首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Many existing parks are currently experiencing difficulties in achieving their conservation aims, yet they remain an important option for maintaining and enhancing the conservation of biological diversity and ecosystem processes. Critics have claimed that many national parks cannot continue to protect the biological resources within their borders, and the sustainability of these areas over the long-term is in question. Ways need to be found to strengthen those that are failing, and to understand and replicate those that are succeeding. This paper presents the empirical results from a systematic evaluation of how effectively six case study national parks and national park reserves in Canada and South Africa have been protecting ecological integrity. Several parks were effective at addressing the priorities for which they had monitoring data, however the effectiveness rating of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for many reasons, including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Overall, a systematic approach to evaluating ecological integrity in national parks is recommended as the managers of protected areas cannot be expected to conserve the biological diversity and ecosystem processes within their borders if they are unaware of the ecological status of the park’s biodiversity. The paper concludes with several practical recommendations for monitoring ecological integrity in national parks.  相似文献   

2.
The transformation and degradation of tropical forest is thought to be the primary driving force in the loss of biodiversity worldwide. Developing countries are trying to counter act this massive lost of biodiversity by implementing national parks and biological reserves. Costa Rica is no exception to this rule. National development strategies in Costa Rica, since the early 1970s, have involved the creation of several National Parks and Biological Reserves. This has led to monitoring the integrity of and interactions between these protected areas. Key questions include: “Are these areas' boundaries respected?”; “Do they create a functioning network?”; and “Are they effective conservation tools?”. This paper quantifies deforestation and secondary growth trends within and around protected areas between 1960 and 1997. We find that inside of national parks and biological reserves, deforestation rates were negligible. For areas outside of National Parks and Biological reserves we report that for 1-km buffer zones around such protected areas, there is a net forest gain for the 1987/1997 time period. Thus, it appears that to this point the boundaries of protected areas are respected. However, in the 10-km buffer zones we find significant forest loss for all study periods. This suggests that increasing isolation of protected areas may prevent them from functioning as an effective network.  相似文献   

3.
In Scandinavia, national parks are mostly restricted to wilderness areas, usually without roads. Most of them are in the mountains and are visited by relatively few people. The problem of ecological balance in national parks in North America is discussed. While, for instance, forest fires have been avoided in the national parks of the United States since the first such park was founded in 1872, the new ecological park policy allows attempts at controlled fires and thinning of dense forest by logging. Success in experiments of this kind requires good knowledge of the ecological potential of the species and successional trends involved—knowledged found only in experienced ecologists. The need is stressed for a strong national park administration, with a high degree of influence of ecologists, in the Scandinavian countries—both to avoid unbalanced use of the parks in the future, and to restrict nature-disturbing activities to areas of lesser interest for purpose of conservation.  相似文献   

4.
The ten National Park Authorities of England and Wales are concerned mainly with landscape conservation and provision for outdoor recreation. Nature conservation is not primary park purpose and only authority has its own nature reserves. Nature conservation purposes are pursued in the parks as elsewhere by the Nature Conservancy Council and by the appropriate County Conservation Trust. The achievements of these two organisations—the former national and governmental, the latter local and voluntary—are compared and contrasted.The number of national Nature Reserves established by the Nature Conservancy nationally assessed. The Conservacy appears to have treated the parks much as it has treated the rest of the country. Local Conservation Trusts have also accorded the parks no more—but also no less—attention than elsewhere. Trust reserves tend to be more or less uniformally distributed throughout the counties of England and Wales. This pattern corresponds with the distribution of Trust members and arises because membership rates tend to be highest in the more rural areas (including the National Parks) where absolute population levels are low. Finally, the National Park Authorities themselves have all but neglected nature conservation purposes in the parks. This lack of interest is consistent with the low priority afforded to nature conservation by local authorities in general and by rural authorities in particular. But whilst past achievements have been slight, future prospects are, by comparison, quite bright.  相似文献   

