
3.
Hollie Hall Yuncong Li Nicholas Comerford Enrique Arévalo Gardini Luis Zuniga Cernades Virupax Baligar Hugh Popenoe 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(3):447-455
In many tropical soils, excessive weathering of primary minerals confounded by intense agricultural production has resulted
in the depletion of organic matter and plant available forms of phosphorus (P). Long-term growth of cover crops in tropical
agroforestry systems have been shown to influence nutrient cycling, and soil organic matter pools. The objective of this experiment
was to assess the affect of 2 years of cover-crop cultivation on organic matter accumulation and P bioavailability using Mehlich
I and sequential fractionation methods. The experiment included six treatments in the understory of a cacao-plantain agroforestry
system adjacent to lower montane tropical forests of the San Martin district of Eastern Peru. Cacao and plantain formed the
primary canopy on otherwise abandoned agricultural land. The treatments consisted of four perennial leguminous cover crops
(Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Canavalia
ensiformis, and Centrosema macrocarpum), a non-legume cover crop (Callisia repens), and a control treatment (no cover crop). After only 2 years of cultivation, results suggest that all cover crop species
accessed residual P pools in 0–5 cm soil depths as indicated by a decrease in the 0.5 M HCl extractable P pools when compared
to control. Additional use of residual P pools by A. pintoi and C. macrocarpum were indicated by significant reduction in the 6.0 M HCl extractable P pool. Relative to control, there was no treatment
effect on soil organic matter content; however significant differences occurred between treatments. The C. ensiformis, C. mucunoides and C. repens treatments in 5–15 cm soil depths contained significantly more organic matter than the A. pintoi treatment. In 15–30 cm soil depths the C. ensiformis treatment contains significantly more organic matter than the A. pintoi treatment. Continued research should focus on monitoring the long-term effects of cover crop cultivation on the bioavailability
of soil P pools in surface soil horizons, development of organic matter pools and the productivity of the agroforestry species. 相似文献
4.
Patricia Valdespino Rigoberto Romualdo Laura Cadenazzi Julio Campo 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(1):107-107
5.
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) depositions are expected to increase in the tropics as a consequence of increasing human activities in the next decades. In the literature, it is frequently assumed that tropical montane forests are N-limited, while tropical lowland forests are P-limited. In a low-level N and P addition experiment, we determined the short-term response of N and P cycles in a north Andean montane forest on Palaeozoic shists and metasandstones at an elevation of 2100 m a.s.l. to increased N and P inputs. We evaluated experimental N, P and N + P additions (50 kg ha−1 yr−1 of N, 10 kg ha−1 yr−1 of P and 50 kg + 10 kg ha−1 yr−1 of N and P, respectively) and an untreated control in a fourfold replicated randomized block design. We collected litter leachate, mineral soil solution (0.15 and 0.30 m depths), throughfall and litterfall before the treatment began (August 2007) until 16 months after the first nutrient application (April 2009). Less than 10 and 1% of the applied N and P, respectively, leached below the organic layer which contained almost all roots and no significant leaching losses of N and P occurred to below 0.15 m mineral soil depth. Deposited N and P from the atmosphere in dry and wet form were retained in the canopy of the control treatment using a canopy budget model. Nitrogen and P retention by the canopy were reduced and N and P fluxes in throughfall and litterfall increased in their respective treatments. The increase in N and P fluxes in throughfall after fertilization was equivalent to 2.5% of the applied N and 2% of the applied P. The fluxes of N and P in litterfall were up to 15% and 3%, respectively, higher in the N and N + P than in the control treatments. We conclude that the expected elevated N and P deposition in the tropics will be retained in the ecosystem, at least in the short term and hence, N and P concentrations in stream water will not increase. Our results suggest that in the studied tropical montane forest ecosystem on Palaeozoic bedrock, N and P are co-limiting the growth of organisms in the canopy and organic layer. 相似文献
6.
