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1.
This study focuses on farmers' perceptions of roadway safety and reviews specific and pertinent North Carolina rural road crash data to evaluate their perceptions and concerns. A survey was mailed to 1,357 prospective participants throughout North Carolina. Of these, 656 (48.3%) North Carolina farmers completed and returned the survey. The study revealed that while the majority of respondents took a number of specific safety measures to ensure their safety while driving their tractor on rural roads, most believed that driving their tractor on rural roads was more dangerous than it was five years ago. Few respondents believed that laws governing tractors on rural roads are well known by urban residents. While a majority of the respondents would support a law to mandate the use of a slow-moving vehicle (SMV) emblem on the back of slow-moving farm equipment, a majority also believed that a more effective way to mitigate potential crashes would be to ensure that all farm vehicles had blinking or flashing lights, that diamond-shaped caution signs depicting a tractor were posted on roadways with frequent tractor traffic, and that roadway shoulders were created or widened on roads with heavy farm traffic so that tractors could move off the roadway. Only 22% of respondents felt safe driving their tractor on rural roadways in North Carolina. Most respondents felt that the biggest problem with roadway safety was the lack of respect and increased speed of other drivers. Recent data indicate that in crashes involving farm vehicles, citations were issued to 34% of the non-farm vehicle operators and 24% to farm vehicle operators. For those driving non-farm vehicle who were deemed at fault, 66% were cited for failure to reduce speed. For those driving farm vehicles, the most frequent citation involved the lack of safe movement. 相似文献
2.
The objective of this study was to reach a better understanding of accidents on Swedish roads involving slow-moving vehicles and to suggest ways of preventing such accidents. We analyzed accident data from a 5-year period (1992-1996) involving all types of farm vehicles as well as horses and horse-drawn vehicles. During each year of the period under investigation, slow-moving vehicles were involved in more than 250 traffic accidents on Swedish roads, and an average of 10 people were killed, 66 sustained serious injuries, and 192 sustained slight injuries. This was about 1.3% of all persons injured in traffic accidents in Sweden. The deaths and injuries mostly involved car drivers and passengers. Tractor drivers and unprotected road users (people walking or traveling by motorcycle, moped, or bicycle) also sustained serious injuries and deaths. Vehicles overtaking slow-moving vehicles from behind were the most common type of accident (30%), followed by turning accidents (27%), accidents at crossroads (26%), and with oncoming vehicles (17%). To strengthen the suggestions for improvement, a questionnaire was sent out to driving school teachers in Sweden. Subjects were asked about their experiences with farm vehicles on the roads and their suggestions for ways to increase traffic safety. Based on the accident data and the questionnaire responses, we developed several suggestions for reducing road accidents, including measures for making farm vehicles more visible, improvement of the training provided at driving schools, and information campaigns directed at drivers of farm vehicles and other road users. Further in-depth research is needed to analyze road accidents involving slow-moving vehicles and to test different intervention measures. 相似文献
3.
为防治农路水土流失,以南方红壤区江西水土保持生态科技园为研究区,通过野外调查选择4种典型农路(裸露土路、碎石道路、泥结石路和植草土路)设置12个原位试验小区,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究3.0mm/min强降雨条件下不同农路水蚀过程及其防蚀效应。结果表明:农路的路面被高强度压实,容重较大,比重也较大。农路路面水分入渗率经历了急剧减小后再稳定的过程,以泥结石路、裸露土路和植草土路表现尤为明显。农路产流后泥沙含量在较短时间内即达到峰值,随即迅速下降。与裸露土质路面相比,泥结石路、碎石道路和植草土路的减水效果并不明显,最大只有14.1%;但减沙效益明显,最低也可达40%左右。该研究结果为南方红壤区坡耕地农路基础设施配套建设和水土保持规划提供了科学参考。 相似文献
4.
Gentry AL Grzywacz JG Quandt SA Davis SW Arcury TA 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2007,13(3):323-337
Substandard housing poses risks for health and safety. Few studies have documented the housing conditions experienced by Latino farmworker families in the U.S. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the quality of housing occupied by farmworker families in eastern North Carolina and determine how individual and family characteristics are associated with housing quality. Interviews were completed in six North Carolina counties with 186 Latino farmworker households that included a child under the age of 18 to document respondent, household, and dwelling characteristics. Most households were crowded, with 69.4% having more than one person per room (excluding bathrooms and kitchens). Dwellings were often located adjacent to fields (46.0%), suffered from structural problems (e.g., 18.3% had roof leaks), and lacked facilities and appliances (e.g., 26.9% did not have a working oven). Most farmworker family dwellings did not meet the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's minimum criteria for health and safety. Respondents in their thirties, who lived in North Carolina for less than five years, moved two or more times in the past year to follow crops, and lived in grower-provided housing had the poorest housing quality. These results demonstrate that North Carolina Latino farmworker families lack adequate housing. Further research is needed to evaluate farmworker housing conditions in all areas of the U.S., and to document the relationship of these housing conditions to health outcomes. The collaboration of researchers, advocates, policy makers, housing developers, health care providers, and educators is needed to improve the housing conditions of farmworker families. 相似文献
5.
