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1.
Compensation payment schemes play an important role in conservation efforts around the world, particularly for implementing agri-environmental policy. Unfortunately, huge investments such as those conducted in China under the Grain for Green Program (GGP) and elsewhere around the world have historically provided few long-term benefits. To design a cost-effective compensation policy for ecological restoration, the approach must integrate economic and ecological components. Here, we describe such a policy model (“Buying Green Cover”) and compare it with an existing approach, the GGP, using data from China's Northern Shaanxi Province. The modified compensation program pays farmers to build terraced farmland or perform other “green” activities that will also sustain their livelihoods once the program ends. The resulting program costs 30% less than the GGP, and will take only 3 to 7 years to achieve the GGP's 16-year goal of converting sloping farmland into forests and grassland. In contrast with the failures of the GGP and related programs, the new approach improves the management and restoration of rapidly degrading landscapes and should be applicable both in China and around the world. 相似文献
2.
Farmers’ perceptions and attitudes toward forest watershed conservation of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Buhari Abdulkarim Mohd Rusli Yacob Ahmad Makmom Abdullahi Alias Radam 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2017,36(4):309-323
Over the past several decades, the management of forest ecosystem functions through policies such as “command and control” has not been successful, largely because existing policies and legislation for natural resource management are inadequate and often formulated without consulting local communities such as farmers. However, farmers’ decisions to participate in natural resource conservation or watershed conservation more particularly are generally influenced by their knowledge of the problems and perceived benefits of conservation. This study focuses on farmers’ perceptions and attitudes toward forest watershed conservation in the North West Selangor Peat Swamp forest of Malaysia. A survey questionnaire was administered to 380 paddy farmers at the North West Selangor irrigation scheme. Dates were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the theory of value and social psychology constructs. The study concludes that farmers have generally positive attitudes toward forest watershed conservation. Therefore, we recommend farmers’ involvement in the conservation and management of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF). 相似文献
3.
支持林草业民营经济发展是鼓励社会资本参与生态保护修复、促进林草业高质量发展的重要举措。政策作为民营经济参与林草业建设的方向指导,在林草业民营经济发展中有重要作用;然而,目前民营经济参与林草业建设的动力不足,缺乏政策保障。文中通过对民营资本参与生态保护修复形势的分析,从多方面提出培育、发展生态保护修复市场主体以及完善政策和制度体系的建议,包括构建公平环境、降低经营成本、完善投融资政策、加大财政支持力度、促进科技支持、落实法律支持,以期畅通沟通渠道,吸引民营经济参与林草业生态修复保护,促进林草业高质量发展。 相似文献
4.
Economic policies that boost profits from agroforesty, thereby creating financial incentives for land managers to favor these
systems over less environmentally friendly land uses, could, in theory, have ancillary environmental benefits. This paper
analyses primary and secondary data to determine whether a voluntary price support program for Mexican coffee—mostly grown
in shaded systems that supply important ecosystem services—has had such “win-win” benefits by stemming land-use change in
the coffee sector. We find that although the program attracted the types of growers associated with land-use change, it attracted
only a relatively small number of them, did not target growing areas hardest hit by conversion to other land uses, and provided
subsidies that were probably too small to affect land-use decisions. These results raise serious questions about the ability
of an agroforestry price support program with a modest price floor to have a significant conservation impact. 相似文献
5.
Armando Torres-Lezama Emilio Vilanova Hirma Ramírez-Angulo Giancarlo Alciaturi 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(3):321-337
In the last 20?years, the Mocotíes watershed in the Venezuelan Andes has experienced an intense process of land-use change, with natural forests being replaced by ??sun grown coffee?? (Coffea arabica) monocultures in sites of high slope, increasing risk conditions and the vulnerability of people living in lower parts of the watershed. Using a local-scale approach, 37 productive units (10% of total) in the San Isidro micro-watershed (51.85?km2) were assessed in order to evaluate local socioeconomic conditions and perceptions of ecosystem services, and how both are affected by human activity. Almost 65% of residents work in small farms of less than 5?ha, while family ownership remains the most important form of management. A significant lack of financial support was detected, support which is required to improve coffee productivity and improve conservation practices. Severe soil loss was detected in 45% of the area, associated with cultivation on steep slopes and the use of chemical fertilizers. Agroforestry and tree planting are well-regarded, as locals tend to recognize soil protection and climate change mitigation as two of the most important ecosystem services. Using a small-scale forestry approach, it is believed that current land management could be greatly improved to: (1) progressively introduce tree cover into coffee monocultures; (2) restore degraded areas where forest cover is lost and (3) reduce deforestation. Recommended policies and actions include institutional strengthening, decentralization and the development of community-based forest enterprises. The general principles presented in this work could provide a preliminary basis for basin-wide land restoration. 相似文献
6.
