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1.
The decay of sandstone in urban areas has been investigated. Patterns and composition of the damage layers sampled on monuments and historical buildings are described. The elemental concentrations of black surface crusts are reported. Enrichment factors in relation to the sandstone and crustal rock composition have been calculated in order to point out the component due to atmospheric deposition. The presence of anthropogenic aerosol and its role in the process of damage is evidenced. 相似文献
2.
江西省雨水、灌溉水及渗漏水中的硫对土壤硫的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ten rainfall and irrigation water-collecting posts were set up in different ecotype districts of Jiangxi Province,China,to quarterly measure S content in rainfall and irrgation water.A rasinwater chemical composition-collecting device was used to collect the sulphur in rainfall,and the amount of sulphur adsorbed on the resin column in the device was determined.The soil percolating water was gathered using 6 lysimeters built up according to the profile sequence of the red soil derived from red sandstone and the red soil derived from Quaternary red clay,separately.On the lysimeters peanuts,soybean and radish were grown in rotation.Two treatments were designed:without S addition and with S additin at a rate of 14kg S ha^-1,The SO4^2- contents in rainfall,irrigation water and soil percolating water were determined by the turbidimetry.The results in 1997 showed that the average annual S content in rainwater ws 28.13kg S ha^-1.the average S content in irrigation water was 1.7mg S L^-1,and the average content of SO4^2- in soil percolation water was 2.30kg Sha^-1 year^-1 and 4.70 kg Sha^-1 year^-1 in treatments without and with sulphur application,respectively,In Jiangxi Province,apart from the losses by runoff and leaching,the sulphur in rainfall avaliable to crops is 7.3kg S ha^-1 year^-1 and additional S application is required.When rice is grown.however,irrigation water can suply 6.9kg S ha^-1,which,along with the sulphur in rainfall,cal almost meet the S requirement of one cropping of rice. 相似文献
3.
Liidia Bityukova 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,172(1-4):239-271
For a long time the local Ordovician carbonate rocks were widely used for the building of many historical buildings, churches and strongholds in Tallinn. The chemical and mineralogical composition of building stone and gypsum black crust from five historical objects of Old Town of Tallinn were examined in order to reveal the weathering behaviour of the limestone and estimate the influence of pollution on the decay processes. The ICP-MS analysis and X-ray difractometry were performed to provide a quantitative analysis of the processes, which are responsible for building stone decay. The enrichment factor and R-mode factor analyses were applied in order to improve the understanding the nature and sources of elements and assess the pollution effect. The obtained results confirmed a natural origin for Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Ti, K, Na and Fe. The black crust is elevated in Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn concentrations as a result of the pollution effect. The highest increase of Cu, Pb and Zn content was determined in the samples from gypsum crust at St. Olaf's church. The enrichment factors calculation and factor analysis confirm the input of these elements from anthropic sources. Sulphur isotope composition in damaged building stone and black crust was used to discriminate the anthropic and natural sources of sulphur. The impact of technogenous sulphur in the gypsum formation in the black crust was revealed. The contribution of sulphur dissoluted from limestone is reflected in the positive delta values of sulphur. Comparison of obtained data to those for similar objects in European cities was carried out. 相似文献
4.
Turf-banked terrace treads and risers, turf exfoliation and possible relationships with advancing treeline 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Fine-scale geomorphic/pedogenic processes at alpine treeline may facilitate the initial stages of conifer invasion of alpine tundra. Turf-banked terraces and turf exfoliation associated with solifluction may provide both the topographic protection and the seedbed necessary for conifer establishment above treeline. The morphometry, stoniness and surface penetrability of turf-banked terraces were recorded. Whereas differences among sites exist due to topographic constraints, differences in soil penetrability depend on turf exfoliation. Exfoliated turf risers are significantly more penetrable than non-exfoliated solifluction risers and adjacent treads. These penetrable microsites provide favorable conditions for seed germination. The process of turf exfoliation may play a role in conifer advance into tundra during climatic change. 相似文献
5.
