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香蕉皮改性材料对废水中二价Cd离子的吸附特性与机理 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为探究农业生物质制备绿色吸附材料处理含Cd~(2+)废水方法,以香蕉皮为原料,制备改性吸附材料。采用单因素试验,优化了改性工艺条件。通过静态吸附试验,结合等温模型和吸附动力学模型探讨了其对Cd~(2+)吸附过程。利用比表面及孔径分析(brunner-emmet-teller)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope)、能谱仪(energy disperse spectroscopy)、元素分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)等手段对改性前后材料的表面形态和结构进行表征,并分析了改性和吸附过程的机理。结果表明:改性较佳工艺条件为Na OH浓度为0.25 mol/L,改性时间为30 min。在此条件下香蕉皮改性后,对水中Cd~(2+)的理论饱和吸附量由37.61 mg/g提高到87.15 mg/g,平衡时间由60 min缩短到45 min。吸附符合Langmuir等温模型(R~2=0.998)和准二级动力学模型(R2=0.999)。改性后的香蕉皮对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附以离子交换吸附为主。研究结果可为木质纤维素生物质改性制备绿色吸附材料处理含重金属废水提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《农业环境与发展》2020,(1)
以废弃的马尾松针为原材料,制备了易回收的成型马尾松针,并用于含铬(Cr)废水的吸附。通过磷酸与羧甲基纤维素钠反应将废弃马尾松针成型化,以重铬酸钾溶液作为模拟含铬废水,研究吸附剂投加量、pH、初始浓度等对成型马尾松针吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:成型马尾松针对水中Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的去除效果,质量浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,吸附剂投加量为10.0 g·L~(-1)时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到99%;成型马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是一个先快速吸附、后缓慢达到平衡的过程,对于10 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,最终吸附平衡时间为6 h。马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随着pH的升高而降低,在pH 1～4时,去除率超过90%;成型马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程可以由准一级动力学模型描述;成型马尾松针去除Cr(Ⅵ)的主要机制是静电吸附、氧化还原和络合作用。研究表明,成型马尾松针在去除Cr(Ⅵ)方面具有良好的潜力,可实现废弃生物质资源的循环利用和废水中有毒重金属去除的双重目标。 相似文献
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为了实现棉秆的高效资源化利用,该文提出一种碱液浸泡-蒸汽闪爆-漆酶/介体联合处理棉秆皮制备纺织纤维的新方法。研究了浸泡NaOH用量对棉秆皮分离效果的影响以及漆酶/介体处理介体种类及用量、漆酶用量对木质素去除的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热稳定性分析等方法,对比研究了蒸汽闪爆、漆酶/介体处理后棉秆皮纤维的化学成分、结构与性能。研究结果表明,碱液浸泡-蒸汽闪爆-漆酶/介体处理（NaOH用量10 g/L,介体ABTS用量为棉秆皮纤维干质量的1%,漆酶用量为600 U/g）能制得表面洁净、热稳定性好的棉秆皮纤维,其长度为55.7 mm,细度为28 dtex,长径比为1 139,断裂强度为2.97 cN/dtex,纤维素质量分数为78%,结晶指数为67.5,得率为40%,可用于纺织,研究结果为木质纤维素纤维的制备提供参考。 相似文献
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以粉煤灰（Fly ash,FA）为原料,通过负载壳聚糖和钙离子制备一种新型吸附剂（Ca/CTS/FA）用于酸性大红3R（Acid scarlet 3R,AS 3R）染料的吸附去除,考察了最佳吸附条件和吸附性能,探讨了吸附动力学、吸附热力学及复合吸附剂的再生。结果表明：水体pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和振荡频率均对吸附有影响。在不同温度下,Ca/CTS/FA对AS 3R的吸附动力学均能用准二级吸附速率方程精确描述（R2=1.00）。不同温度下的等温吸附数据分别用Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）模型进行拟合,结果表明等温吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型,同时也较好地符合Freundlich模型和D-R模型;由D-R方程获得的平均吸附能、表观活化能及热力学研究均表明该吸附过程由化学吸附、物理吸附和氢键作用共同控制。热力学参数中吸附自由能变为负值、焓变为正值说明该吸附是吸热性质的自发过程。Ca/CTS/FA复合吸附剂能用0.01 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液再生,至少可循环使用8次以上,再生率均在99%以上。 相似文献