5.
《Biological conservation》1986,35(4):293-311
This paper reports an analysis of biotic community representation in Malawi's system of national parks and game reserves. This analysis is used as a basis for discussing methods of allocating conservation priority to different areas. The conclusion is that quantitative representation of biotic communities alone is an inadequate guide to conservation priority: first, because of the subjective nature of biotic community classification, and, secondly, because this measure is insufficiently selective in terms of rare and threatened species, landscape aesthetics and other points of interest. We propose that emphasis be placed on selecting examples of biotic communities with these values in mind, and that the system of allocating conservation priority developed at the 1981 IUCN/WWF meeting at Wankie, Zimbabwe (Cumming, 1984), provides the best available guide to such selections. Use of the Wamkie system for Malawi indicates that evergreen forests rare highest conservation priority.  相似文献   

6.
Exploitation of wildlife for meat in the tropics (‘bushmeat’) is a critical threat for biodiversity, particularly in Africa. Here, we investigate the importance of protected areas (National Parks and other forest parks) as sources for the trade by exploring patterns in pricing and condition of bushmeat carcasses. We surveyed carcass prices in a large sample of trading points (87 markets surveyed, over a 35,000 km2 area) in Cameroon and Nigeria in the Cross–Sanaga region of West Africa. We assessed evidence for national parks as the source of animals traded as bushmeat. The study area included rural and urban centers (Calabar, Nigeria, and Douala, Cameroon) close to important protected areas: the Cross River National Park in Nigeria, and Korup National Park in Cameroon. Both parks host very high species diversity, including a range of endemics. Prices increased with distance from national park boundaries, particularly in Cameroon, where parks may be less depleted than in Nigeria. There was evidence that trading points closer to parks were more likely to function as wholesalers, with meat moving onto further trading points, rather than being sold to the end consumer. Carcasses were more often smoked (a treatment aimed at preservation) if they were not sold to their final consumers; smoking was also commoner at larger trading points. Prices were higher close to the road network, where opportunities for further trade were more available. We consider how wildlife harvests in and around protected areas may be managed to minimize depletion of animal populations, and if protected areas may, on the principle of marine no-take zones, be sustainable sources for regulated harvests.  相似文献   

7.
通过测定崇明岛不同功能区（农场、普通农业区、城镇和自然保护区）表层土壤样品中的有机氯农药（OCPs）,对其残留现状、来源和潜在生态风险状况进行研究。结果表明,不同功能区土壤中OCPs残留水平为农场（39.2 ng.g^-1）〉普通农业区（8.0 ng.g^-1）〉城镇区（6.7 ng.g^-1）〉自然保护区（4.7 ng.g^-1）。与HCHs相比,DDTs残留污染要较高一些。不同功能地区土壤中HCHs没有新的污染源,而DDTs则仍有少量新污染源输入。农场（前进农场、富民农场）和城镇（堡镇长江边湿地）表层土壤中DDTs对鸟类和生物具有一定的生态风险,而普通农业区和自然保护区土壤中DDTs对该地区鸟类生态风险则较低。  相似文献   

8.
Amazonian environments are being disrupted and their animal and plant species endangered as a result of intense development of resources throughout the region. Current conservation measures include several national parks and reserves and legislation for the protection of wildlife. The majority of the parks and reserves are located on the periphery of the Amazon region and most of the diversity of Amazonian communities is not at present protected. Legislation for wildlife protection is poorly enforced and there is inadequate information on the distribution and status of threatened species. Conservation efforts are being stimulated by an Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Management of the Amazon Flora and Fauna. In Brazil, an extensive planning programme is underway for the establishment of a network of parks and reserves in the Amazon region. This paper reviews conservation measures and plans in Amazonia and provides some recommendations for future conservation strategies.  相似文献   

