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1.
细胞壁空隙对木材性能及加工利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
细胞壁空隙是木材水分横向传输的重要通道,是影响木材干燥速率、木材改性效果的重要因素.针对细胞壁空隙的研究不仅是对木材本身构造和性能的进一步了解,更是对木材物理和化学加工基础的深入诠释.文中概述木材细胞壁空隙的组成、分类、具体尺寸等,归纳其对木材物理力学性能及加工利用的影响,总结目前木材细胞壁空隙构造研究尚存在的问题并提... 相似文献
2.
当前，木材干燥工艺已逐渐发展成熟，随着计算机的广泛使用，木材干燥已具有高度的可预知性、可测性和可控制性。木材干燥过程就是在一定条件下合理地排除木材中的水分。水分在湿木材中主要以三种形式存在，即存在于细胞腔内和细胞间隙的自由水及细胞壁中的结合水和化学水... 相似文献
3.
《林业工程学报》2021,6(3)
时域核磁共振(TD-NMR)技术可用于考察木材吸湿极限(HL)和细胞壁饱和(CWS)两种纤维饱和状态下水分的弛豫特性及含水率的差异,对南方松(Pinus spp.)分别进行热处理和脱木质素处理,采用TD-NMR技术研究该差异的变化。将试样置于100%相对湿度环境中调至HL状态,该状态下对应的含水率即为HL状态下的纤维饱和点(FSP);随后对试样进行饱水处理以达到CWS状态,该状态下的FSP通过-3和25℃条件下TDNMR的反演峰面积计算获得。结果表明:饱水处理后,CWS状态下的木材细胞壁进一步润胀,细胞壁水分受束缚程度减弱;相比未处理材,热处理会使饱水处理而发生的润胀效果减弱,细胞壁水分受束缚程度增强,而脱木质素组效果相反。经过热处理后试样HL和CWS状态下的FSP均有所下降,而脱木质素处理后,两种状态下的FSP均有所上升。未处理组、热处理组和脱木质素组HL与CWS状态下的细胞壁结合水含水率差异分别为10.24%,1.91%,14.09%,即热处理能够减弱HL与CWS状态之间的含水率差异,而脱木质素处理能够提升HL与CWS状态之间的含水率差异,这主要是由于两种处理方法改变了细胞壁水分存在的物理环境(孔隙结构)和化学环境(化学成分)。 相似文献
4.
三木材尺寸稳定的处理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
木材细胞壁内吸着水的增减，会使木材产生湿胀和干缩，由此而来发生变形、翘曲和开裂等木材尺寸的不稳定，此外伴随水分的增加，使木材强度降低和易发生腐朽现象等。改善木材吸湿性，使木材尺寸稳定的同时，防止材质劣化，在木材利用方面是极其重要的，也是木材改性的主要内容。1尺寸稳定处理分类及主要检验指标1．1分类尺寸稳定处理方法可分物理和化学两类。除选择干缩性小的树种使用，制人造板和细木工板减少木材干缩外，物理方法尚包括：①覆盖处理；②细胞内腔充填；③细胞壁充胀等。化学方法包括：①亲水基的减少（热处理）；②亲水基… 相似文献
5.
将硅石溶液经有机硅烷杂化后浸渍人工林杨木,再对其进行热处理,测试分析改性材的物理力学性能、化学结构及形貌特征,探讨木材联合改性机理。结果表明:1)复合硅石溶液改性使杨木的密度、强度和阻燃性均显著提高,但尺寸稳定性欠佳,热处理可明显增强其尺寸稳定性和阻燃性;2)改性剂填充固化于木材细胞腔,甚至渗入细胞壁中,可起到有效的增强作用;3)热处理可促进改性剂与木材组分发生稳固的Si—O—Si化学结合;4)联合改性材中Si原子配位数增多,缩聚固化程度更高,稳定性增强。复合硅石溶液/热处理联合改性是一种应用前景广阔的绿色木材改性技术。 相似文献
6.
木材细胞壁增强改性研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业工程学报》2017,(4)
物理化学改性能够提高木材物理力学性能,主要源于改性剂对木材细胞壁的物理化学作用。因此,从某种意义上讲,木材改性主要是指木材细胞壁的增强改性,通过物理化学等手段,可以有效促进改性剂进入细胞壁,从而增强细胞壁。而近年来先进分析技术在木材改性领域的应用,能够更直观更准确地对木材细胞壁性能变化及改性剂分布进行表征。然而,木材细胞壁增强改性研究仍然存在许多问题,需要更系统更深入的研究。主要从物理增强、化学增强以及纳米技术的应用等方面对木材细胞壁增强改性最新研究进展进行了总结,对存在的问题进行了分析,并对今后的研究方向与可能的突破进行了展望。 相似文献
7.