Endri Martini James M. Roshetko Meine van Noordwijk Arif Rahmanulloh Elok Mulyoutami Laxman Joshi Suseno Budidarsono 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):401-417
Domestication of desirable forest resources in agroforestry is expected to contribute to community based forest conservation efforts, but there may be an optimum level of domestication in this respect. Aren or sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biota in the landscape. However, its domestication is still limited in many places, such as in Batang Toru Forest Block, an area of high conservation value, including habitat for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Options for aren management were prioritized as part of a landscape-scale conservation study by comparing domestication levels in the area. Data on economic indicators and ecological knowledge were gathered through interviews with key farmers, focus groups and transect walks. Four representative villages were selected for the study, that is, (i) two villages with no domestication of aren; and (ii) two villages with aren cultivation in rubber-based land-use systems. Costbenefit analyses suggested that in a rich biodiversity area, such as Batang Toru, although aren was one of the sources of local livelihoods, additional investment for domestication beyond cultivation was not an option considered by farmers. Farmers still perceived wildlife as an efficient mode of aren regeneration, supported by the coexistence of people and other biota in the area. It appears the value of aren for local people’s livelihoods and conservation can be enhanced by increasing its stocking density. There is also scope for improving market access and share of end-user value received by farmers. 相似文献
7.
基于陕西省4个县855户农户调研数据构建联立方程模型,对政府扶持下农户参与防治意愿影响因素进行分析,得出政府扶持分为组织社会化专业队及农户自发参与给予政策鼓励两种模式,对于生计状况较好、森林依赖度较高且感知到病虫害损失、对政府管理及村庄生活较满意的林农更有意愿参与防治,从而提出结合扶贫项目,完善社会化防治模式,提供生态药物等政策性建议,实现提高林业有害生物防治效率的同时,改善农户生计。 相似文献
8.
Sarah Taylor Lovell V. Ernesto Mendez Daniel L. Erickson Chloe Nathan S’ra DeSantis 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(2):153-171
Agroecosystems can serve as multifunctional landscapes when treed habitats such as woodlots, hedgerows, riparian buffers,
windbreaks, and orchards, are conserved on farms. We investigated the extent, pattern, and multifunctionality of on-farm treed
habitats for 16 Vermont farms in the Lamoille watershed of the Lake Champlain Basin. The site was selected because the land
use pattern is representative of the region, containing a mixture of agriculture and forest in different habitat types. We
used a GIS-based approach to delineate treed habitats on farms and conducted semi-structured interviews with farmers to explore
their perception of the functions of treed habitats. Through an evaluation of the relationship between farm characteristics
and spatial attributes of treed habitats, we found farm size to be an important variable. Larger farms had more land in treed
habitats, while the pattern of these habitats was more complex on smaller farms. Average elevation of the farm, an indicator
of biophysical conditions, was a stronger predictor of the extent of treed habitats than farm characteristics. From interviews,
we found that farmers benefited from alternative forest products, both for direct consumption and sale, including firewood,
timber, maple sugar, edible fruits and nuts, and wood crafts. Most farmers also recognized cultural and ecological functions
provided by treed habitats. These results have implications for developing policies to promote the conservation of treed habitats,
considering the preferences of the landowner or farmer. 相似文献
9.
《天然林保护修复制度方案》是未来相当长的时期内关于国有森工企业生态保护的指导性文件。在保护生态环境的前提下，如何依托自身环境优势促进经济发展，是国有森工企业发展的重中之重。文中以黑龙江国有林区为例，从生态保护与产业协调发展视角出发，分析天然林保护背景下利用森林空间和环境发展生态产业的举措。研究表明:黑龙江国有森工企业生态保护成效显著，但未能很好地兼顾到产业的发展，没有充分发挥企业的生态资源优势；目前，企业债务包袱沉重、经营效益低下、人才短缺，致使企业缺乏活力，亟需通过产业发展扶持和保障政策破解当前面临的发展困境。鉴于此，文中进一步提出国有森工企业产业发展的政策建议:持续发掘天然林资源禀赋优势的多重价值、加快探索生态保护与产业发展互利共生路径、建立健全天然林保护修复的多元化投入机制、积极推进天然林保护公益事业向前发展、持续开展生态产品价值实现制度创新。在此基础上，提出促进国有森工企业生态保护与产业发展的政策保障体系:1)强化生态保护与经济发展协同共赢的思想认识；2)持续完善森工企业产业发展的政策扶持体系；3)以积极的财政政策激发企业经营发展活力；4)不断探索生态资源价值转化的新业态新模式。 相似文献
10.