Malle Järvan Liina Edesi Ando Adamson 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(5):401-409
Abstract The effect of sulphur application on winter wheat yield and yield components on two different soils in northern Estonia and southern Estonia during 2004–2009 was investigated. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha?1 accompanied with nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha?1, which effect was compared to effect of ammonium nitrate at the same rate of N. The rates of fertilizers were divided into two portions and applied at the growth stages 21–22 and 25–30. The effect of sulphur fertilization on the formation of wheat yield varied on a quite large scale depending on soil and weather conditions of trial locations. The yield components were closely related: when one component was changed, the other components sometimes compensated for grain yield. Sulphur deficiency symptoms appeared on the break-stony soil at Saku in a somewhat stronger form than on the pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi. The results of field trials conducted at Saku during the four years can be summarized as follows: the application of sulphur increased the number of ears per unit area by an average of 14.0% and the number of grains per ear by an average of 18.6%. At the same time, sulphur decreased the 1000-grain weight. As a final result, sulphur application on break-stony soil increased the wheat yield by 1.16 t ha?1 on average, i.e. by 23.0%. Sulphur application in trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi during years with different weather conditions in growing season proved highly effective in three of five trials. As an average of all trials in Auksi, the sulphur application increased the number of ears per unit area and the number of grains per ear by 23.9% and 7.7%, respectively. The grain yield increased under the influence of sulphur on the average of all trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil by 1.25 t ha?1, i.e. by 22.4%. 相似文献
6.
湖南省旱地土壤硫素状况及作物施硫效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对湖南省127个旱地表土(0~20 cm)和56个旱地底土(20~40 cm)进行了有效S含量分析及花生和油菜施S效应的田间试验。结果表明:湖南省旱地土壤有效S含量表土低于底土;表土有效S含量低于30mg/kg的土样所占的比例为49%,低于16mg/kg的土样所占的比例为21%;旱地土壤有效S含量和缺S频率因成土母质而异,河流冲积物发育的土壤有效S含量最低(16.4?.80 mg/kg),S含量低于16mg/kg的频率最高(64%),其次为紫色砂叶岩发育的土壤(有效S含量为28.3?.21mg/kg,S含量低于16mg/kg的频率为37%)。花生、油菜施S效应因S肥类型和S肥用量而异,单作时S的增产量和经济效益均以SSP为好,S肥用量为30kg/hm2的经济效益较高;轮作时连续施S,S的经济效益以SSP最好,S95和ES次之,最差的数石膏,花生施S效益为油菜的1.8~11.4倍;S肥类型和S肥用量不同,S残效不同。此外,施用S肥还能够增加花生、油菜的吸N量和粗脂肪量,提高N肥利用率,但S对花生吸N量和粗脂肪的累积效果好于油菜。 相似文献
7.
暗渠隧洞剥落坍塌破坏是坎儿井消亡的主要原因之一。该文选取典型坎儿井,通过现场实测调研、室内试验研究了坎儿井井壁的水份分布特征、来源以及土性参数;基于滤纸法获取的增湿土-水特征曲线,进行了坎儿井非饱和稳态渗流有限元分析。研究表明:冬季坎儿井井壁水分来源主要是毛细水,0.6 m以下为暗渠毛细水强烈影响区,井壁土为冻胀性土;井壁严重剥落高度(1.0~1.5 m)与起始冻胀含水率高度(1.1 m)基本一致,冻融循环后低围压下有效粘聚力降低显著,可明确冻融是井壁剥落破坏的主要原因;基于防渗止水的井壁抗冻胀思路,提出了在隧洞纵深负温范围内进行局部防渗衬砌的工程加固措施,该措施具有井壁抗冻胀、施工维护简单、不破坏坎儿井这一历史文物原貌等优点,具有一定的理论和技术推广价值。 相似文献
8.
Lucerne was grown in nutrient solutions at adequate and “deficient”; levels of sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. Volatile losses of sulphur were then measured when shoots and roots were oven dried at 80°C for 48 hours.
Small but significant losses of sulphur occurred during oven drying. Losses from shoots ranged from 4.2 to 13.9 μgS/g dry weight, which represented from 0.38 to 0.66% of the total sulphur content of the shoot. Losses from roots ranged from 12.0 to 47.8 μgS/g dry weight, representing 0.82 to 1.77% of the total sulphur content of the root. Decreases in supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or sulphur generally decreased the amount of volatile sulphur lost by oven drying shoots. Losses from roots generally decreased when supply of sulphur decreased, but increased when nitrogen and potassium supply decreased, and were generally unaffected by phosphorus supply.
The organic sulphur concentration in the tissue was linearly correlated with absolute losses of sulphur (r = 0.799** for shoots; r = 0.822** for roots), the amount of sulphur lost per unit dry weight (r = 0.469* for shoots; r = 0.381* for roots) and the percentage of the total sulphur released as volatile sulphur (r = 0.937** for shoots; r = 0.970** for roots). By contrast, the total sulphur concentration in the tissue was linearly correlated only with the amount of sulphur lost per unit dry weight ( r = 0.704** for shoots; r = 0.723** for roots). 相似文献
9.