Silvicultural canopy gaps are emerging as an alternative management tool to accelerate development of complex forest structure in young, even-aged forests of the Pacific Northwest. The effect of gap creation on available nitrogen (N) is of concern to managers because N is often a limiting nutrient in Pacific Northwest forests. We investigated patterns of N availability in the forest floor and upper mineral soil (0–10 cm) across 6–8-year-old silvicultural canopy gaps in three 50–70-year-old Douglas-fir forests spanning a wide range of soil N capital in the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. We used extractable ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH4+ and NO3− ion exchange resin (IER) concentrations to quantify N availability along north-south transects run through the centers of 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. In addition, we measured several factors known to influence N availability, including litterfall, moisture, temperature, and decomposition rates. In general, gap-forest differences in N availability were more pronounced in the mineral soil than in the forest floor. Mineral soil extractable NH4+ and NO3− pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH4+ and NO3− IER concentrations were all significantly elevated in gaps relative to adjacent forest, and in several cases exhibited significantly greater spatial variability in gaps than forest. Nitrogen availability along the edges of gaps more often resembled levels in the adjacent forest than in gap centers. For the majority of response variables, there were no significant differences between northern and southern transect positions, nor between 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. Forest floor and mineral soil gravimetric percent moisture and temperature showed few differences along transects, while litterfall carbon (C) inputs and litterfall C:N ratios in gaps were significantly lower than in the adjacent forest. Reciprocal transfer incubations of mineral soil samples between gap and forest positions revealed that soil originating from gaps had greater net nitrification rates than forest samples, regardless of incubation environment. Overall, our results suggest that increased N availability in 6–8-year-old silvicultural gaps in young western Oregon forests may be due more to the quality and quantity of litterfall inputs resulting from early-seral species colonizing gaps than by changes in temperature and moisture conditions caused by gap creation. 相似文献
7.
Acacia koa forests benefit from phosphorus fertilisation, but it is unknown if fertilisation is a short or long term effect on P availability. Past research suggests that P cycling in soils with high P sorption capacity, such as Andisols, was through organic pathways. We studied leaf P and soil P fractions in a tropical forest Andisol for 3 years after fertilisation with triple super phosphate. Leaf P concentration and labile P remained high after fertilisation. Fertilisation had increased all the inorganic P fractions over the length of the study, while organic P fractions had not. The results suggested that the organic P fractions had a reduced role as a source of labile P after fertilisation. The size and dynamics of the sodium hydroxide- and hydrochloric acid-extractable P pools would suggest that either pool could be major sources of labile P. Because of the high level of poorly crystalline minerals in Andisols (allophone and imogolite), it would be expected that applied P would quickly lead to strong P sorption onto mineral surfaces and thus a rapid decline in P availability. We propose that the high organic matter present in these soils had masked some of the Al and Fe sorption sites, which allowed the sorption and desorption when large amounts of addition P were applied. 相似文献
8.
氮磷沉降对森林土壤生化特性影响研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
人类活动引起的氮磷沉降给土壤带来严重影响。外源性氮可以直接增加土壤全氮和碱解氮的含量,提高土壤磷的有效性,减少全磷含量;外源性磷可以促进树木对土壤氮的吸收,可能造成土壤全氮含量下降。外源性氮对微生物群落存在促进、抑制和没有影响3种情况。外源性磷通常可增加微生物生物量,改变原有的森林微生物群落组成;氮沉降可以提高、降低或无影响土壤酶的活性。氮磷沉降对不同土壤酶种类的影响效果各异。氮沉降的影响也与土壤深度及酶的种类有关。对磷沉降影响土壤酶的研究甚少。未来氮磷沉降的研究热点包括热带氮磷沉降、土壤氮磷比和氮磷沉降交互作用对土壤的影响,不同地形、森林类型、林龄条件下氮磷沉降的对比分析,生态系统中缓冲氮磷沉降作用的关键因子及全球气候变化下氮磷沉降对土壤的影响。 相似文献
9.
