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1.
青岛市海岸侵蚀的原因与防治 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了深入认识青岛市海岸带的资源、环境特征,为有效防治青岛市的海岸侵蚀灾害提供参考依据,综述了青岛市海岸侵蚀灾害的发生原因、现状特征和未来发展趋势,发现受气候变暖、台风和风暴潮强度增大、海面上升、入海河流输沙量减少、人工采砂、不合理的海岸工程建设等自然因素和人为因素影响,当前青岛市前海砂质海岸侵蚀比较严重,基岩港湾海岸侵蚀比较缓慢或相对稳定,未来海面上升将增大青岛市海岸侵蚀的强度。提出了建造丁坝、离岸堤、移沙造滩、生物护岸等防治青岛市海岸侵蚀的技术措施,以及加强立法监管、完善海岸带管理体系、加强宣传教育等管理措施。本研究的主要不足是由于受经费和所需仪器设备不足等条件的限制,未能获得对青岛市海岸侵蚀过程监测的原始数据,今后应建议有关部门加强对海岸侵蚀过程的监测。 相似文献
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阜南县耕地地力评价与中低产田改良 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
为了掌握阜南县耕地地力以及中低产田分布情况并研究相应的改良利用措施,以阜南县第二次土壤普查以及测土配方施肥等数据文本资料为基础,在地理信息系统与计算机技术的支持下,对阜南县耕地生产潜力进行划分,并在此基础上根据《全国中低产田类型划分与改良技术规范》（NY/T310-1996）以及阜南县实际情况对阜南县中低产田类型进行二级系统划分。结果表明,阜南县耕地地力可以划分为5个等级,并在此基础上将中低产田划分为三大类型,即干旱灌溉型、渍涝潜育型和渍涝排水型。并针对性的提出各中低产田以及土壤改良的对策与建议。 相似文献
3.
通过对广西南、中、北不同地形地貌代表县份历史典型涝灾年强降水过程的雨量分析,结果表明：涝灾当前日有效雨量与灾前6d有效雨量和的线性关系最为明显,达到95%置信检验。在此基础上,基于前人研究成果和历史灾情,构建了以涝灾当前日与灾前6d的有效雨量总和为致灾因子的农田涝灾等级指标,并以广西双季稻种植空间分布遥感信息为涝灾承灾体,采用智能格点雨量预报产品、乡镇自动观测站实时雨量的有效雨量值栅格图与之镶嵌、融合方法,实现广西双季稻洪涝灾前的量化评估。这一研究结果对政府及相关部门针对性开展防灾减灾,以及气象为农智慧化直通式服务有积极意义。 相似文献
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The small urban watershed storm runoff model of mountain city, which bases on the hydrological method and ArcEngine extension programming was developed aim at stimulating the flood situation, locating the flooding area, computing the subsiding time of flood, utilization and management of the stormwater through the rainfall data. The model was used in Panxi basin of Chongqing. The simulated situation showed that the Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient Ens is 0.56-0.76, the relatively error is 8.82%-11.8%. According to the parameter sensitivity analysis the most sensitivity parameters of the model are width of subcatchment, slope, manning coefficient and impermeable area rate. The model had analyzed the flow, full degree and number of overflowed wells to evaluate drainage capability of drainage system. Results showed that 0.52% of the drainage pipes were overload under one-year storm; compared with 5.86% and 8.20% under fifty-year storm and one-hundred-year storm respectively. By comparing the flow depth inside the wells with the placing depth the assessment results showed that 0.72% of the wells had spillover under one-hundred-year storm and 0.31% of the wells had spillover under one -year. Overall the model achieves effective management of storm runoff and assessment of the water drainage system capacity in mountainous city. 相似文献
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研究淹水对玉米物质积累和光合能力的影响及有效缓解措施,以期为玉米抗逆高产栽培提供依据。以两个耐涝性不同的玉米自交系为试验材料,研究了外源亚精胺对淹水条件下植株物质积累、叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光特性等指标的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,淹水处理显著降低玉米地下部干重、地上部干重、单株干重、相对干物质积累速率和叶面积;随淹水处理天数增加,叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和实际光化学效率逐渐降低,且敏感型Su95-1各指标降幅最大。淹水条件下外施亚精胺处理植株,干物质积累量和光合指标较对照显著降低,但较淹水处理有不同程度地提高,且Su95-1增幅更大。综上,在淹水条件下,外施亚精胺能提高叶片的光合能力并提高植株耐涝性,最终增加干物质积累。 相似文献
