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1.
烟酸对奶牛某些生理参数及生产性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究分三个系列。系列Ⅰ利用四头装有永入性瘤胃瘘管的黑白花奶牛,采用交叉设计法,进行瘤胃消化代谢研究;系列Ⅱ选用8头处于泌乳早期的高产奶牛进行能量应激及酮病试验;系列Ⅲ用26头处于泌乳早期的奶牛进行对比试验和12头处于泌乳中后期奶牛进行交叉试验研究对生产性能的影响。系列Ⅰ奶牛日粮中添加8克/头日烟酸可显著提高其瘤胃微生物蛋白量(P<0.05);而对瘤胃 PH、NH_3-N、总挥发性脂肪酸及组成无显著影响(P>0.05)。系列Ⅱ试验中,泌乳早期奶牛日粮添加6克/头·日。烟酸可显著降低血清游离脂肪酸和丙酮量;但不影响血糖、胰岛素、乙酰乙酸、β—羟丁酸及酮体总量。生产试验结果表明,添加烟酸可提高泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率(P<0.05),而对泌乳中后期奶牛的生产性能没有影响。 相似文献
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本研究采用对比饲养试验,研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸产品对荷斯坦牛泌乳初期和高峰期产奶量和乳成分的影响,并对经济效益进行了分析。试验选用54头体重、胎次、泌乳月、上一胎产奶量相近的荷斯坦牛为试验动物,按照配对原则随机分成三组:试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和对照组,每组18头。对照组饲喂牛场常规TMR,试验Ⅰ组在常规TMR基础上每日每头添加本实验室研发的过瘤胃保护烟酸产品20g,试验Ⅱ组添加等量普通烟酸,进行95d的饲养试验。结果表明:(1)在产犊后6～100d高产荷斯坦牛日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸可明显提高产奶量(50.12 V 45.44kg/头日,P<0.05);但乳蛋白含量明显降低(3.09%V 3.21%,P<0.05),对乳脂率(3.56%V 3.63%,P>0.05)和乳糖含量(5.05%V 4.99%,P>0.05)的影响很小。(2)添加等量的普通烟酸对产奶量的提高效果不明显(46.29 V 45.44kg/头日,P>0.05);对乳脂率(3.48%V 3.63%,P>0.05)、乳蛋白(3.14%V 3.27%,P>0.05)和乳糖含量(5.00%V 4.99%,P>0.05)的影响均不显著。(3)添加过瘤胃保护烟酸可获得较高的经济效益[增收12.35元/(头.d)];添加普通烟酸后效益则略下降[-1.74元/(头.d)]。上述结果提示,在高产奶牛泌乳初期和高峰期日粮中应添加过瘤胃保护烟酸,添加普通烟酸无效。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究过瘤胃烟酸对围产期奶牛生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响。试验选取40头体况、胎次、预产期相近的健康荷斯坦牛,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组20头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在此基础上添加20g/(头·d)过瘤胃烟酸。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加过瘤胃烟酸可以提高奶牛产奶量,对乳蛋白率和乳脂率无显著影响。产后14d时,试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),从全期平均来看,试验组产奶量比对照组高3.64kg/(头·d)。(2)日粮中添加过瘤胃烟酸可以降低奶牛血清非脂化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)的浓度,对甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖(Glu)水平无显著影响。试验组产前10d、产犊当日、产后10d血清NEFA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);产后10d血清BHBA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验结果提示本试验条件下,日粮中添加20g/(头·d)过瘤胃烟酸可以提高奶牛生产性能,缓解能量负平衡,减少脂质动员,降低酮病发病率。 相似文献
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为了研究通过营养调控措施提高夏季奶牛的生产性能,选择体况、胎次、产犊时间、产奶量相近的泌乳盛期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每组5头。试验1组添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d,试验2组每日添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,试验3组每日添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,对照组不添加添加剂,试验期30d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸具有提高干物质采食量、产奶量的趋势,显著提高乳蛋白含量(P0.05);添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙具有减少采食量的趋势,对奶牛泌乳性能影响不大;奶牛日粮中同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙可以显著提高产奶量和乳蛋白含量(P0.05),建议夏季奶牛日粮可以同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙。 相似文献