Restoring habitat permeability to roaded landscapes with isometrically-scaled wildlife crossings 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Globally, human activities impact from one-third to one-half of the earth’s land surface; a major component of development involves the construction of roads. In the US and Europe, road networks fragment normal animal movement patterns, reduce landscape permeability, and increase wildlife-vehicle collisions, often with serious wildlife population and human health consequences. Critically, the placement of wildlife crossing structures to restore landscape connectivity and reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions has been a hit-or-miss proposition with little ecological underpinning, however recent important developments in allometric scaling laws can be used to guide their placement. In this paper, we used cluster analysis to develop domains of scale for mammalian species groups having similar vagility and developed metrics that reflect realistic species movement dynamics. We identified six home range area domains; three quarters of 102 species clustered in the three smallest domains. We used HR0.5 to represent a daily movement metric; when individual species movements were plotted against road mile markers, 71.2% of 72 species found in North America were included at distances of ?1 mi. The placement of wildlife crossings based on the HR0.5 metric, along with appropriate auxiliary mitigation, will re-establish landscape permeability by facilitating wildlife movement across the roaded landscape and significantly improve road safety by reducing wildlife vehicle collisions. 相似文献
6.
基于滚动阻力实时监测的软路面识别方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为提高某军用越野车辆在软路面的机动性,提出一种基于滚动阻力实时监测的软路面识别方法。利用软路面测量的特征参数计算出土壤"圆锥指数"(cone index,CI);依据贝克的地面力学"压力-沉陷"公式获得主要由土壤压实阻力构成的车轮滚动阻力系数;通过实时监测车辆和发动机动的运行状态,基于车辆纵向力平衡方程,根据发动机的输出扭矩计算车辆当前行使路面的滚动阻力系数,并与软路面滚动阻力系数临界阈值进行对比。若为软路面则采取车辆软路面的行使模式,使得车辆快速通过。该文实现了车辆对软路面的自我识别,识别率达90%,提高了越野车辆的机动性能。 相似文献
7.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two regional multi-disciplinary farm health fairs, pairing cardiovascular and agricultural health and safety risk factor assessments and education, in agricultural regions in southern Minnesota in 1999 and 2001. This study explores the rationales and motives cited as having an influence on: (1) work practice and lifestyle adaptations, (2) resistance to such changes, and (3) compliance with health fair recommendations. Evaluation took the form of standardized telephone surveys and callbacks with an open-ended component administered by a parish nurse interviewer and conducted six months following each of the fairs. Participants had received individualized work practice and lifestyle recommendations based upon their medical results and questionnaire responses. Of the 378 total attendees at the two farm health fairs, 272 (72%) participated by filling out on-site questionnaires, and 284 (75%) completed a post-fair interview. Participants who were actively farming totaled 237 (63%) of all participants. A majority of those interviewed on callback (78%) reported either work safety or lifestyle changes, while 47% of those actively farming claimed varying work safety changes as a result of the fair. The conclusions drawn from the follow-up interviews include: (1) the two farm health fairs resulted in a substantial number of participants positively modifying lifestyle and work practices, (2) the stand-alone farm health fairs were effective in attracting farmers, and (3) low-level stressors identified in the participants could be effectively addressed by knowledgeable rural health care resources such as parish nursing. 相似文献
8.