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为解决水体中铜离子污染治理及玉米秸秆资源化利用等问题,以黑曲霉为改性菌剂,采用固态发酵法改性玉米秸秆,制备出复合生物吸附剂。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征改性玉米秸秆,同时对吸附剂的投加量(0.05～0.30 g)、溶液初始浓度(10～200 mg·L~(-1))、溶液初始pH(1.0～6.0)以及动力学和等温吸附线进行了研究。结果表明,通过黑曲霉固态发酵法改性后的玉米秸秆对Cu(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量为33.6 mg·g~(-1),是天然玉米秸秆的2.65倍。FT-IR和SEM表征结果显示,改性材料表面空隙增多,更为粗糙,更多的活性基团得以暴露,这为吸附性能的提高提供了依据。改性玉米秸秆对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附30 min后达平衡,可用准二级动力学模型较好地拟合,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,该吸附过程以单分子层吸附为主。利用黑曲霉固态发酵技术改性玉米秸秆,是一种快速资源化处理玉米秸秆的方法。 相似文献
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采伐残余物不同处理方式对杉木幼林土壤有机碳组分和相关酶活性的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对福建三明格氏栲自然保护区40多年生杉木成熟林的采伐残余物进行保留(Residue retained,RR)、清除(Residue removed,R)、火烧(Residue burnt,RB)处理,种植杉木三年后不同土层(0～10 cm和10～20 cm)土壤有机碳组分及相关酶活性进行研究。结果表明,(1)RR处理显著提高土壤有机碳及各组分的含量,在0～10cm土层RR处理土壤有机碳含量(24.74g·kg~(–1))显著高于R(13.43g·kg~(–1))和RB处理(20.14 g·kg~(–1));R处理土壤有机碳的活性指数(土壤有机碳活性组分占土壤总有机碳的比例)(43.5%)显著高于RR(32.6%)和RB(36.1%)处理(P0.05),RR和RB处理土壤有机碳的难降解指数(67.4%和64%)分别为R处理(56.52%)的1.2倍和1.1倍,但RR和RB处理间土壤有机碳难降解指数差异不显著(P0.05)。(2)在10～20 cm土层,RR和RB处理土壤有机碳含量(20.54 g·kg~(–1)和16.84 g·kg~(–1))差异不显著(P0.05),但明显高于R处理(10.8 g·kg~(–1))。RR处理的土壤有机碳活性指数最低,难降解指数最高。同一处理不同土层土壤有机碳的活性指数大小均表现为10～20 cm高于0～10 cm,而10～20 cm土壤有机碳的难降解指数却低于0～10 cm。(3)RR处理土壤中β-葡糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、过氧化物酶(PER)活性高于RB和R处理。RR处理0～10 cm土层土壤的β-葡糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶活性显著高于10～20 cm土层(P0.05)。RB处理0～10 cm土层仅有纤维素水解酶活性明显高于10～20 cm土层,R处理两土层间3种酶活性差异均不显著(P0.05)。(4)相关性分析表明,β-葡糖苷酶、纤维素水解酶活性分别与土壤活性组分Ⅰ(LP Ⅰ)、活性组分Ⅱ(LP Ⅱ)呈显著正相关,而过氧化物酶活性与难降解组分(RP)显著相关。可见RR处理对提高土壤有机碳的含量和稳定性具有积极影响,同时有利于提高土壤养分有效性和土壤质量。 相似文献
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可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附影响土壤元素化学行为。为此,本研究采用批处理法研究了DOC在长期不同施肥处理(对照CK、氮N、氮磷NP、氮磷钾NPK、化肥+秸秆还田NPKS、化肥+有机肥NPKM)潮土上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征。结果表明,猪粪源DOC易于分解,需要添加0.025 mmol(1 mL 25 mmol/L)Na N3抑制其分解,抑制率超过90%。DOC吸附符合准二级动力学方程(R~2≥0.99)。不同施肥处理下,吸附速率常数k及初始速率常数h与平衡吸附Qe都没有显著差异,平均值分别为0.208 kg/(g·h)、1.60 g/(kg·h)和2.77g/kg。吸附等温式可用Langmuir方程很好拟合(R~2≥0.96),吸附容量(最大吸附量)Q_(max)在不同施肥处理下也没有显著差异(平均7.05 g/kg),但在N和NP等非平衡施肥下却保持高的亲合力,半饱和吸附浓度k_d分别为50.2和57.6 mg/L,吸附亲合常数K则分别为0.02和0.017 4 L/mg;相反,在NPKM处理下,显著低的亲合性发生,k_d和K分别为72.94 mg/L和0.013 8 L/mg。研究证明粘粉粒含量控制了不同施肥处理潮土对DOC的吸附;土壤有机碳水平不影响Q_(max),而且高土壤有机碳还降低其吸附亲合性。 相似文献