9.
There is general agreement regarding the importance of analysing the territories’ roles under different biodiversity management figures in order to support better decision making in the management of natural resources in tropical countries. In this study we analyse the deforestation process to address the question of whether existing strategies such as national protected areas (PAs) and indigenous reservations (IRs) are effective protecting forests in the Colombian Guyana shield. We analyse whether these territories have successfully halted deforestation and agricultural frontier expansion by comparing deforestation occurring within these areas with their surroundings from 1985 to 2002. We also evaluate the impact of roads, illicit crops, and the size of PAs and IRs on deforestation rates. The results indicate that deforestation levels along the outside borders of both management figures were almost four times higher than inside declared PAs and 1.5 times higher than in IRs. However, within IRs, the loss of forested ecosystems was approximately six times greater than inside national parks. As a whole, roads were a significant factor associated with the changes in the region, as well as the influential expansion of coca cultivation particularly outside the national parks. The size of the PAs and indigenous lands also determined their positive impact as barrier against deforestation. Our results suggest strong pressure on areas surrounding PAs, driven by economic forces such as illegal crop expansion, particularly in the last decade. Indigenous lands with small territories have suffered intensive deforestation processes since the 1980s, but changes have been less dramatic in larger areas. Today, PAs are an effective barrier to deforestation, especially given their large extension, but are still under high risk. Future management plans should consider a designed infrastructure development paired with the establishment of new indigenous reservations with minimum viable sizes in order to control accessibility, natural resources extraction, and deforestation.  相似文献   

10.
Since the 1990s, the mountain pine beetle (MPB) population has exploded in western Canada. In national parks, MPB has the potential to impact visual quality and safety of visitors, and to spread beyond park boundaries to the industrial forest landbase. Control measures have been initiated in some parks to lessen these impacts. A study was undertaken to examine public attitudes, knowledge, issue salience, and management preferences for MPB in Banff and Kootenay national parks. Data were collected by mail survey in 2003 from 1385 residents living in or near the parks. MPB was an important issue for the majority of respondents and they had low knowledge of MPB, expressed negative attitudes towards it, and supported measures to control it. Preferred control measures included those directed at the current infestation. Proactive approaches in uninfested forests were generally not supported. Issue salience and knowledge were the best predictors of attitudes toward the MPB. Attitudes were the best predictors of support for no intervention in beetle infestations in national parks. Management implications include the lack of knowledge and support for natural disturbance and ecological integrity policies in national parks.  相似文献   

11.
Cartographic analysis of the hazard of erosion is a useful tool for the planning and management of natural parks, helping to establish measures for protection and correction. Such parks, which offer spectacular landscape views and natural beauty, must be conserved with all their resources. Accordingly, park managers must have the cartographic tools for hazard planning, which is necessary for the rational and sustainable handling of human activities and the establishment of preventive and corrective measures. The present work describes a cartographic procedure using GIS that determines the risk of aeolian erosion. The method was applied to two protected natural parks in the central mountain system in Spain. This cartographic method revealed a weak risk of hazard of erosion in low‐lying areas or valley floors, with increasing risk in areas of deflation. These areas were explored by mapping geomorphological domains and slopes, characterising different surficial deposits: colluvium, piedmonts, debris cone, alluvial fans and river terraces. Aeolian erosion on cultivated surfaces with gentle slopes was observed to be low, but in sectors with little agricultural activity and undulated reliefs, the hazard of erosion is important owing to the high analytical and textural erodibility and scant vegetation cover of these sectors. These parameters were studied on the basis of the mapping of soils and soil profiles. Additionally, the cartography of vegetation and the wind index in the cartographic procedure allowed for the different degrees of aeolian erosion to be better quantified. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
《Biological conservation》1986,36(2):181-196
In parks and reserves, the conservation and management of large animals, particularly dangerous ones, has always been of concern with respect to human safety. In some areas, protective management for crocodilians, some species of which are known to attack humans, is appropriate despite prevailing national or regional management trends emphasising commercial utilisation. Management of problem alligators in Everglades National Park provides an example of protection management. We found that incidents involving conflict between visitors and alligators were not frequent in the Park despite a large resident alligator population and the annual passage of 400 000 people through the area. Furthermore, responses to alligator incidents were not time-consuming, requiring an average of four personnel-days per year. Visitor management was an effective tool in this park, emphasising a balance between visitor safety and alligator protection by focusing on reducing the potential for conflict. Because objectives differ in various reserves, there is a need for locally sensitive planning for crocodilian management. Three criteria to be evaluated at a local level are potential threats to human safety, economic necessity, and the ecological values of the species. Although ethical and philosophical arguments can be raised, in the United States nonconsumptive management appears to be most effectively argued on the value of crocodilians to the ecosystems they inhabit.  相似文献   