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为了评估江汉平原区域农业渍涝灾害的脆弱性,本研究以江汉平原仙桃市为研究对象,以400 m×400 m为基本评估单元,选择耕地面积、地形、区域农业排水能力、土壤滞水强度、区域救灾能力5个指标因子,构建渍涝灾害脆弱性诊断指标体系,分析了仙桃市渍涝灾害脆弱性空间分布格局。结果表明：仙桃市农业受渍涝灾害影响严重,轻度、中度、高度和重度脆弱区影响面积占全区耕地面积比例分别是：18.7%、34.0%、33.2%、14.1%。仙桃市农业滞涝灾害脆弱性总体呈“V”型分布。其中,重度和高度脆弱区主要分布在仙桃市东南和西南,中低脆弱区则主要分布在仙桃市中北部。 相似文献
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Because of the relatively flat topography of Northern Iran consolidated paddy fields and inadequate natural drainage facilities, these lands are usually confronted with waterlogging due to periodic excess of water from rainfall during the wet months. The productivity of these areas could be greatly increased if their drainage problems were solved by subsurface drainage. Subsurface drainage may also facilitate the mid-season drainage (MSD), one of the water management methods during the rice growing season. A drainage pilot consisting of surface and subsurface drainage with different drain depths and spacings was designed at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran, to explore the effect of different drainage systems on the productivity of paddy fields. Rice cultivation was carried out during two cropping seasons, 2011 and 2012. In 2011, after rice harvest, canola seed was cultivated in the subsurface drained area. For MSD, the fields were drained 25 days after rice transplanting and remained drained for 7 days. Randomized complete block design was used to find the effect of drainage on crops. The implementation of MSD through subsurface drainage, significantly increased yield, yield components and growth parameters of rice. Rice yield of the subsurface drained area was approximately 1.22–1.66 and 1.32–1.7 times higher than that of the surface drained area in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Subsurface drainage provided better condition for canola cropping while, because of waterlogging, it was not possible under surface drainage. An economic analysis showed that the cost of installing subsurface drainage systems was readily justified by annual increased rice and canola yields. Based on the results, the introduction of the subsurface drainage resulted in an increase in both crop yield and cropping intensity in the study area. 相似文献
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摘要：涝渍灾害是江淮地区农作物生育期间的主要农业气象灾害之一。江淮地区涝渍灾害发生频繁,危害作物多,受灾范围广,对生产建设和人民生活造成巨大困难和损失,严重制约着该地区农业和经济的可持续发展。本文对江淮地区涝渍灾害的特点和致灾原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的防涝防渍措施。 相似文献
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EMS诱变辣椒亲本‘S15’获得1个耐涝突变体‘RW15’。前期研究认为,保护酶和内源激素代谢相关的8个基因与其耐涝特性相关。本研究通过对不同水涝处理时间的‘S15’和‘RW15’的根和叶进行基因实时定量分析,以探讨其在耐涝机制中的作用。研究发现,水涝胁迫下,生长素诱导蛋白相关的Cap.ARATH,乙烯响应相关的Cap.RAP2、MYB家族相关的Cap.MYB1R1和过氧化物酶Cap.POD相关的4个基因表达量等7个基因表达量在突变体中显著升高,另1个与过氧化物酶Cap.POD相关Capana02g003649基因表达量却下降;另外,同一处理时间的‘RW15’对水涝胁迫响应时间快及响应程度高于‘S15’,Cap.MYB1R1表达量最高,且胁迫前后表达差异达到6.94倍。研究表明,突变体‘RW15’主要通过提高内源激素和保护酶代谢等相关功能基因的表达达到耐涝能力的增强,该研究对突变体耐涝机制解析提供数据了参考。 相似文献
10.