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热应激能降低动物的生产性能,每年导致奶业,尤其是热带和亚热带地区的奶业损失惨重。烟酸是一种饲料添加剂,可以明显引起血管舒张(如加速血液向皮肤表面的流动),从而降低体表温度,烟酸已被研究证实可以缓解奶牛热应激。本试验通过瘤胃包被技术研究小肠降解的过瘤胃烟酸是否可以有效缓解奶牛热应激,提高生产性能。2个2×2因子试验设计,每个试验期为28 d,且都是在美国加利福尼亚中心的商业奶牛场进行。试验一是以2个牛舍180头经产的早期泌乳荷斯坦奶牛为试验对象;试验二是以2个牛舍180只胎次不等的中期泌乳荷斯坦奶牛为试验对象。所有试验牛饲喂同一全混合日粮,该日粮的干物质含有17.1%的粗蛋白质、33.2%的中性洗涤纤维和14.7%的淀粉;处理组在基础日粮中添加19 g/d过瘤胃烟酸,通过过瘤胃保护效果约6 g/d烟酸在小肠吸收。试验一中每天测量每个小组(每个牛舍中约35头)奶牛的呼吸频率(RR)和脉动评分(PS,一种以1～4.5分对奶牛脉动的视觉评分)4次。结果显示,处理组与空白对照组相比,一天中09:00时RR较低(P=0.02),其它时间点不受影响;然而,PS在04:30、09:00和20:30时较低(P<0.01),在16:30则不受影响。RR和PS在凉爽环境下比正常高温夏季都相对较低。干物质采食量和和产奶量没有显著差异,但是添加过瘤胃烟酸组奶牛的乳脂率较低,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验二中不测量奶牛的RR和PS,试验组之间的干物质采食量和产奶量没有显著差异,但是添加过瘤胃烟酸处理组的乳脂率较高,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。尽管添加过瘤胃烟酸能缓解奶牛热应激,但这只是轻微增加了奶牛的舒适度,并没有增加干物质采食量和产奶量。早期泌乳奶牛乳脂率的变化结果表明奶牛脂代谢受到小肠吸收烟酸的影响,极有可能降低了血浆中甘油三酯的产量,这也可能同样发生在中期泌乳奶牛,但是由于采食等量干物质的中期泌乳奶牛产奶量的下降,因此有可能是日粮中脂肪的摄入弥补了烟酸减少甘油三酯从头合成的作用。 相似文献
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为了评价过瘤胃保护维生素A微胶囊在奶牛生产中的应用效果,试验将32头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,试验组在奶牛1%预混料中分别添加24 IU/kg(试验1组)、32 IU/kg(试验2组)、64 IU/kg(试验3组)瘤胃保护性维生素A微胶囊,对照组添加未处理维生素A微胶囊32 IU/kg,测定奶牛产奶量、乳品质、乳中维生素A含量、乳中体细胞数和免疫球蛋白水平。结果表明:与添加未处理维生素A微胶囊相比,添加瘤胃保护性维生素A微胶囊可以增加奶牛产奶量,降低奶牛体细胞数,增加乳中维生素A含量。 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2015,(8)
本试验旨在研究饲粮添加烟酸对水牛瘤胃发酵指标及微生物区系的影响。试验选用36头健康状况良好,体重接近的杂交泌乳水牛,随机分为4个组,分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、4、8、12 g/d烟酸,烟酸与精料混合饲喂,进行预试期14 d,正试期42 d的饲养试验。试验结束后,胃管采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标,并采用Illumina Miseq PE250高通量测序平台分别测序瘤胃细菌和甲烷菌16S rRNA基因以确定二者区系组成。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加12 g/d烟酸提高了水牛日均采食量(P0.05)和瘤胃液氨态氮浓度(P0.05),烟酸各组均显著降低了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪(TVFA)浓度(P0.05),但未显著影响瘤胃液p H(P0.05)。2)水牛瘤胃内细菌在门水平上主要以拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门为主,科水平上为普雷沃氏菌科和黄杆菌科;甲烷菌以甲烷短杆菌属为主,占90%以上,其次为甲烷球菌属和热原体属,水牛瘤胃微生物区系总体上与奶牛等其他利用植物纤维的反刍动物相似。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加烟酸显著降低了瘤胃内厚壁菌门的比例(P0.05),显著提高了黄杆菌科细菌的比例(P0.05),但对瘤胃甲烷菌区系无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮添加烟酸改变了水牛瘤胃发酵指标和微生物区系组成,瘤胃发酵指标的变化除了与烟酸对水牛热应激的缓解和消化吸收的影响有关,还与烟酸添加对瘤胃细菌区系的影响有关。 相似文献
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为探讨在玉米-棉籽粕-稻草型日粮中添加烟酸对锦江黄牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响,试验设5个处理组,烟酸添加量分别为0、400、600、800、1000mg/kg,每组3个重复,采用体外培养方法,测定瘤胃发酵指标.结果表明:(1)600、800 mg/kg和1000mg/kg烟酸添加组产气量显著高于未添加组(P＜0.05)；(2)600、800 mg/kg组氨态氮浓度显著低于未添加组(P＜ 0.05);(3)400、600 mg/kg和800mg/kg烟酸组微生物蛋白含量显著高于未添加组(P＜0.05),其中以600 mg/kg组最高；(4)添加400mg/kg和600mg/kg烟酸组挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量极显著高于未添加组(P＜0.01),各添加组丙酸含量显著高于未添加组(P＜0.05)；乙酸/丙酸比值均不同程度低于未添加组.由此可见,在玉米-棉籽粕-稻草型日粮中添加烟酸有助于改善瘤胃发酵功能,添加量为600mg/kg效果较好. 相似文献