Payne K Andreotti G Bell E Blair A Coble J Alavanja M 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2012,18(3):167-179
We conducted an analysis of the determinants of high pesticide exposure events (HPEEs), which are defined as self-reported incidents of high exposure to pesticides, fertilizers, or other chemicals in the Agricultural Health Study, a cohort of private applicators and their spouses residing in North Carolina or Iowa, and commercial applicators residing in Iowa. We examined the risk of HPEEs occurring between enrollment (phase 1: 1993-1997) and follow-up (phase II: 1999-2003) among participants who completed the phase II questionnaire (n=43,149) by calculating hazard rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals using Cox proportional-hazard regression. During the followup period, 1,582 HPEEs were reported (3.8%). HPEE risk was significantly higher among Iowa residents, younger participants, those with a hearing deficit, a risk-taking personality, and an HPEE prior to enrollment. Among private applicators (n=30,102), larger farm size, higher frequency and duration of pesticide use, spraying pesticides with open cab windows, using a tractor cab without a charcoal filter, repairing spray equipment, wearing work clothing more than two days without changing, not removing work boots before entering the home, and storing pesticides in the home were associated with significantly higher HPEE risk. Among commercial applicators (n=2326), higher frequency of pesticide use was associated with a significantly higher HPEE risk. Among spouses (n=10,721), higher frequency of pesticide use, using an application vehicle with a cab, and storing pesticides in the home were associated with a significantly higher HPEE risk. Our findings indicate that HPEEs were associated with several modifiable pesticide handling procedures that can be targeted in safety training and education. 相似文献
9.
Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We used logistic regression to derive scaled resource selection functions (RSFs) for female black bears at two study areas in the North Cascades Mountains. We tested the hypothesis that the influence of roads would result in potential habitat effectiveness (RSFs without the influence of roads) being greater than realized habitat effectiveness (RSFs with roads). Roads consistently had a negative influence on black bear RSFs across seasons and study areas. Roads reduced habitat effectiveness during all seasons at both study areas and changes in the potential habitat values ranged from 1.7% to 16.9%. The greatest reduction in habitat values occurred during the early-season on the west-side study area due to high open road densities. These results support the hypothesis that roads reduce habitat effectiveness for black bears. The influence of roads could be reduced through road closures to reduce open road densities and limit traffic volumes. We then used the scaled RSFs in a habitat-based population model to assess the influences of timber harvest and roads on potential black bear population sizes. On the west-side study area the potential black bear population size was most influenced by moderate use roads and timber harvest during the early-season (41% reduction). On the east-side study area, low use roads had the greatest effect on potential black bear population during the early-season (10% reduction). During the late-season, in both study areas, roads had less influence on the potential population sizes as bears were able to access habitats away from roads. The habitat-population model provided reasonable estimates of bear densities compared to other study areas with similar habitats and could be extrapolated to estimate potential black bear populations in other areas with similar habitats. This approach may provide a useful link between the landscape ecology and population biology of black bears, and could eventually be useful in the development of habitat-based population viability analyses. 相似文献
10.
内蒙古北部半干旱丘陵低山地区的乡村道路,侵蚀严重,使运输受阻,经常被迫改道,占用耕地,严重影响了当地农村的发展。以阴山北麓四子王旗的农耕地区为例,通过大量实地考察,研究道路侵蚀特点,并从自然和人为两方面研究道路遭受侵蚀的原因,分析道路侵蚀的发生机理。结果表明:乡村土质道路侵蚀的主要影响因素是路面坡度和降水强度,人类的使用方式也直接影响路面侵蚀。研究区位于坡面上和谷地中汇水处的土质道路普遍发育不同程度的侵蚀;夏季发生的有限的几次强降水是研究区道路遭受侵蚀的重要原因;位于较大坡度坡面上和谷地中汇水处的道路侵蚀最为严重;两边不等高和壤质土的路面都易遭受侵蚀;人类使用的季节性和维护的缺失加剧了道路侵蚀。 相似文献
11.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(3):936-945
The western interior portions of Puerto Rico offer optimal climatic conditions for coffee cultivation. However, land and water degradation result when abrupt topographic relief and high annual rainfall combine with forest conversion for coffee farming. Small‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to quantify runoff and erosion from four land surface types (i.e., mulched, weed‐covered, and bare soils under active cultivation, and unpaved roads) representative of coffee farms in Puerto Rico. Results show that mulch‐covered soils had runoff coefficients similar to those from undisturbed forested conditions (~4%), and that they eroded at rates about a quarter of those for bare cultivated soils. Weed‐covered soils had surprisingly high runoff coefficients (~70%), yet their erosion rates were only three‐fourths of those for bare soils. Annualized erosion rates from unpaved roads were 65 Mg ha−1 y−1, or ten times greater than bare soils and about a hundred times higher than weed‐ or mulch‐covered surfaces. Farm‐scale sediment production estimates amount to ~11 Mg ha−1 y−1, about two‐orders of magnitude higher than under forested conditions. At the farm‐scale, only 2 – 8% of the total sediment is potentially attributable to cultivated hillslopes. In contrast, unpaved roads may account for over 90% of the sediment budget, even though they comprise only 15% of the farm surface area. Therefore, while providing mulch or a vegetative cover to bare cultivated soils should be part of effective soil management, mitigating the effects of coffee cultivation on downstream water resources must focus on the unpaved road network as the primary sediment source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Ogunsanya TJ Durborow RM Myers ML Cole HP Thompson SL 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2011,17(1):33-61
The objective of this study was to identify and describe work-related safety hazards, injuries, and near-injury events (close calls) that occurred on trout farms in North Carolina and Kentucky. An interview instrument was used to collect information on occupational hazards, injuries, and near-injury events that resulted from work-related activities. Trout farmers reported occupational hazards including falling live tank lids, slippery surfaces on hauling trucks, lifting strains, falls from raceway walls and walkways, needlesticks while vaccinating fish, allergies, hypothermia/drowning, falls from cranes, chemical exposure, fire/explosions related to oxygen exposure, and electrical contact with overhead power lines. This study also reports solutions suggested by farm safety researchers or used by farmers to prevent the safety hazards found on trout farms. 相似文献
13.