淹水胁迫下辣椒种子生理生化响应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了促进辣椒抗涝品种的选育,解决辣椒生产上的涝害问题,通过研究淹水胁迫对辣椒种子生理生化的影响,为辣椒抗涝品种选育提供理论基础。以生产上对水涝敏感度低、中、高的3个辣椒品种‘S15’、‘A46’和‘A77’的种子为材料,研究淹水胁迫0 h、10 h、5天、10天、15天、20天后的种子发芽率和发芽势的变化,以及不同淹水时间对SOD、POD、CAT、GR、AMS和LPS等酶活力,PRO和可溶性糖含量,超氧阴离子、羟自由基含量的影响。研究发现,不同水涝敏感度种子对水涝的响应不一。淹水20天后,‘S15’的超氧阴离子、羟自由基含量最低,Pro和可溶性糖含量最高,谷胱甘肽还原酶活性最高;‘A77’的可溶性糖含量最低,SOD、CAT活性最低,超氧阴离子、羟自由基含量最高。隶属函数分析结果表明,不同种子对淹水胁迫的响应差异随着淹水时间的延长不再产生较大差异,5天可作为辣椒抗涝鉴定淹水胁迫的最佳时间。研究认为,不同辣椒种子表现出的耐涝性与生产实际一致;各项生理生化指标相关性不显著,均可作为辣椒品种抗涝性的鉴定指标。 相似文献
11.
为了给大麦耐渍性品种的筛选、改进栽培措施和应对气象灾害提供理论依据,通过采用盆栽‘华大麦9号’进行苗期模拟渍涝处理,探讨大麦在苗期受渍后的生长状况、生理特性。试验结果表明：大麦苗期对渍涝的抵抗能力较强,21天以内的渍涝对大麦生育期影响较小,随受渍害时间的延长,大麦生育期出现推迟。苗期渍害对大麦的株高、茎粗和叶绿素SPAD值有影响,随着淹水处理时间的延长而胁迫加重,21天以上的渍涝处理会造成其显著降低。苗期渍害对大麦穗数、穗长、总粒数、实粒数、千粒重、种子产量和秸秆产量都有显著影响,随着淹水处理时间的延长,种子和秸秆产量减低直至绝产,21天以上的渍涝处理其农艺性状显著降低。苗期渍害对对大麦秸秆饲用品质有严重影响,受渍害时间的延长,饲用品质降低,尤其以21天以上的渍涝处理降低较显著。因此综合以上分析可知,大麦苗期淹水对其农艺性状无显著影响的极限时间为14天。 相似文献
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甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性状主基因+多基因遗传分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
长江中下游是中国油菜主产区,该地区油菜播栽期间雨水多,易产生湿害,造成产量下降。所以研究甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性的遗传规律,对选育耐淹性强油菜新品种,提高油菜产量意义重大。本文应用甘蓝型油菜品种WR-4 (耐淹)和WR-5 (不耐淹)杂交后代衍生的6个世代(P1、F1、P2、B1:2、B2:2、F2:3)群体为材料,全淹6 d后去水恢复生长,去水后第7天调查死苗率,以此为耐淹性指标,于2012和2013年对6个世代群体家系进行耐淹性鉴定。应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法对耐淹性进行遗传分析。结果表明,2个年度该家系群体苗期耐淹性的最适遗传模型分别是E-0和B-3,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因和2对加性主基因模型。由此可见,该家系群体甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性主要受2对主基因控制,主基因存在加性、显性和上位性效应。当有显性效应存在时(2012年),主基因显性效应值|ha|=0.3475,|hb|=0.0069,大于主基因加性效应值|da|=|db|=0.0036。B1:2、B2:2和F2:3群体的主基因遗传率(h2mg),2012年分别为36.25%、61.40%和61.84%,平均为53.16%;2013年分别为8.30%、30.48%和43.13%;平均为27.30%。2年平均,环境变异占表型变异的59.77%。上述结果表明,甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性受2对主基因型控制,但环境对耐淹性状的表型影响较大。F2:3家系群体苗期耐淹性遗传率较高,因此育种上可在早期世代对耐淹性状进行选择。 相似文献
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Since the early 1970s, hundreds of urban storm water models have been developed to plan, design and operate the drainage system, in order to build the system more appropriately, reduce the flood in urban areas and make the storm water controllable. In this paper, the concepts and theory of urban storm water models are expounded and the main characters of three representative urban storm water models are described and the state and trend of their development in China are introduced. 相似文献
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[Object] To setup the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress. [Method] Irrigation and drainage controllable plots were introduced to simulate the waterlogging stress treatment in the flowering and boll forming stage, during which the change characteristics of the cotton leaf spectral reflectance and SPAD value were observed after 1 d, 3 d, 6 d, 9 d waterlogging, respectively. To find out the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress, the correlation and regression relationships between SPAD value and spectrum parameters were analyzed. [Result] (1) The SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top was significantly lower than control when suffers from waterlogging for 3 d, when waterlogged 9 d the SPAD value decreased by around 15% compared with the control. (2) The cotton suffering from waterlogged damage