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烟酸对高温环境中奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本试验旨在研究烟酸对高温环境中奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验选用3头泌乳早期的中国荷斯坦牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计。在基础日粮中分别添加0、6、12 g/d烟酸,试验期为75 d。结果表明:(1)添加烟酸对热应激奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率无显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)添加6、12 g/d烟酸可使产奶量分别提高13.20%(P<0.05)、9.39%(P<0.05),而4%标准乳量无显著差异(P>0.05);添加烟酸不影响乳蛋白和乳脂率(P<0.05)。(3)添加烟酸使血清胆固醇含量降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05);添加烟酸6、12 g/d使血糖含量提高37.89%(P<0.05)、51.93%(P<0.05),但两添加组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);添加烟酸12 g/d可显著降低奶牛血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05);添加6、12 g/d烟酸使游离脂肪酸含量降低23.89%(P<0.01)、10.39%(P<0.01)。综合分析试验奶牛的生产性能和血清生化指标变化,夏季给奶牛补饲烟酸有助于缓解热应激,适宜的添加量为6 g/d。 相似文献
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选用3只体重为35-43 kg安装永久性瘤胃痿管、十二指肠近端瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊,在饲喂尿素-麻饼型日粮条件下,通过非同位素Co标记烟酸的启动-连续灌注方法,测定绵羊瘤胃烟酸的基本产生、消失、外流速率及十二指肠的流通速率。试验结果表明:饲喂尿素-麻饼型日粮的绵羊瘤胃烟酸的基本产生速率为2．92 mg/h。通过灌注的方法提高烟酸产量后,烟酸在瘤胃内的产生速率为5．62 mg/h;消失速率为2．65 mg/h;瘤胃内烟酸的外流速率为2．97 mg/h;同时得出烟酸在十二指肠的流通速率为1．74 mg/h。 相似文献
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Three rumen fistulated sheep were fed with roughage (1200 g artificially dried grass) or a concentrate/roughage diet (600 g concentrate, 400 g artificially dried grass per animal and day). The diets were unsupplemented or 0.5, 1 and 2 g niacin per animal and day were added. After a 14-day adaptation period samples of rumen liquid were taken 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after morning feeding. In a second experiment untreated and NH3-treated wheat straw were incubated in nylon bags for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in the rumen of 5 sheep fed with 1.2 kg artificially dried grass and unsupplemented or supplemented with 1 g niacin per day. Niacin did not significantly influence the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate and branched chain fatty acids in both types of diet (P less than 0.05). 0.5 and 1 g niacin in the roughage and 0.5 g niacin in concentrate/roughage diet increased the propionic acid concentration and reduced the butyric acid concentration in rumen liquid of sheep (P less than 0.05). Niacin resulted in a small decrease (P greater than 0.05) of dry matter degradability in rumen. After 48 h incubation time, the dry matter disappearance of untreated and NH3-treated wheat straw amounted to 35.4 and 46.2% resp. The effects of niacin on rumen fermentation may be useful in avoiding ketogenic situations in dairy cows. 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究不同添加水平烟酸铬对热应激状态下水牛泌乳性能、抗氧化性能和微生物多样性的影响。试验选取体重、日龄、胎次和产奶量相近，泌乳中期的健康尼里-拉菲水牛20头。采用单因素随机区组设计，将试验牛分为4组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组），每组5个重复。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加1.5、3.0和4.5 mg/（d·头）烟酸铬。试验预饲期1周，试验期4周。