Great importance has been attached to the “Agriculture-Rural-Farmer” issue by the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council of China. In recent years, a series of agricultural supporting subsidy policies, such as direct subsidies to grain, seed, material, and machinery purchases have been enforced, and these policies have greatly promoted the agricultural production and the incremental income of farmers. However, from the perspective of increasing the farmers’ income, although the subsidy coverage is expanding from fields to hilly areas where the farmers have made major contributions to the supply of wood and ecological security, the farmers have a low income without enough aid from the forestry fiscal subsidy policy. Foresters cannot enjoy the same policy support as farmers, because the level of forestry fiscal subsidies is obviously lower than the level of agricultural subsidies. Therefore, based on investigation, this article suggests giving more support to forest workers in terms of the promotion and optimization of forestation, forest tending, seeds and insurance subsidies, and further expanding the forestry subsidies’ category and scope and improving its standards. 相似文献
11.
Hedgerow intercropping systems were introduced in China in early 1990s. Achievements in research and extension of contour
hedgerow intercropping in China during the past 15 years are reviewed here. Results reported in over 70 published papers have
shown that hedgerow intercropping contributes to soil and water conservation, soil fertility amelioration, land productivity
improvement, bio-terrace formation, and gives more options for income generation based on local resources in mountain areas.
Research and demonstration works on contour hedgerow systems have achieved success by integrating local resources and needs
into the system, especially in the dry valleys of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Three Gorges region. Contour
hedgerow intercropping has attracted the attention of researchers, policy-makers, and farmers, and has been taken as an alternative
to implementation of the Grain for Green policy, and ecological reconstruction and restoration today. To date, hedgerow intercropping
has been demonstrated and applied practically on sloping land in more than six provinces of China, particularly Sichuan, Guizhou,
Shanxi, Shaanxi, as well as in the Three Gorges region of Chongqing and Hubei Province. The intercropping system has also
been practiced as an optimized technology for conserving farming on sloping lands, improving cash income, and reducing agricultural
risks in depressed mountainous regions in southwest and northern China over recent years. Some misunderstandings and problems
in studies and extension of the system in China are summarized and clarified, and some recommendations for further research
and expansion of the system are also presented in this paper. 相似文献
12.
LI ZhiyongResearch Institute of Forestry Policy InformationChinese Academy of Forestry Beijing P.R.China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2004,3(2):77-83
1 POLICY SETTING1.1 The Grain for Green ProgramDemands ofEcological Improvement and Poverty Alleviation(Chinese Sustainable Forestry Development Strategy ProgramTeam, 2002)China is a big mountainous agricultural country. Inthe past 5 decades vast forest land and grassland havebeen reclaimed into farmland due to pressure arisingfrom increasing population and grain supply, whichaggravated soil and water erosion and landdesertification. There are more than 6 million ha offarmland wit… 相似文献
13.
退耕还林工程实施过程中的寻租行为分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以我国退耕还林工程中的“毁林造林”现象为例,从经济学视角分析林业部门寻租行为成因,得出林农法律意识薄弱、林业部门收益不足、政府监管不完善等是产生寻租行为的主要动因,据此提出依托明确的林地产权界定提升农民对土地物权意识、加强对地方林业部门支持力度、完善生态补偿政策和司法监督机制等政策建议。 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2):63-85
Abstract Soil erosion poses economic and environmental concerns in many tropical uplands. Agroforestry has been proposed as a sustainable land use that can mitigate soil erosion and promote the economic welfare of small farmers. To evaluate such claims, we must (a) develop a composite measure of effectiveness, such as a soil conservation index, and (b) define it in terms understood by the farmers who ultimately choose to adopt and implement agroforestry. We construct an empirical soil conservation index as a weighted average of farmer perceptions of four soil attributes and develop a statistical model of soil conservation benefits of agroforestry by using survey data from the Philippines. Accounting for self-selection bias, we evaluate the soil conservation benefits by testing the correlation between the index and the level of agroforestry adoption. Our estimated model shows that agroforestry can generate 15-20 percent soil conservation for the typical small farmer. We offer several methodological, practical, and policy insights. Because many farmers in developing countries face informational and capital constraints, our study suggests that public policies should support smallholder agroforestry, a type of “natural investment” in soil capital, to generate private and public benefits. 相似文献
15.