将（３５）￣ＳＯ应用于土壤、叶面和荚表面，根据对成熟植株各部位放射性的测定，了解不同时期油菜对硫的吸收、运转和分配。试验表明，油菜对施于土壤中（３５）￣Ｓ的吸收以花期最高，苔期其次，移栽期最低。除苔期外，其他时期有４０％从土壤吸收的（３５）￣Ｓ运往籽粒。应用于顶部４叶的（３５）Ｓ，在成熟植株中回收约５０％，包括留在标记叶的２０％左右。从荚中的回收率除苗期较低外，其他时期在２１％～２３％范围内，其中大部分在分枝荚。开花后不同时期应用于主茎荚表面的（３５）Ｓ，有１３％～１６．８％转移到主茎荚内籽粒中，运往分枝荚籽粒中的不到１０％。 相似文献
10.
A. Alebic-Juretic 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2199-2204
Trends in sulphur dioxide (SO2) annual mean concentrations in the period 1984–1993 are given for two sites within the city of Rijeka. During this period a decline (in average 30%) is observed since mid-eighties up to now at both sites. Dry deposition of sulphur as sulphur dioxide (S-SO2) follows the same trend. Deposition of total sulphur as sulphates (S-SO4) and wet S-SO4 exhibit similar pattern with a decline of 45%. Rain scavenging is found to be the main path of sulphate removal from the atmosphere. The decline of sulphur compounds in the urban atmosphere of Rijeka can be attributed to the use of fuel with lower sulphur content. 相似文献
11.
砒砂岩区是我国水土流失问题最严重的区域之一。为研究砒砂岩坡面土壤剥蚀率的影响因素及W-OH材料对其的改良效果,以内蒙古自治区准格尔旗地区砒砂岩为研究对象,采用模拟冲刷试验方法研究了冲刷流量(2,3,4 L/min)、坡度(5°,7.5°,10°)以及W-OH喷洒浓度(1%,2%,3%)对砒砂岩坡面土壤剥蚀率和微结构的影响。结果表明:(1)砒砂岩坡面剥蚀率沿坡面方向逐渐减小,且随着冲刷流量和坡度的增大而增大;(2)在流量、坡度固定条件下,随着W-OH溶液浓度的提高,砒砂岩坡面土壤剥蚀率改善效果越明显,坡面的抗蚀性能提升越高,当浓度超过2%时,对坡面固结效果较为明显;(3)SEM试验结果说明W-OH溶液可以对砒砂岩颗粒进行有效地包裹,从而防止水分侵蚀,提高坡面抗蚀性,这与溶液浓度和喷洒量关系密切,也与坡度和冲刷流量有一定相关性。研究结果将对W-OH用于砒砂岩坡面治理提供一定的理论支撑。 相似文献
12.
氮形态和硫水平对烤烟氮、硫、钾等营养的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
红壤和潮土培育烤烟,100%铵态氮、100%硝态氮和50%铵氮+50%硝氮等3种氮形态和2种硫施用量的盆栽试验研究表明,增加硝态氮肥供给比例,有利于烤烟生长,烟株叶片干重、株高、干径增加。施硫增加,各叶位全硫含量均显著增加,下部叶片明显累积较多的硫。硝态氮处理红壤和潮土生长烟叶硫含量降低。烟叶氮含量也受供氮形态影响,硝态氮供给比例增加,烟叶全氮含量均较高。供硫增加,烟叶钾含量下降;100%铵氮处理烟叶钾累积较多,NH4+没有抑制K的吸收。 相似文献
13.
An overall level as well as seasonal changes of acidification of Tatra Mountains surface waters have been studied. Measurements carried out in the Tatra Mountains National Park were concentrated on two lakes: Dlugi Staw and Zielony Staw, situated in the crystalline, granitic part of the mountains. These lakes differ from each other in altitude (1784 m and 1632 m a.s.l. respectively) as well as in quantity and variety of flora and fauna living in and around them. The wet deposition of acidifying compounds of sulphur and nitrogen, and their seasonal variability in the area of the lakes were measured and compared with the critical loads of sulphur and nitrogen for these lakes and their catchments. Results showed that the critical loads of both sulphur and nitrogen in Dlugi Staw were exceeded all over the year and in Zielony Staw the acid deposition was roughly equal to critical load. A surprisingly high concentration of nitrogen compounds in acid deposition, well above the absorption ability of both the lakes and their catchments were ascertained. Nitrogen retention coefficients calculated for the lakes were as follows: Dlugi Staw — approximately 10%, Zielony Staw — approximately 50%. Seasonal variability in nitrate ions concentration in the lakes' waters reflected their prominent acidification caused by nitrogen compounds corresponding to stages 2 and 3 in the scale proposed recently by Stoddard (Stoddard, 1994). 相似文献
14.