试验结果表明，热应激条件下，①日粮中添加不同水平的烟酸铬对干物质采食量的影响差异不显著（P>0.05），试验组中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的表观消化率均有不同程度上升；②日粮中烟酸铬添加水平对瘤胃pH、以及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸无显著影响（P>0.05）；③日粮添加3.0 mg/（d·头）烟酸铬显著提高了水牛的产奶量（P<0.05）；各组间乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳总固形物和非脂固形物差异不显著（P>0.05）；④水牛血清丙二醛（MDA）含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在试验组与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）；与对照组相比，3.0 mg/（d·头）烟酸铬组的三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）和甲状腺素（T4）浓度显著增加（P<0.05）；⑤与对照组相比，试验组水牛长链乳脂不饱和脂肪酸的含量有所提高；⑥在门水平上，各组水牛的优势菌群均为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria），样本整体呈现出较丰富的多样性。日粮添加3.0 mg/（d·头）烟酸铬能改善水牛泌乳性能及抗氧化性能，效果优于其他组。 相似文献
14.
本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对活体外瘤胃发酵和烟酸、烟酰胺合成的影响。以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦阉公牛作为瘤胃液供体,选用淀粉、微晶纤维素、酪蛋白3种成分配制成相同粗蛋白质水平(13.5%,DM)和不同精粗比(30:70、50:50、70:30,DM)的3种纯合日粮作为发酵底物。应用人工瘤胃体外产气量法进行培养发酵并测定产气量、挥发酸及发酵液中烟酸、烟酰胺含量的变化。结果表明,提高日粮精粗比可极显著降低发酵液pH、乙酸/丙酸摩尔比、乙酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01),显著降低氨态氮浓度(L,P<0.05),但却极显著增加72 h产气量、总挥发酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01)。随日粮精粗比的提高,瘤胃发酵液中总烟酸(烟酸+烟酰胺)、烟酰胺浓度在24和48 h均呈线性增加(L,0.050.10)。由此得出,日粮精粗比可改变活体外瘤胃发酵模式和影响瘤胃微生物合成总烟酸和烟酰胺,且随日粮精粗比的上升,瘤胃合成总烟酸、烟酰胺的数量呈线性增加趋势。 相似文献
15.
Thiamin and niacin in the rumen 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Thiamin analogs, produced in the rumen by thiaminase I, in the presence of a cosubstrate appear to be responsible for the central nervous system disorder, polioencephalomalacia (PEM). For PEM to occur, an analog must be produced that inhibits an essential thiamin-requiring reaction, and results from a cosubstrate present in the rumen. In high concentrate diets, thiaminase I is produced by rumen microbes. However, PEM can also be caused by thiaminase I of plant origin. Based on physical characteristics and cosubstrate specificity, the thiaminase I enzymes produced by Bacillus thiaminolyticus and Clostridium sporogenes appear to be different from the enzyme produced by the rumen. Because niacin and certain antihelmentics are thiaminase I cosubstrates, they should be used cautiously. Supplementary niacin increased microbial protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo, and was more effective with urea than soybean meal. Supplementary niacin (5 to 6 g X cow-1 X d-1) increased milk production in postpartum cows but not in those in mid-lactation, and in cows fed soybean meal but not in those fed urea. We believe the heating of soybean meal during commercial processing decreased the availability of niacin for rumen protozoa. Supplementary niacin for postpartum cows increased blood glucose, decreased blood ketones and reduced the incidence of ketosis. Niacin flow to the small intestine and its absorption from the small intestine increased with niacin supplementation. Supplemental niacin prevented the postpartum decrease in red blood cell niacin observed in control cows. 相似文献
16.