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该试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破对小麦麸皮水溶性戊聚糖含量的影响。选用市售普通小麦麸皮为原料,进行不同水料比和维压时间的蒸汽爆破处理,分别为未汽爆处理的(对照组)、处理组蒸汽压强固定为2.0 MPa,对水料比为20%、30%、50%的麸皮分别进行维压时间为30、60、120 s蒸汽爆破处理。试验结果表明,蒸汽爆破可显著提高小麦麸皮水溶性戊聚糖的含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,在相同蒸汽压强下,蒸汽爆破处理组的水溶性戊聚糖质量分数随维压时间的延长而显著提高(P0.05),蒸汽维压处理60 s,小麦麸皮中水溶性戊聚糖的含量可提高9.0倍(P0.05)。与对照组相比,蒸汽爆破处理组的水溶性戊聚糖含量随水料比的提高而呈不同程度地提高(P0.05),水料比为30%时,小麦麸皮中水溶性戊聚糖的含量可提高9.4倍(P0.05)。综合考虑蒸汽爆破处理的提取效率与能量消耗,蒸汽爆破小麦麸皮的蒸汽压强为2.0 MPa时,适宜的水料比为30%,适宜的蒸汽爆破时间为60 s。此时,与未处理麸皮相比,小麦麸皮中水溶性戊聚糖质量分数可从1.3%提高到13.9%,提高10.8倍,中性洗涤纤维可降低17.2%(P0.05),半纤维素可降低26.7%(P0.05),半纤维素热解阶段的活化能值可提高21.5%。该研究证实蒸汽爆破技术有助于提高小麦麸皮功能性活性多糖(水溶性戊聚糖)的含量,有助于提高小麦麸皮的深加工利用。 相似文献
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为了解壳聚糖活性污泥在废水处理中的吸附性能,提高其吸附重金属离子的应用能力,采用壳聚糖包埋固定活性污泥,制备了壳聚糖活性污泥复合吸附剂,考察了发泡剂量、固化液浓度、交联剂浓度对吸附能力的影响。结果表明:不同固化液浓度、发泡剂量、交联剂浓度对壳聚糖活性污泥在含铬废水处理中的吸附能力均不同。其中2.0g/L氢氧化钠(NaOH)固化液、质量百分比为10%的NH_4HCO_3为发泡剂、体积分数为2.5%的环氧氯丙烷(ECH)作交联剂处理Cr~(6+)浓度为10mg/L的铬废水时,效果最佳。该复合吸附剂的制备研究一方面为污泥的资源化利用、变废为宝探索新的途径,另一方面也为污水的处理提供新的方法。 相似文献
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不同热解温度制备的香菇菌糠生物炭对孔雀石绿的吸附及其机理分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨菌糠原料及其所制备生物炭的理化性质与其对染料孔雀石绿吸附性能之间的内在关系,以香菇菌糠为原料,在不同热解温度下(350℃和750℃)制备菌糠生物炭(LS350和LS550),研究热解温度对生物炭理化性质与染料吸附性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对吸附前后的菌糠和菌糠生物炭进行表征,探究其吸附机理。结果表明,随热解温度的升高,吸附剂比表面积增大,芳香化增强,草酸钙(碳酸钙)组分增多,这些理化性质是引起生物炭吸附性能差异的重要原因;批量吸附试验表明,香菇菌糠和菌糠生物炭对孔雀石绿的吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型与Redlich-Peterson模型。由Langmuir模型计算得到香菇菌糖、LS350和LS750的最大吸附量分别为6 785.65、6 986.74和13 118.43 mg·g-1,LS750的吸附量最高。吸附机理表明,香菇菌糠和菌糠生物炭对孔雀石绿的吸附过程主要包括氢键作用、π-π共轭作用、静电引力、阳离子交换等机制。以香菇菌糠为原料制备的生物炭对阳离子染料孔雀石绿具有高效吸附性能,且可重复利用,可为菌糠生物炭应用于印染废水处理提供理论依据和实践支撑。 相似文献
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A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO42? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO3? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO3?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater. 相似文献
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Jae-Woo Choi Seung-Gun Chung Kyung-Youl Baek Kie-Yong Cho Seok-Won Hong Dong-Ju Kim Sang-Hyup Lee 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(2):609-616
This study assessed the aqueous benzene removal capacity of a polymeric adsorbent, based on an amphiphilic material, in a
batch experiment. Two types of polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) have structures containing a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell. The encapsulation mechanism of
benzene by a polymeric adsorbent was investigated, and found to be attributable to the Van der Waals interactions between
the benzene aromatic ring and the hydrophobic core of the adsorbent. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, and found to be a good fit to both. The maximum adsorption capacity for benzene by the
