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1.
施氮量和田面水含氮量对紫色土丘陵区稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了四川省丘陵区紫色土上不同施氮量条件下(0、112.5、150、187.5、225 kg/hm2)稻田氨(NH3)挥发特征及田面水含氮量对其的影响。结果表明,施氮肥后的1~3天内出现NH3挥发峰值,随后逐渐下降。稻田NH3挥发总量随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著的相关关系(r=0.916 6***)。通过稻田NH3挥发损失的氮素占施氮量的比例为29.4%~38.0%。施氮肥后稻田田面水NH4+-N、可溶性氮和总氮浓度均迅速升高,稻田NH3挥发速率与田面水中的NH4+-N、可溶性氮和总氮浓度均具有显著的相关关系,观测期内的最高相关系数分别为0.926 9、0.841 2和0.881 3。因此,控制施氮量可有效降低田面水NH4+-N、可溶性氮和总氮浓度,以此来减少紫色土丘陵区稻田NH3挥发损失。 相似文献
2.
湖南典型双季稻田氨挥发对施氮量的响应研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
选择湖南典型双季稻田为对象,采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了不同施氮量下的氨挥发损失。结果表明,稻田氨挥发总量随施氮量增加而显著增加,在当地农民习惯施肥水平（早稻150 kg/hm2、晚稻180 kg/hm2）下,早稻氨挥发损失氮量占施氮量的39.8%,晚稻则达46.9%,双季稻平均氨挥发损失率达43.7%。氨挥发通量与田面水的NH+4-N浓度和 pH 之间均存在极显著的正相关关系。可见,氨挥发是该区域稻田氮素损失的最主要途径之一。 相似文献
3.
添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的重要途径,为探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT对小麦秸秆还田稻田中氨挥发的影响,采用密闭室通气法,在太湖地区乌珊土上,研究了脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对小麦秸秆还田稻田中施肥后尿素水解和氨挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:稻田氨挥发损失主要集中在基肥和分蘖肥时期。添加NBPT可明显延缓尿素水解,推迟田面水NH4+-N峰值出现的时间,并降低NH4+-N峰值,降低了田面水氨挥发速率和挥发量。NBPT的效果在基肥和分蘖肥施用后尤为明显,不加NBPT时施入的尿素在2~3 d内基本水解彻底,NH4+-N和氨挥发速率在第2 d即达到峰值,两次施肥后NH4+-N峰值分别为132.3 mg·L-1和66.3mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值为15.6 kg·hm-2·d-1和10.4 kg·hm-2·d-1;而添加NBPT后,NH4+-N峰值推迟至施肥后第4 d出现,NH4+-N峰值降至70.7 mg·L-1和51.6 mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值降至4.7 kg·hm-2·d-1和2.6 kg·hm-2·d-1。添加NBPT使稻田氨挥发损失总量从73.3 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的24.4%)降低至34.5 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的11.5%),降低53%。在添加小麦秸秆稻田中添加NBPT通过延缓尿素水解而显著降低了氨挥发损失。 相似文献
4.
太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土稻季上氮肥的氨挥发 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
系统地研究了太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土（黄泥土）稻田上施入的尿素通过氨挥发损失的过程和数量，以及土壤等条件对其影响，可为减少该地区稻季氮肥氨挥发损失，提高氮素利用率提供理论依据。试验应用连续气流密闭室法测定了太湖地区典型稻麦轮作制度中稻季不同施氮量下的水稻基肥、分蘖和孕穗期施用尿素的氨挥发损失，并对其影响因素（田面水中NH4^＋-N浓度、pH值等）的作用进行了分析研究。结果表明，水稻施用尿素后的氨挥发损失量占施肥量的3．7％～11．7％，其中以分蘖肥时期损失最大，其次为穗肥，基肥氨挥发损失最小，氨挥发损失主要时期是在施肥后7d内，田面水中的NH4^＋-N浓度和pH值与氨挥发量有极显著的相关关系（相关系数分别为0．791^＊＊、0．443^＊＊）。 相似文献
5.
应用微气象学方法研究太湖地区水稻三个不同施肥期施用尿素后的氨挥发损失 ,并对其影响因素 (气候、田面水中NH 4 N浓度和作物覆盖等 )的作用进行了分析研究。结果表明 ,水稻施用尿素后的氨挥发损失为各时期施氮量的 18 6 %～ 38 7% ,其中以分蘖肥时期损失最大 ,其次为基肥 ,穗肥氨挥发损失最小。氨挥发损失主要时期是在施肥后 7d内。在水稻不同生长期 ,各因素对氨挥发的影响能力大小并不一样 ,三个施肥期的氨挥发损失通量与施肥后田面水中铵态氮浓度呈显著正相关。 相似文献
6.