13.
Nicaragua, a Central American country, has established two national parks recently and more reserves are in the planning stage. Saslaya National Park, 11,800 ha of virgin tropical rain forest and cloud forest, was established in 1971. Management of the park is as yet minimal, and few data have been collected. Masaya Volcano National Park, 4400 ha, contains an active volcano, a crater lagoon, and lava flows supporting successional stages to the dry deciduous forest. A Master Plan prepared for the area will soon be implemented. An inventory of other potential wildlands is being conducted, from which other reserves will be established. Obstacles to the management of a wildlands system include lack of a responsible government agency, principally, and also lack of trained manpower and funds.  相似文献   

14.
青藏高原雪灾高风险区饲草料储备库选址分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了更好的发挥饲草料储备库在灾害风险管理中的应用,提高高原牧区灾害韧性。该研究将雪灾高风险区与实际多年雪灾发生区相结合,采用P-中值模型提出了饲草料储备库的选址分析方法,并利用贪婪取走启发式算法对模型求解。以青海省雪灾高风险区为例,选址分析得出治多、玛沁、都兰3座饲草料储备库和麻多、扎朵、秋智等13座饲草料储备点的分布位置与储备规模。其中治多储备规模为21.0万t;玛沁储备规模为13.2万t;都兰储备规模为13.5万t。布局上形成了以储备库为中心,储备点为外围的二元结构,验证了分析方法的合理性和可行性。从而为高原牧区饲草料储备库的选址提供参考性理论依据和可操作性方法。  相似文献   

15.
In West and Central Africa large carnivores have become increasingly rare as a consequence of rapid habitat destruction and lack of resources for protected area management. The Bénoué Complex (23,394 km2) in northern Cameroon is a regionally critical area for large mammal conservation. In the complex lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are formally protected in three national parks and 28 hunting zones. Over-hunting may be having a strong additive effect precipitating declines in large carnivore numbers across the complex. We used a coarse level track index method to estimate the relative abundance of these three species both in hunting zones and national parks. The results were interpreted with respect to ungulate abundance, and hunting impact. There was no significant difference between the densities of medium to larger species of ungulates in the hunting zones and the national parks, and no difference in leopard and spotted hyena densities in the respective areas. However, lions occurred at significantly lower densities in the hunting zones, and even in the national parks occurred at significantly lower densities than prey biomass would predict.  相似文献   

16.
Approaches in identifying terrestrial natural areas in Oregon are reviewed. Remote sensing techniques using high altitude colour infrared photography were applied to locate and describe candidate natural area reserves on state-owned land in seven Oregon countries. Land units totalling 25, 700 ha were catalogued as potential natural areas, based on the natural quality and character of the vegetation cover. The characteristics and uses of high altitude colour infrared photography are discussed with reference to natural area inventory.  相似文献   