16.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):147-164
Summary In the Panama Canal Watershed, the formulation and implementation of national park management policies has yet to realize all of the conservation, recreation, and educational goals set for the parks. We identify two underlying conditions that contribute to this breakdown in the policy process. First, national park management policies are based on the traditional United States national park model rather than on a model tailored to the unique ecological and social context of the Canal Watershed. Second, the structure and dynamics of participating institutions do not support effective decision making processes. This paper utilizes the policy science framework to provide a detailed analysis of these obstacles to effective park management and gives recommendations for improving the objectives for, decision processes concerning, and participant cooperation in national parks in the Canal Watershed. We recommend that participants initiate a prototype management program in one of the national parks in the Watershed that is easily adaptable and can be used as a demonstration site for other national park managers and participants. 相似文献
17.
划定生态保护红线是践行"两山"理念的时代任务与优先行动,推动生态产品价值实现则是新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设与"后脱贫时代"共同富裕协同推进的重要举措。文中首先在解释生态保护红线内涵的基础上,梳理东北国有林区生态保护红线政策的演进脉络,并以黑龙江省为例结合实际情况理清生态保护红线政策对林业产业发展的约束范围及程度;其次分别针对不同类型的生态产业,阐述生态保护红线对于生态产品价值实现的作用机理;最后从3个方面提出在生态保护红线政策下促进生态产品价值实现的建议:以森林资源为纽带,紧密联系森林碳汇建设与碳中和战略目标;建立物质类生态产品科技创新联盟,增强市场化支撑能力;打造东北国有林区森林生态综合体,促进文化服务类生态产品价值实现。研究可为东北国有林区未来促进生态产品价值实现提供参考,以促进林木资源保护和林业经济高质量发展。 相似文献
18.
广东属西南岩溶地区石漠化分布区之一,石漠化地段分布范围较小,但生态区位重要,潜在威胁较为严重,不仅制约区域群众的生存状况和经济社会的可持续发展,而且对珠江下游珠三角及港澳地区的可持续发展和生态安全构成严重威胁。该综合治理规划坚持＂预防为主,科学治理,合理利用＂的方针,遵循自然和经济规律,以＂遏制石漠化,解决农民生计,发展区域经济＂为目标,按照以水土保持为核心、以植被恢复与重建为主、以其他工程措施为辅的治理思路,构建了林业建设、国土建设、农业建设、水利建设、扶贫开发、效益监测体系等六大工程项目为主体的广东省石漠化综合治理体系,最终实现遏制石漠化、改善民生、发展区域经济的目标。 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):265-280
Abstract The central question for this paper is whether land managers in Panama might protect or restore forests on their lands in response to the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Conservation financing provided by non-Panamanian sources is used as a proxy for investigating the nature of the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Debt-for-nature swaps and environmental trust funds, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), provide examples of demand in this market. This paper examines trends and policies that could change the cost of supplying biodiversity protection and factors that could improve or undermine demand for the existence value of biodiversity. If ecological restoration receives as much support within the conservation community as protection of pristine areas has in the past, then demand in this market is likely to remain strong. The largest challenge for this market will be shifting to the provision of biodiversity conservation by private landowners rather than solely by the national government. 相似文献
20.
Nikoleta Jones Chrysi GleridouPanayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos Konstantinos I. Evangelinos 《Forest Policy and Economics》2012,14(1):148-155
Several policy instruments have been proposed in order to minimize the negative impacts of local communities' activities on forests. The present paper presents an empirical survey conducted in a Greek forest area on the island of Lesvos, focusing on citizens' perceptions of alternative management scenarios along with the role of social factors on these perceptions. Our results demonstrate that citizens are supportive of policies which are not solely state-based. Furthermore, higher levels of local social capital are positively correlated with citizens' perceptions in favor of proposed co-management policies. 相似文献