C. E. H. Downing K. J. Vincent G. W. Campbell D. Fowler R. I. Smith 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(2):659-664
UK data on sulphur deposition trends between the 1960's and 1990's are presented. Long term data sets of sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations at two sites have been analysed and dry deposition determined using a resistance model. Wet deposition has been calculated from non-marine sulphate concentration and rainfall fields for 1978–80 and 1989–93. These maps have been interpolated and corrected for seeder feeder enhancement. The wet deposition of sulphur declined by about 43 % between 1979 and 1993 whereas emissions of sulphur declined by about 32 %. An indication of the trends in sulphur dry deposition is provided by data from Eskdalemuir, a site in southern Scotland where wet deposition and SO2 concentration have been measured since 1979. Dry deposition at Eskdalemuir has decreased by 70 % and wet deposition by 48 %. Hence, while wet deposition has responded approximately linearly with the decline in UK emissions of sulphur dioxide, dry deposition has declined at twice the rate of decline in UK emissions. 相似文献
15.
The amount and chemical nature of soil organic sulphur was determined in several pairs of soils taken from long-term pasture and adjacent, continuously cultivated sites. Similar determinations were also carried out on organic matter extracts obtained from the soils. The lower levels of sulphur in the arable soils compared with pasture soils were assumed to have resulted from the mineralisation of organic matter brought about by cultivation. Losses of sulphur caused by this mineralisation were found to occur in all three organic fractions examined. A high proportion (75%) of the sulphur lost consisted of carbon-bonded sulphur with only 25% derived from HI-reducible forms. Despite this, it is suggested that, of the two forms, HI-reducible sulphur has a more transitory nature and is possibly of greater importance in the short-term mineralisation of sulphur whereas carbon-bonded sulphur passes through an HI-reducible form prior to release as inorganic sulphur. It is suggested that the sulphur present in the fulvic acid pool could, likewise, be most important for short-term mineralisation. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):345-354
Abstract Six different methods for measuring total sulphur concentrations in plant material were applied to orchardgrass samples derived from three cuts of a field trial with combinations of sulphur and nitrogen fertilizer applications. The results from the methods were grouped into three pairs of high, intermediate and low measured total sulphur concentrations. Highest concentrations were obtained using an oxygen flask and the LECO CNS‐2000 automated dry combustion methods, intermediate concentrations with an alkaline digestion and the Fisher automated dry combustion instrument, and lowest with two perchloric acid digestion methods. The low results with the two perchloric acid methods likely occurred from sulphur volatilization and incomplete organic sulphur compound destruction. The results from the pairs of methods with similar total concentrations did not yield the same significant cut, sulphur and nitrogen main and interaction effects when analysis of variance was applied to the treatment results. The two dry combustion methods agreed reasonably closely regarding the main and interaction effects, but calculated recovery of applied sulphur varied. It is apparent that current methods do not agree precisely in their ability to measure total sulphur in plant material types, and for the same type of plant grown under different climate conditions and fertilizer treatments. It was concluded that values by LECO CNS‐2000 instrument provided the best measurement of total sulphur for fertilizer response trials. 相似文献
17.
针对北疆地区膨胀土渠道因季节性通水导致的边坡失稳破坏问题,通过建立简化地质条件的离心模型试验,得到了湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的变形及破坏特征,提出了由渠道通水、停水引起的湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的破坏模式;在此基础上,利用GeoStudio软件分析了不同裂隙分布形式对膨胀土渠道边坡渗流特性及稳定性的影响。结果表明:运行过程中渠基膨胀土开裂是引起渠道边坡发生浅层失稳破坏的决定性因素;渠道因季节性通水造成的湿干循环作用下膨胀土渠道边坡破坏模式主要由“子土块”剥落破坏及“后缘张拉裂隙的扩展”2种破坏相互混合叠加构成。对比数值模型中不同后缘裂隙深度下渠坡的安全系数可知,当裂隙贯穿区深度为0.5 m时(工况1),对应的安全系数下降幅度约为60%,但此时的安全系数仍较大,渠坡可视为稳定;而当裂隙贯穿区深度继续增加至1 m时,渠道的安全系数下降幅度达到约74%,此刻的安全系数接近一级安全等级阈值(1.25),渠坡虽仍为稳定,但已经具备了失稳的可能。边坡的浅层破坏主要由“子土块”剥落模式决定,而后缘张拉裂隙的扩展对渠坡的失稳起到促进作用。此外,数值模拟结果还显示裂隙的存在加剧了坡面表层土体的孔压波动,易造成表层“子土块”的剥落。研究成果为进一步揭示季节性通水诱发的膨胀土渠道灾变提供了参考依据。 相似文献
18.