14.
丘陵山区田间道路自主行驶转运车及其视觉导航系统研制 总被引：12，自引：12，他引：0
自然条件的限制使得丘陵山区农产品和物资的田间转运难以实现高安全性的机械化作业。为此,该文研制了一种在丘陵山区田间道路上自主行驶的转运车及其视觉导航系统。该系统采用RTK-GNSS(real-timekinematic-global navigationsatellitesystem,实时动态-全球卫星导航系统)进行路网信息采集、实时定位和路径规划,利用机器视觉进行田间道路识别并提取路径跟踪线;田间道路非路口区域由机器视觉系统进行导航,路口区域采用RTK-GNSS实时定位进行导航。全局路径规划中对A*算法估价函数进行改进,将路口节点处的道路曲率及道路起伏信息引入代价函数。图像处理中强化道路上的阴影处理和信息融合,实现道路与背景的准确分割;然后将道路区域分块求取形心点,拟合后生成道路的虚拟中线作为局部路径的导航线。路径规划仿真表明,改进的A*算法能融合丘陵山地道路起伏变化的特征,规划的路径更合理。转运车自主行驶测试表明,在直线路径、多曲率复杂路径以及地形起伏路径3种工况下,自主行驶轨迹与实际道路中线的平均偏差分别为0.031、0.069和0.092 m,最大偏差分别为0.133、0.195和0.212 m;转运车沿道路中线自主行驶的平均相对误差分别为5.16%、11.5%和15.3%,满足田间道路转运车自主行驶的安全要求。 相似文献
15.
Teran S Strochlic R Bush D Baker R Meyers J 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2008,14(2):147-162
While childhood agricultural injury has long been recognized as an important public health issue, most research has focused on family farms and there have not been many interventions targeting hired youth. This study evaluated the impact of a high school English as a Second Language (ESL) curriculum, designed to provide teen agricultural workers with the knowledge and tools to protect their health and safety in the fields. Using a quasi-experimental design, the research consisted of two intervention groups and a comparison group, and included over 2,000 students from communities that lead California in agricultural production. The research findings revealed that the curriculum had significant impact in terms of increases in knowledge and attitudes, and nearly half of those interviewed after a summer of working in the fields reported implementing new behaviors to protect their health and safety. The curriculum also had extended effects in the broader community, as the majority of students reported sharing the new information with others. The study found that a school-based ESL curriculum is an effective intervention to reach and educate teen farm workers and that ESL classes can serve as a much-needed access point for young farm workers. 相似文献
16.
The Australian cotton industry has been a leader in the adoption of farm health and safety approaches in the Australian agricultural sector. In order to analyze factors associated with occupational health and safety performance, a review of available information and key stakeholder interviews were conducted A recently defined model for adoption of farm safety, emphasizing individual behavioral, environmental, community, and governmental factors, was used as the framework for the assessment. This hazard-based examination of changes describes improvements that have positively impacted health and safety. Improvements include: reduction in vehicle and on-farm traffic systems, safer irrigation systems, changes in cultivation technology, changes in pesticides and application technology, changes in harvest technology, adoption of gene technology, adoption of occupational health and safety (OHS) management systems, and government regulation. The introduction of genetically modified cotton has directly reduced potential exposure to pesticides, and it has indirectly impacted safety by, for example, reducing traffic flow on farms. This study demonstrates the considerable innovation and positive safety enhancements across the Australian cotton industry with respect to the interaction of management and production systems. These lessons should be used develop effective interventions in other agricultural industries. 相似文献
17.