17.
The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Jiri (440 km2) and Seorak (373 km2) National Park areas of South Korea was investigated from September 1998 to May 2001. A total of 5979 fish were collected and classified into 22 families and 60 species from both national parks. At Jiri, 30 species in 12 families of fishes were collected, while at Seorak there were 42 species in 17 families. Zacco temmincki [relative abundance (RA) 47.9%] was dominant at both parks. Subdominant species were Rhynchocypris kumkangensis (RA 10.8%), Zacco platypus (RA 9.4%), and Pungtungia herzi (RA 5.3%). A total of 20 species were found to be Korean endemic species, representing seven families. The relative abundance of Korean endemic species was higher at Seorak (30.5%) than Jiri (18.5%). One exotic species (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and two species translocated outside their native catchments (Hypomesus nipponensis and Coreoperca herzi) were collected. The proportion of Korean endemic freshwater fish species in both parks (33.3%) was higher than the overall proportion on the Korean peninsula (23.6%). Within the 14 South Korean mountain-area national parks as a whole, larger parks tend to have higher fish diversity. We conclude that South Korean national parks are important for conservation of the regional fish fauna, especially for endemic and endangered species. Current threats to conservation of fishes within South Korean national parks are identified and management solutions are suggested.  相似文献   

18.
A system of natural reserves, each surrounded by altered habitat, resembles a system of islands from the point of view of species restricted to natural habitats. Recent advances in island biogeography may provide a detailed basis for understanding what to expect of such a system of reserves. The main conclusions are as follows:The number of species that a reserve can hold at equilibrium is a function of its area and its isolation. Larger reserves, and reserves located close to other reserves, can hold more species.If most of the area of a habitat is destroyed, and a fraction of the area is saved as a reserve, the reserve will initially contain more species than it can hold at equilibrium. The excess will gradually go extinct. The smaller the reserve, the higher will be the extinction rates. Estimates of these extinction rates for bird and mammal species have recently become available in a few cases.Different species require different minimum areas to have a reasonable chance of survival.Some geometric design principles are suggested in order to optimise the function of reserves in saving species.  相似文献   

19.
Beginning in 1956, China has built a large protected areas system, but has struggled to implement effective management. There remain ongoing problems with administrative authority, unclear regulations, inadequate funding, inappropriate development within protected areas, a dearth of professional capacity, and more. To address these concerns, since 2001, international nongovernment organizations led by The Nature Conservancy have encouraged various levels of government in China to experiment with an international model of national parks. The government in Yunnan province, the center of China’s biological and cultural diversity, has acted to create a national park experimental system with new administrative bureaus, comprehensive regulations, park master plans, and several national park pilots. We review two of these pilots, Pudacuo National Park and Laojun Mountain National Park, to evaluate whether this park model, as it is being applied in Yunnan, offers an improvement to existing nature reserve regulations and implementation. Though the experiment is in its early stages, issues remain around regulatory authority, community participation, park funding and staff capacity.  相似文献   

20.
Monitoring law-enforcement performance in nine protected areas in Ghana   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
In Ghana, budgetary allocations for protected area management have been consistently low. To improve cost-effectiveness and performance of law enforcement, monitoring feedback was used to provide the foundation for informed management decisions. Between 2004 and 2006, a system to monitor staff performance, patrol effort, illegal wildlife use, and trends in large-mammal populations was established in seven protected areas. In two national parks, where GIS-based monitoring systems were in place, in the course of 2006, data were standardised and analysed in the same way. Encounters on patrol with illegal activities and large mammals were corrected for patrol effort and the size of the area to enable comparing encounter rates in different protected areas. In December 2005, law-enforcement performance was evaluated in six protected areas. Through dissemination of the evaluation report, the poor performance of patrol staff and high levels of illegal activity in five out of six sites entered the public domain, and created a spirit of competition between protected areas. The present evaluation showed that in the course of 2006, in the six sites evaluated, patrol performance improved by 59% on average, compared to only 11% in the two parks that were not evaluated. In the four savannah sites evaluated, poaching was reduced by 72%, but only by 17% in the two forest sites evaluated. This compares with a reduction in poaching of 33% in the two parks. Patrol data were open to several types of error. Although reliability of patrol data was checked at different hierarchical levels, the final check was at headquarters in Accra, comparing seasonal fluctuations in large-mammal encounters with those in two control areas.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号