J. Lehmann D. Günther M. Socorro da Mota M. Pereira de Almeida W. Zech K. Kaiser 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,53(2):113-124
In the central Amazon basin, the effects of secondary vegetation and primary forest on inorganic and organic P and S pools
were compared with those of different fruit and timber tree species in a multistrata agroforestry system. The soils (Xanthic
Ferralsols) were low in readily available P and S. Fertilizer applications increased the less accessible nutrient pools more
than the plant available pools. For example, dilute-acid extractable P increased substantially (from 2 to 76 mg P kg−1), whereas Mehlich P (plant available) increased less (from 3 to 19 mg P kg−1). In contrast, the recalcitrant soil P pools, such as the residual P, did not increase on the short term, but only after
more than six years following application. The proportion of less available ester-sulfate S was significantly higher in fertilized
sites than in unfertilized sites, in contrast to soluble inorganic sulfate S or carbon-bonded S. The marked increase of successively
available soil P and S pools through fertilization was advantageous with respect to the long-term effect of nutrient applications.
Soil nutrient availability was not only related to the amount of nutrients applied but was also influenced by tree species.
Nutrient return by litterfall and litter quality played an important role in soil P and S dynamics. Incorporation of applied
nutrients into successively available organic nutrient pools will decrease potential P fixation and S losses by leaching and
increase long-term nutrient availability. Therefore, tree species with rapid above-ground nutrient cycling and high quality
litter (such as annato [Bixa orellana] and peach palm [Bactris gasipaes]) should constitute the majority of crops in multistrata agroforestry systems on infertile soils to ensure adequate medium
to long term availability of P and S.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Ecosystem carbon storage and partitioning in a tropical seasonal forest in Southwestern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Despite an increasing number of studies have addressed carbon storage in tropical forests, the regional variation in such storage remains poorly understood. Uncertainty about how much carbon is stored in tropical forests is an important limitation for regional-scale estimates of carbon fluxes and improving these estimates requires extensive field studies of both above- and belowground stocks. In order to assess the carbon pools of a tropical seasonal forest in Asia, total ecosystem carbon storage was investigated in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Averaged across three 1 ha plots, the total carbon stock of the forest ecosystem was 303 t C ha−1. Living tree carbon stocks (both above- and belowground) ranged from 163 to 258 t C ha−1. The aboveground biomass C pool is comparable to the Dipterocarp forests in Sumatra but lower than those in Malaysia. The variation of C storage in the tree layer among different plots was mainly due to different densities of large trees (DBH > 70 cm). The contributions of the shrub layer, herb layer, woody lianas, and fine litter each accounted for 1–2 t C ha−1 to the total carbon stock. The mineral soil C pools (top 100 cm) ranged from 84 to 102 t C ha−1 and the C in woody debris from 5.6 to 12.5 t C ha−1, representing the second and third largest C component in this ecosystem. Our results reveal that a high percentage (70%) of C is stored in biomass and less in soil in this tropical seasonal forest. This study provides an accurate estimate of the carbon pool and the partitioning of C among major components in tropical seasonal rain forest of northern tropical Asia. Results from this study will enhance our ability to evaluate the role of these forests in regional C cycles and have great implications for conservation planning. 相似文献
11.
Hui Wang Jiangming Mo Xiankai Lu Jinghua Xue Jiong Li Yunting Fang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2009,4(1):21-27
2003
Wallenstein M D.McNulty S.Fernandez I J.Boggs J Schlesinger W H
Nitrogen fertilization decreases forest soil fungal and bacterial biomass in three long-term experiments [其它论文]
2006
Wang X F.Li S Y.Bai K J.Kuang T Y
Influence of doubled CO2 on plant growth and soil microbial biomass C and N
1998(12)
Xue J H.Mo J M.Li J.Li D J
The short-term response of soil microorganism number to simulated nitrogen deposition
2007(02)
Yao W H.Yu Z Y
The nutrient content of throughfall inside the artificial forests on downland
1995
Yi Z G.Yi W M.Zhou L X.Wang X M
Soil microbial biomass of the main forests in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve
2005(05)
Zhou G Y.Yan J H
The influence of region atmospheric precipitation characteristics and its element inputs on the existence and development of Dinghushan forest ecosystems [其它论文]
-Acta Ecologica Sinica2001
12.