黄土丘陵区路面种草对水土保持的影响及成本效益分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土质道路广泛分布于中国的农村、公园和自然保护区，由于设计标准低，常常引发严重的水土流失，是农村道路损坏的主要原因。1997～2001年，以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区陕西省延安市下砭沟小流域农业作业道路为背景，以防止和减轻路面汇流引发的水土流失对道路的破坏为目的，采用小区径流监测和施工统计的方法，在路面进行了为期5年的种草试验。研究结果显示，路面种草后径流量减少76.38%，土壤侵蚀量减少69.47%，建设成本比石子路减少71.65%，维护费用比对照减少60.97%，是一种经济可行的技术途径。对各地土质路面土壤侵蚀治理和道路维护具有广泛参考价值。 相似文献
18.
Heaney CA Wilkins JR Dellinger W McGonigle H Elliott M Bean TL Jepsen SD 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2006,12(3):181-190
Tractor-related injuries among youth are an important public health problem. The major objectives of this study were to (1) provide a rigorous estimate of the number of youth operating tractors in Ohio and (2) assess the extent to which these youth are participating in federally mandated tractor safety training. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by approximately 4,000 students ages 14 or 15 years who were enrolled in a stratified cluster sample of 99 Ohio schools. Almost one-third of the youth (30%) reported having operated tractors, with 19% having operated a tractor on a farm not owned by a parent or guardian. More than half of the youth (52%) reported having operated a tractor and/or other hazardous machinery, with 25% having operated the machinery on a farm not owned or operated by a parent or guardian. Extrapolating from 4-H records and Ohio census data, fewer than 1% of the youth who are operating tractors or other hazardous machinery have participated in tractor certification training. Increasing participation in mandated training may be an important step in protecting the health of our nation's young agricultural workers. 相似文献
19.
轮式拖拉机线控液压转向系统路感特性与评价 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
针对路感特性是线控转向技术的难点之一,设计与评价了轮式拖拉机线控液压转向系统的路感特性。分析了路感的评价指标、产生机理及拖拉机等农用车辆行车环境差异大的特殊性;实测了拖拉机在旱地、土路、水泥路、沥青路等路面上的原地转向与行驶时的转向阻力,以指导设计模式化路感特性与模式识别系统。农田作业模式侧重于路感的轻便性,驾驶员作用在方向盘上的切向力为2~10.127 N,车速低于11 km/h;非农田作业模式侧重于路感的真实度,切向力范围为2.5~52.5 N,车速低于30 km/h。完成了路感的主观评价,评价结果表明模式化路感特性可以令驾驶员满意。设计的模式化路感可以有效改善拖拉机的驾驶感觉,推动线控液压转向系统的发展。 相似文献
20.
Efficacy of road removal for restoring wildlife habitat: Black bear in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Forest roads reduce habitat quality for wildlife, in part by increasing susceptibility to hunting and poaching. Road removal is an increasingly common strategy for restoring habitat; however, little is known about responses of wildlife to road removal versus other methods of road closure. We assessed effects of different types of road closure (gated, barriered, and recontoured) on black bear (Ursus americanus) frequency and habitat on 18 open and closed road pairs in the western USA. Over 4 years, 44 bears were photographed during 3545 camera-trap days. Bear frequency was significantly higher (2.4 versus 0.6/100 days, respectively) and human frequency was significantly lower (2.4 versus 361.6/100 days, respectively) on closed than on open roads. Additionally, abundance of fall foods was higher (23.9% and 12.8%, respectively) and line-of-sight (a measure of habitat security) shorter (54.9 versus 69.4 m, respectively) on closed compared to open roads. Bears were detected on closed but not on open roads during daytime, suggesting avoidance of humans. Among-road-treatment differences included significantly higher frequency of bears on recontoured than on gated or barriered roads (4.6, 1.6, and 0.5/100 days, respectively), and significantly higher cover of fall bear foods on recontoured than on gated or barriered roads (39.3%, 12.1% and 16.4%, respectively). Frequency of bears was negatively correlated with frequency of humans and line-of-sight distance and positively correlated with abundance of fall foods and hiding cover. Results suggest that while all types of road closure benefit sensitive wildlife, removal by recontour may be the most effective strategy for restoring habitat. 相似文献