J. Prietzel J. Thieme U. Neuhäusler J. Susini & I. Kögel-Knabner 《European Journal of Soil Science》2003,54(2):423-433
Current wet chemical methods for the speciation of sulphur (S) in soils are inaccurate and do not allow one to assess the S speciation of individual soil particles and colloids. X-ray microscopy and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS) can be used to study individual species of S at the K-adsorption edge. We have used these techniques to identify and quantify S species in bulk soil, soil particles and colloids from Oh and Bh horizons of two forested Podzols. The partitioning of soil sulphur as determined on bulk samples of the Oh horizons by X-ray spectromicroscopy agreed fairly well with the results of a conventional S speciation for the soil at Schluchsee, and reasonably well for that at Rotherdbach. The NEXAFS analyses on individual soil particles revealed that they are richer in reduced organic sulphur than the bulk soil for the Schluchsee Oh and richer in sulphate for Rotherdbach Oh. The techniques can be used reliably to separate and quantify sulphur species with different oxidation states in the soil. The combination of X-ray transmission and sulphur fluorescence images with unfocused and focused NEXAFS spectra at the K-adsorption edge of sulphur at specific microsites allowed us to compare the distribution of S species in bulk soil with that of distinct soil particles and soil colloids. Moreover, we can use it to assess the spatial distribution of different S species on soil particles on a scale of a few hundred nanometres. 相似文献
19.
A field experiment was set up in northeastern Italy to investigate the effects of sulphur dioxide fallout on leaf litter decomposition rates and soil microarthropods. The pollution fallout, which affected part of the Po River delta, originated from the activity of an oil-fired power plant located at Isola Camerini (Porto Tolle, Rovigo). Four sampling sites, exposed to different amounts of pollutant fallout, were selected along the river bank. Two sites, located 1·5 km from the power-plant stack, received minimum sulphur dioxide fallout and were used as controls; two high-deposition sites were about 13 km away from the power-plant settlement. Soil cores were taken to compare sulphur concentrations in the upper layers of the sampling site soil profiles. Litter bags filled with plant material of various types, laid down over two consecutive sampling periods, were used to study leaf litter decomposition and sulphur accumulation on plant tissues. Microarthropods were extracted from the litter bags by means of a modified Tullgren apparatus. Soil chemical analysis showed the highest sulphur concentrations at the high pollutant deposition sites along the plume path. Litter bag dry weight loss over time was reduced by sulphur accumulation in plant tissues. Sulphur accumulation in litter bags gave an indirect measure of the differential pollutant deposition over the land. High-deposition sampling sites showed a significant reduction in the total number of some decomposers. Collembola, in particular, appeared to be a robust bio-indicator of pollutant fallout. Conclusions were drawn about the possible detrimental effects of sulphur compounds on soil and leaf chemistry, litter decomposition and microarthropod decomposer populations.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
以云南省设施栽培面积最大的6个片区的设施土壤为研究对象,运用主成分分析方法对大棚土壤重金属元素进行区域分异特征的研究。结果表明:按照主成分分析方法,云南设施土壤将被划为两大片区高亲硫元素区和高铁族元素区。按照地域区划,昆明地区的官渡、呈贡、红河属于高铁族元素区;保山、曲靖、玉溪属于高亲硫元素区。相关分析表明:1)铁族元素间的相关关系达到极显著水平;2)亲硫元素的相关关系不如铁族元素,各种元素间的相关关系只达到显著水平;3)亲硫元素与铁族元素之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平;4)Cd与亲硫元素、铁族元素均达到显著相关水平,但与亲硫元素中达到极显著水平的占总量的33%,而与铁族元素均达到极显著相关;5)Hg与大多数元素之间一般为负相关关系。 相似文献