polymeric adsorbent was found to be 194.53 mg/g. The kinetic data followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) showed the potential to be an effective adsorbent for application to wastewater treatment. 相似文献
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为提高红豆和绿豆中酚类化合物的得率及抗氧化能力,本试验采取蒸汽爆破加工对红豆和绿豆进行预处理,研究不同爆破处理组红豆和绿豆中总酚、总黄酮的含量及其抗氧化活性,并分析了两者之间的关系。结果表明,蒸汽爆破处理后的原料结构破裂严重,形成大量的碎片物质,促进原料中活性成分与溶剂的接触可及性。与对照组(CK)相比,经爆破处理后,红豆、绿豆中总酚、总黄酮含量明显上升,0.5 MPa、60 s爆破条件下绿豆中总酚、总黄酮含量最高,分别为4.57和3.00 mg·g-1;而红豆中的总酚、总黄酮含量在0.75 MPa、60 s爆破条件下最高,分别为4.66和3.07 mg·g-1。红豆中的总酚、总黄酮的含量均高于绿豆(除0.5 MPa、60 s爆破处理组)。不同处理组中提取物的抗氧化活性与总酚及总黄酮的含量变化基本一致,红豆中总酚含量与DPPH自由基清除率之间的相关性最高(r=0.966),绿豆中总酚含量与FRAP还原能力的相关性最高(r=0.895)。本研究结果为蒸汽爆破适用于不同生物质及有效成分的提取提供了一定的理论指导,进一步拓展了爆破技术在食品加工业的应用范围。 相似文献
15.
蒸汽爆破可破坏木质纤维素结构,提高纤维素、半纤维素的转化利用率,是秸秆类物质利用的一种有效预处理方式。作者研究了玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破处理及其厌氧发酵过程中的能量平衡关系,结果表明相同维压时间下蒸汽爆破处理后玉米秸秆厌氧发酵过程中的能源转化率随着压力增大而增大,而在相同压力条件下均在90 s维压时间时得到最大能源转化率。玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破后在常温条件下厌氧发酵的最小和最大能源转化率分别为8.39%和11.68%,是对照组的1.38倍和1.92倍。但对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的增量效益-费用比分析表明,因玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破处理而引起厌氧发酵产气量增加所形成产气的能量增加量小于蒸汽爆破处理所消耗的能量,从能量转换角度来说蒸汽爆破并不是玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的最经济处理方式。 相似文献
16.
Christian B. Sekomo Diederik P. L. Rousseau Piet N. L. Lens 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(2):533-547
Volcanic rock is a potential adsorbent for metallic ions from wastewater. This study determined the capacity of Gisenyi volcanic
rock found in Northern Rwanda to adsorb Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn using laboratory scale batch experiments under a variety of experimental
conditions (initial metal concentration varied from 1 to 50 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 4 g/L, solid/liquid ratio of 1:250, contact
time 120 h, particle size 250–900 μm). The adsorbent had a surface area of 3 m2/g. The adsorption process was optimal at near-neutral pH 6. The maximal adsorption capacity was 6.23, 10.87, 9.52 and 4.46 mg/g
for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. The adsorption process proceeded via a fast initial metal uptake during the first 6 h,
followed by slow uptake and equilibrium after 24 h. Data fitted well the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium experiments
showed that the adsorbent has a high affinity for Cu and Pb followed by Cd and Zn. Furthermore, the rock is a stable sorbent
that can be reused in multiple sorption–desorption–regeneration cycles. Therefore, the Gisenyi volcanic rock was found to
be a promising adsorbent for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. 相似文献
17.