添加烟酸条件下绵羊瘤胃发酵底物降解动力学变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
试验用瘤胃液来自3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮.通过体外试验,添加450 mg/kg烟酸,测定在不同培养时间内培养液中NH3-N浓度、瘤胃细菌N产量、原虫数量、总VFA量及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸产量和乙酸/丙酸值的降解动力学特征.结果表明:添加烟酸可提高培养液NH3-N利用率;培养液中细菌N、原虫数、总VFA量及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸产量随采样时间变化而呈不同的动力学变化趋势;但乙酸/丙酸值则不受采样时间变化的影响,与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05). 相似文献
17.
肉用种母鸡的烟酸需要量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选３０周龄Ａｒｂｏｒ Ａｃｒｅ种母鸡８０只，设５个处理，每处理１６只鸡。各处理在饲喂相同基础日粮条件下，分别添加烟酸０、１５、３０、６０和１２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。试验期１２周。于试验开始后的第４、８、１２周进行３次孵化试验。试验结果表明，日粮酸添加量在１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上的各处理，种母鸡产蛋量均高于对照组，当烟酸量提高到３０－６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，饲料产蛋效率达到较高水平，但不同日粮烟酸水平对孵化率可以反映种 相似文献
18.
Long‐distance transportation has negative impacts on production and health in cattle. Feed and water are routinely deprived from cattle during transportation. We investigated whether niacin supplementation could improve niacin nutrition and mitigate the adverse effect of transportation with feed and water deprivation in steer calves. We also studied the adverse effect of feed and water deprivation in nontransported steer calves. Twelve calves were assigned to feed and water deprivation for 2 days, or full access to feed and water in experiment 1. Ten calves were assigned to 2‐day transportation with feed and water deprivation, or the transportation with feed and water deprivation, but with supplementation of rumen‐protected niacin at 100 g/day per head in experiment 2. Bodyweight was measured and blood was collected for 32 days in each experiment. Feed and water deprivation temporarily decreased serum glucose concentrations and bodyweight gain. Transportation with deprivation of feed and water caused a temporal decrease in bodyweight gain and serum albumin concentration, and a continuous decrease in serum glucose and total cholesterol concentrations, which was suppressed by niacin supplementation. Niacin supplementation increased blood niacin concentration. These results suggest that niacin supplementation mitigates adverse effects of transportation with feed and water deprivation in steer calves. 相似文献
19.
20.
This experiment was conducted to study the impact of adding linseed oil and malic acid on rumen fatty acid metabolism and feed degradation rate in Yanbian Yellow cattle. 4 Yanbian Yellow cattle weighted (350±15) kg, and fitted with permanent rumen fistula were used as 4×4 Latin square design. The cattle in control group (CON group) were fed basal diet, in LO group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 475 g/d linseed oil, in LOM group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 475 g/d linseed oil and 160 g/d malic acid, in LOMS group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 475 g/d sesame oil, 160 g/d malic acid and 47.5 g/d NaHCO3. In the third and fourth day during the test period, rumen fluid was collected and measured for fatty acids. In the fifth and sixth day, nylon bag method was adopted to determine the feed degradation rate in the rumen. The results showed that the contents of the rumen fatty acids in three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the CON group (P<0.05), excepted the contents of t11-C18:1 at 6 h. Compared with CON group, the rumen degradation rates of DM, OM, CP and NDF in LO group were all reduced. Compared with LO group, degradation rates of DM, OM, CP and NDF in LOM and LOMS groups were improved in a certain extent. The results showed that dietary linseed oil and malic acid would increase the rumen fluid fatty acids in Yanbian Yellow cattle. Linseed Oil had a trend to decline the feed degradation rate in the rumen, but the trend was opposite when combined with malic acid. 相似文献