Soluble organic nitrogen in forest soils of northeast China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soluble organic nitrogen (SON) is recognized as a sensitive indicator of soil nitrogen status. The present work was conducted in the temperate forests of northeast China where soils are typically characterized by high organic matter and high organic nitrogen content, and soil sampling was made in early spring just after the freeze-thaw period. The water extracted SON pools in the organic layer of forest soils were measured within the range from 156.0 mg·kg-1 to 292.6 mg·kg-1, a similar magnitude of salt solution extracted SON pools reported in literatures. However, the water soluble SON pools in 0-15 cm mineral soils in present study were much higher (3-10 times) than any other reports, ranging from 58.6 mg·kg-1 to 125.2 mg·kg-1. Water soluble SON varied markedly among the soils under different forests and at different sites. The SON in water extracts were positively and significantly correlated to soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents, but negatively correlated to microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). The reasons of the abnormally large SON pools and the negative correlations between SON and MBN in the 0-15cm mineral soils in this study were specially discussed. 相似文献
13.
14.
To assess the impact of conversion of native forests to monocultural larch plantations on soil chemical properties, we compared the total and various fractions of soil phosphorus (P) and acid phosphatase activity (APA) between natural secondary forests (NSF) and Larix olgensis plantations (LOP) on a montane forest site in eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China. We found that the concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic P, and iron-bound P (Fe-P) were significantly higher, and the concentrations of microbial biomass P (MBP), sodium bicarbonate-extractable organic P (NaHCO3-Po), and APA were significantly lower, in the LOP stands than in the NSF stands; whilst organic P, sodium bicarbonate-extractable inorganic P (NaHCO3-Pi), aluminum-bound P (Al-P) and calcium-bound P (Ca-P) were comparable between the two forest types. Our study also showed that the ratios of MBP/TP, NaHCO3-Pi/TP, NaHCO3-Po/TP, and APA significantly varied with time during the growing season. Moreover, the concentrations of NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po, and MBP had significant (P < 0.01) and positive linear relationships with APA. Overall, results from this study suggest that conversion of native forests to larch plantations in the region is more likely to cause compositional change in soil P than to result in reduction in overall P availability. 相似文献
15.
The objectives of the study were to investigate mineral soil profiles as a living space for microbial decomposers and the relation of microbial properties to soil acidity. We estimated microbial biomass C on concentration (g g–1 DW) as well as on volume basis (g m–2) and the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio along a vertical gradient from L horizon to 20 cm in the mineral soil and along a gradient of increasing acidity at five beech forest stands in Germany. Microbial biomass C concentration ranged from 17,000–34,000 g Cmic g–1 DW in the litter layer and decreased dramatically down the profile to 29–264 g Cmic g–1 DW at 15–20 cm depth in the mineral soil. This represents depth gradients of microbial biomass C concentrations ranging from a factor of 65 in slightly acidic and up to 875 in acidic soils. In contrast, microbial biomass C calculated on a volume basis (g Cmic m–2) showed a different pattern since a considerable part of the microbial biomass C was located in the mineral soils. In the soil profile 22–34% of the microbial biomass C was found in the mineral soil at strictly acidic sites and as much as 64–88% in slightly acidic soils. The microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratios decreased in general down from the L horizon in the forest floor to 0–5 cm depth in the mineral soils. In strongly acidic mineral soils however, the C to soil organic carbon ratio increased with depth, suggesting a positive relation to increasing pH. We conclude from depth gradients of soil pH and microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratio that pH affects this ratio at acidic sites. The inter-site comparison indicates that acidity restricts microbial biomass C in the mineral soils. 相似文献
16.
采用样地调查法对云南西双版纳普文山地雨林植物区系进行了研究。结果表明:其山地雨林有维管束植物83种,隶属48科76属。该植物区系科、属的分布区类型组成均以热带分布为主,分别占总科数和总属数的81.24%和89.47%,温带成分分别占8.34%和5.26%。种的分布区类型组成以热带亚洲分布为主,占总种数的49.40%;其次是中国特有分布种,占25.30%;热带分布种占70.33%,温带分布种占8.43%。这些特征均表明该植物区系热带性质显著,特有种丰富,并具有明显的热带亚洲植物区系特点和热带北缘性质,属热带亚洲植物区系向东亚植物区系的过渡区。 相似文献
17.