氨挥发是稻田氮损失的重要途径之一,掌握氨挥发规律及主要影响因素对于氮损失的评估及调控具有重要意义。为揭示嘉兴地区稻田氨挥发主要发生规律,采用间歇密闭式抽气法,研究了不同施肥期、化学施氮量及有机肥施用、田面水NH+4-N浓度等因素对该地区2013年稻田氨挥发速率的影响。结果表明,基肥期各施肥处理下的氨挥发速率逐日降低,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后前5 d,温度骤降和降雨是造成穗肥期氨挥发速率出现波动性的主要原因,氨挥发速率均小于N 5 kg·hm-2·d-1,较基肥期有明显下降;施氮量与氨挥发总量具有显著的线性正相关性,不同施肥处理下的氨挥发比例为17%~28%,N225+M处理对应的氨挥发总量发生跃增,且氨挥发比例最高,增施干鸡粪对氨挥发的促进作用不大。从氮肥高效利用及低损耗的角度出发,本试验中尿素氮肥施用量应低于N 225 kg·hm-2,加强水氮协调也是降低稻田氮素损失的重要手段之一。 相似文献
7.
水氮调控对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于连续6年设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,采用高分辨激光光谱法观测分析灌水下限(土壤水吸力为W_1:25 kPa、W_2:35 kPa、W_3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N_1:75 kg N/hm~2、N_2:300 kg N/hm~2、N_3:525 kg N/hm~2)对设施土壤氨挥发通量、累积挥发量、番茄产量及单产累积排放量的影响。结果表明:灌水下限、施氮量及两者交互作用极显著的影响设施土壤氨挥发通量峰值、累积挥发量、单产氨挥发累积量、氨挥发损失率和番茄产量。氨挥发通量表现为施氮后6～8天氨挥发达到峰值。经验S模型可以较好地表征基肥和追肥2个时期氨挥发累积量随时间的变化,氨挥发特征参数表现为基肥期以灌水下限和水氮交互影响为主,追肥期以施氮量和水氮交互影响为主。与基肥相比,采用滴灌追肥可显著的降低氨挥发累积量94.78%～96.30%。受土壤pH和土壤NH_4~+-N含量及施肥带比例影响,氨挥发的氮损失率在0～2%。施氮量为300 kg N/hm~2和灌水下限25 kPa组合的水氮处理(W_1N_2)是协调氨挥发量和设施番茄产量的最佳水氮管理模式。 相似文献
8.
太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
在太湖地区乌栅土上,采用田间小区试验连续两年研究了施氮(N)量为0、180、255、330kg hm-2,施磷(P2O5)量为0、309、0、180 kg hm-2的6个组合(对照N0P0、低氮N180P90、优化N255P90、低磷N255P30、高磷N255P180、高氮N330P90)以及三个施肥时期对稻田氨挥发损失的影响,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇通气法测定。结果表明,稻田氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后6d内,基肥和第一次追肥后各处理氨挥发量占施氮量的0.4%~11.5%,而第二次追肥后氨挥发损失比例较大,对照、低氮、优化、低磷、高磷和高氮处理的氨挥发在2002年稻季分别占施氮量的5.8%、9.7%、25.6%、15.6%和11.6%,在2003年稻季则分别为27.4%、26.2%、30.0%、35.1%和27.6%。若施肥后遇阴雨天气或正值水稻拔节孕穗期,氨挥发量便降低。田面水中的NH4 -N浓度是氨挥发的决定因素之一,与氨挥发通量呈正相关。施磷量相同时,氨挥发随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同时,高磷和低磷处理氨挥发均高于优化处理,表明在氮磷不平衡施用时,氮肥氨挥发损失会加剧,从氨挥发损失方面考虑,稻田推荐施磷量不宜超过P2O590 kg hm-2。 相似文献
9.
控释尿素减少双季稻田氨挥发的主要机理和适宜用量 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
10.
控释尿素对土壤氨挥发和无机氮含量及玉米氮素利用率的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用田间试验,通过与普通尿素对比,系统研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用对土壤氨挥发损失、无机氮含量、玉米增产效应及氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用能够有效抑制土壤氨挥发速率,土壤氨挥发速率峰值出现时间比施用普通尿素滞后4～6 d,土壤氨挥发累积量和损失率比普通尿素分别减少了24.75%～61.66%,1.95%～4.06%;硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的控释性能有效地维持了玉米生育期耕层土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量,保证了玉米生育期氮素的供应,并能达到"前控后保"的效果;降低土壤氨挥发损失和保持耕层土壤速效氮含量水平是硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素能够显著提高玉米产量、氮素利用率的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。 相似文献
12.
Howard B. Ross 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(3-4):349-363
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO4 +, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances. 相似文献
13.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation... 相似文献
14.
Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xiaobo Li Yongqiu Xia Yuefei Li Todd M. Kana Sonoko D. Kimura Masanori Saito Xiaoyuan Yan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):783-792
Purpose
Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha–1?year–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.Materials and methods
The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N2 fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N2/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.Results and discussion
Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO3 ?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO3 ?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.Conclusions
High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification. 相似文献15.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
16.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
17.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful
environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications
have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing
track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in
order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required
to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere
level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully
implement this new green technology. 相似文献
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20.
Shu Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(7):583-589
Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?108 to 8.02?×?108?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis 相似文献