in the flowering and boll forming stage caused the reflection peak in green light wave band became steep, while the near infrared spectral reflectance increased, and caused the reduction of red absorption and red edge position "blue shifts", the red edge position drifts towards short wave with 4～5 nm when suffers from waterlogging for 9 d. With increase of the waterlogged days, the red edge slope and red edge area increased with a maximum value at 6 d of waterlogging, meanwhile, the skewness and kurtosis of red edge increased. (3) After waterlogging, the SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top (chlorophyll content) had a remarkable correlation with red edge slope(Dr), red edge position(λr), green peak reflection(Rg), green peak position(λg), red well position(λo), blue edge area(SDb), yellow edge skewness(Sy), yellow edge kurtosis(Ky), red edge skewness(Sr), red edge kurtosis(Kr), etc. An experience linear, polynomial and exponential models for estimating SPAD value had been built through using the Sy, Sr, Kr as independent variables, respectively, their determination coefficient (R2) were greater than 0.9, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were less than 1; and an experience binary linear regression equation for estimating SPAD value had been built through multivariate regression using the λg, SDr/SDb(VI3), Sb, Sy, Ky as independent variables, the R2 was as high as 0.973, and the RMSE was 0.393. [Conclusion] The model can be remote sensing model used as estimating leaf SPAD of cotton value under waterlogging stress. 相似文献
16.
棉花对淹水胁迫的适应机制 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
淹涝是造成棉花减产的重要灾害因素。在淹水胁迫下,棉花的生长发育会受到不利影响,中、重度持续淹水还会引起棉花减产甚至绝产。但是,棉株自身具有完整的适应保护机制,遭受淹水胁迫后通过启动逃避机制、静止适应机制和再生调节补偿机制,适应淹水胁迫、减少涝害损失。本文重点就棉花对淹水胁迫的3个适应机制进行了详细论述,就淹水胁迫对棉花生长发育、生理特性和产量性状的影响以及缓解棉花淹水伤害的主要措施与方法也作了简要评述。 相似文献
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玉米渍水模拟模型研究及验证 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
作物模拟模型是研究作物生态生理过程的新工具,尽管还不完善,但是具有广泛的应用前景.本研究在试验的基础上,根据MACROS模型和文献资料组建了玉米水分模拟模型,加强了模型在渍水方面的功能.经验证,模型能较好地反应我国南方地区玉米的生长发育过程和土壤水分运动,可以用于渍害易发地区的玉米生产研究.并以杭州市为例,应用模型 相似文献
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《Journal of Landscape Research》2016,(4)
Through investigating current sea use in coastal cities of China,and exploring foreign and domestic researches on sea use,this paper took Binhai New Area of Tianjin City for example to analyze major problems of its sea use in ecological security,planar form,land use layout,specialized planning,management and regulatory mechanism,then proposed strategies from 4 perspectives,namely ecological conservation and restoration,optimization of planning planar form,optimization of planning land use layout,and planning management,in order to provide references and instructions for the sea use planning of Chinese coastal cities. 相似文献
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生长季降水对黑龙江省水稻生产的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究旨在分析寒地水稻洪涝的致灾因子—降水的变化趋势和特征及对水稻生长发育的影响,揭示其变化规率,以期水稻生产防灾减灾提供科学依据。利用黑龙江省水稻主产区气象观测站的降水量、发育期、产量资料及洪涝灾害资料,分析了水稻主产区夏季及关键生育期降水、暴雨量和暴雨日数变化特征,阐述了黑龙江省洪涝灾害的分布规率,分析了降水对水稻产量的影响。结果表明：1971-2016年稻区6-8月降水呈现西部和东部少、中部多的趋势,暴雨日数中西部多,东部少,暴雨量总体呈上升趋势;水稻关键期平均暴雨量为76.2毫米,总体呈小幅上升趋势,暴雨日数中西部多,东部少;1984-2010年黑龙江省洪涝灾害西北、东南、中部偏多,西南、东北偏少,总体呈逐年增加的趋势,且主要发生在夏季。制约黑龙江省各地区水稻生长发育及产量形成的降水阶段各地有所不同,北部主要在7月下旬,西部在7月下旬及9月下旬,南部在5月下旬、6月下旬及9月中旬,中部及东部稻区较为复杂,几乎贯穿整个生长季。 相似文献