Tree cavities play a critical role in the life history of cavity-using species and thus are an important structural feature of forests. Furthermore, some common forest management practices can have a profound negative effect on cavity quantity and quality. This is the first study to address cavity resources in Neotropical montane forests and with this information we hope to develop approaches to sustainable forest management that will assure the conservation of cavity nesters. Our study design consisted of two treatments (control and harvested forest) in both piedmont and cloud forests of the subtropical montane forests of the Andes. This study indicates that cavities are an uncommon feature even in control sites with only 3% of the trees harboring cavities in both forest types. Even more uncommon are potentially usable cavities for avian cavity nesters: only 0.15% of the trees have a potentially usable cavity in the piedmont forest and only 0.42% in the cloud forest. In logged forests there is a significantly lower density of potentially usable cavities (4.12 vs. 0.51 cavities/ha in piedmont forest and 3.91 vs. 1.64 cavities/ha in the cloud forest). Furthermore, we documented a high loss rate of potentially usable cavities (from 23 to 40%/year) that differs between tree species and DBH classes. More specifically, in the piedmont forest, large, decaying Calycophyllum multiflorum have a relatively greater probability of having potentially usable cavities, while in the cloud forest potentially usable cavities are disproportionably found in large, decaying Blepharocalyx gigantea. In both forest types, snags are also very likely to harbor a potentially usable cavity. In order for harvested stands in the subtropical montane forest of the Andes to regain some of their ecological value, it is necessary to retain trees that have potentially usable cavities and also trees with the highest probability of becoming usable cavity trees. 相似文献
18.
LuYuanchang LeiXiangdong JiangLei 《中国林学(英文版)》2003,5(2):1-6
Permanent plots in the montane tropical rain forests in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, were established, and different empirical models, based on observation data of these plots in 1992, were built to model diameter frequency distributions.The focus of this study is on predicting accuracy of stem number in the larger diameter classes, which is much more important than that of the smallcr trees, from the view of forest management, and must be adequately considered in the modelling and estimate.There exist 3 traditional ways of modelling the diameter frequency distribution: the negative exponential function model, limiting line function model, and Weibull distribution model. In this study, a new model, named as the logarithmic J-shape function, together with the others, was experimented and was found as a more suitable model for modelling works in the tropical forests. 相似文献
19.
Naoki Murata Seiichi Ohta Atsushi Ishida Mamoru Kanzaki Chongrak Wachirinrat Taksin Artchawakom Hiroyuki Sase 《Journal of Forest Research》2009,14(4):212-220
In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions.
We compared depth and physical properties of soils between evergreen and deciduous forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research
Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in
the deciduous and evergreen forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous forests were relatively coarser in soil texture
than those in the evergreen forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum
was lower in the deciduous forest soils (78 mm) than in the evergreen forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration
from the evergreen forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the evergreen forest soil was almost the same
as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous forest soil was lower and insufficient
to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and evergreen forests in the
study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth. 相似文献
20.
根据1973—2008年间7次全国森林资源清查数据及中国森林植被分布特征,从不同森林类型和不同气候带定量分析中国森林植被净生产量及平均生产力动态变化规律。研究结果表明:中国森林植被净生产量和平均生产力总体呈增加趋势,植被净生产量由1973—1976年间的803.359×106t·a-1增加到2004—2008年间的1 478.425×106t·a-1,增加了84.03%;相应的森林植被平均生产力由7.302 t·hm-2·a-1增加到9.502 t·hm-2·a-1,增加了30.13%。不同森林类型中,阔叶混交林、杨桦林、落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林对中国森林植被净生产量贡献较大;热带林、阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林平均生产力较高,油松林和马尾松林平均生产力相对较低。不同气候带中,热带地区森林植被净生产量呈波动中减少趋势,其它气候带呈增加趋势;1973—2008年间各气候带森林植被平均生产力为:热带(18.625 t·hm-2·a-1)寒温带温带(9.610 t·hm-2·a-1)亚热带(8.499 t·hm-2·a-1)暖温带(7.800 t·hm-2·a-1)。 相似文献