In the present work, the effectiveness of physic seed hull, PSH (Jatropha curcas L.), as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from simulated wastewater has been studied. It has been observed that PSH has remarkable adsorption capacity compared to granular activated carbon. The PSH adsorbent was characterized by SEM-EDX, BET, CHNS, zeta potential, and FTIR techniques. The adsorption behaviors such as adsorption kinetics, adsorption dynamics, and adsorption isotherms of PSH for the removal of MG dye from aqueous solution were studied in detail. The kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo second-order kinetic model for MG adsorption. Langmuir isotherm was found to be the model best fitted to describe the adsorption process. 相似文献
18.
A steam explosion pretreatment process followed by methanol extraction has been applied for releasing and extracting phenolic compounds, as well as other effective components, from barley bran. The steam explosion treatment was performed at different temperatures ranging from 210 to 250 °C, with a residence time of 30 s. The effect of residence time was also studied in the range 10 s to 120 s at 220 °C. The extracts were evaluated for their total soluble phenolic content (TSPC) including total free phenolic acids (TFPC) and total soluble conjugates (TSC), identified phenolic acids, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and total methanol extracts (TME). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (PDA) was used in this study for the analysis of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid in barley bran before and after steam explosion. Our results indicate that TSPC and TAC increased with residence time. They also increased dramatically with temperature up to 220 °C. After steam explosion at 220 °C for 120 s, the TSPC reached 1686.4 gallic acid equivalents mg/100 g dry weight, which was about 9-fold higher than that of the untreated sample. The TSPC and TAC obtained were highly positively correlated (r = 0.918-0.993), which meant that the increase of TAC for the steam explosion pretreated barley bran extracts was due, at least in part, to the increase of TSPC in the methanol soluble fraction. Also, under optimum conditions, the WSC in aqueous solution was 5 times as much as that of the untreated sample, which demonstrated that steam explosion also hydrolyzes carbohydrates into water-soluble sugars. It can be concluded that a proper and reasonable steam explosion pretreatment could be applied to release the bound phenolic compounds and enhance the antioxidant capacity of barley bran extracts. 相似文献
19.
The kinetics of the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by sodium tetraborate (NTB)-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent was studied. A one-stage and two-stage optimization of equilibrium data were carried out using the Langmuir and time-dependent Langmuir models, respectively. Increasing temperature was found to increase the pseudo-second order kinetic rate constant and kinetic data for Pb2+ adsorption were found to fit well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model (PSOM) while that for Cd2+ were found to show very good fit to the modified pseudo-first order kinetic model (MPFOM). Binary solutions of Pb2+ and Cd2+ reduced the adsorption capacity of the modified adsorbent for either metal ion with increased initial sorption rate due to competition of metal ions for available adsorption sites. The use of NTB-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent reduces by approximately 72.2% and 96.3% the amount of kaolinite clay needed to adsorb Pb2+ and Cd2+ from wastewater solutions. From the two-stage batch adsorber design study, the minimum operating time to determine a specified amount of Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal was developed. The two-stage batch adsorption process predicted less than half the minimum contact time to reach equilibrium in the one-stage process for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by NTB-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent and requires 0.05 times the mass of the adsorbent for the single-stage batch adsorption at the same operating conditions. 相似文献
20.
Cherian BM Pothan LA Nguyen-Chung T Mennig G Kottaisamy M Thomas S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(14):5617-5627
Alkali treatment coupled with high pressure defibrillation and acid treatment have been tried on banana fibers obtained from the pseudo stem of the banana plant Musa sapientum. The structure and morphology of the fibers have been found to be affected on the basis of the concentration of the alkali and acid and also on the pressure applied. Steam explosion in alkaline medium followed by acidic medium is found to be effective in the depolymerization and defibrillation of the fiber to produce banana nanowhiskers. The chemical constituents of raw and steam exploded fibers were analyzed according to the ASTM standards. Structural analysis of steam exploded fibers was carried out by FTIR and XRD. The fiber diameter and percentage crystallinity of the modified fibers were investigated using X-ray diffraction studies. Characterization of the fibers by SFM and TEM supports the evidence for the development of nanofibrils of banana fibers. 相似文献