《林业科学》2021,57(7)
【目的】分析水溶性乙烯基单体改性前后木材极性基团数量和细胞壁结构变化,揭示水溶性甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEMA)和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)原位共聚改性木材尺寸稳定性提高机制,为该改性技术优化发展提供理论基础。【方法】采用动态水蒸气吸附和接触角表征水溶性乙烯基单体改性前后木材极性基团数量和表面极性变化,利用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱、X射线衍射、压汞法和氮气吸附系统研究改性剂在木材中的分布、细胞壁润胀、细胞壁两相结构以及孔隙变化情况。【结果】在相对湿度0%～95%环境下,HEMA和NMA改性材的平衡含水率明显低于未改性材;当相对湿度达95%及以上时,改性材的平衡含水率超过未改性材。利用H-H模型拟合分析浸水处理后改性材与未改性材的吸湿曲线发现,改性材原有极性基团数量有所下降但并不显著。接触角测试表明,改性材的表面极性大于未改性材,残留单体去除后改性材的表面极性弱于未改性材,残留单体可抑制木材疏水性能的改善。SEM观察结果显示,改性后细胞壁显著增厚,且细胞间隙减少。拉曼光谱分析得出,改性剂均匀分布于细胞壁中,结合SEM结果可知改性剂能够顺利进入细胞壁并润胀细胞壁。X射线衍射分析表明,改性材未出现新的晶体结构,且改性材的结晶度相对于未改性材变化较小。压汞法和氮气吸附测试表明,改性材的孔隙率相对于未改性材出现较显著下降,改性剂可成功填充细胞壁孔隙。【结论】HEMA和NMA改性木材可有效提高其尺寸稳定性,改性剂对细胞壁的充分润胀、加固及对细胞壁孔隙的填充作用是木材尺寸稳定性提高的主要原因。 相似文献
8.
木材干燥预热过程的水分流和热流分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文将非平衡态热力学的水分流和热流线性耦合方程应用于多孔介质 (木材 )的干燥预热过程 ,从机理上分析了其水分流和热流的特性 ,同时运用在预热样品边界上积分的方法求解耦合流方程 ,针对木材干燥预热过程进行了具体计算 ,所得的有关结论与以往的实验结论相吻合。这一结果表明线性流耦合方程是研究多孔介质干燥过程中水分流和热流的特性及其相互作用规律的有效方法 ,既可揭示耦合过程中流的本质又可对其进行定量描述。因Soret效应预热过程中存在着进入木材内的水分热扩散流 ,预热结束后木材含水率将有所增加 ,而水分和热量的输运主要集中在预热开始的前 2h内。本文关于木材干燥预热的一些结果 ,可用于木材干燥预热的生产实际中 相似文献
9.
《林业科学》2017,(10)
木材-水分关系是木材科学领域的传统经典研究内容。随着现代分析技术不断发展,木材-水分关系研究已从宏观进入到微观,从细胞水平上升到分子水平,趋向于系统化和综合性。本文首先论述木材细胞壁壁层结构与化学组分的非均匀性以及木材中水分存在状态的多样性,得出木材-水分关系研究的热点和难点是木材中水分分布以及存在状态。其次,归纳磁共振成像、计算机断层扫描成像、中子成像和振动光谱成像4种现代分析技术应用于木材中水分分布研究的最新进展,并分析这4种技术的优缺点。其中,部分最新研究进展是:属于振动光谱成像的显微红外成像技术具有6.25μm的空间分辨率,可用于木材细胞壁水分分布研究,结果证实纤维饱和点以下木材细胞壁中水分分布具有不均匀性;而同属于振动光谱成像的显微拉曼成像技术具有1μm的空间分辨率,适用于木材细胞壁不同形态区水分分布研究,结果证实在纤维饱和点以下木材次生壁中层的含水量高于细胞角隅区。再次,总结近红外光谱、磁共振、红外光谱、拉曼光谱4种分析技术应用于木材中水分存在状态研究的最新进展,并分析这4种技术的优缺点。其中,部分最新研究进展是:木材中水分吸附的主要活性位点是羟基和羰基;纤维饱和点以下木材中吸着水的存在状态为强氢键结合水、中等氢键结合水和弱氢键结合水;根据3种状态水随相对湿度的变化趋势,可将木材中水分吸附过程分为3个阶段,每个阶段所吸附水的分子结构主要为C=O…(HOH)…OH或OH…(OH_2)…OH、WATER…HOH…WATER以及四面体结构。最后,本文指出木材中水分分布及其存在状态尚有许多疑问亟待解答,应以研发更高精度、更高灵敏度的分析技术以及更可信的谱图成分分析技术为突破口,在细胞水平、分子水平上深入揭示木材-水分关系。 相似文献
10.
11.
木材耐久性超疏水表面构建研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
木材作为一种天然可再生材料,富含亲水性基团且孔隙结构发达,因而具有很强的吸湿/水能力,易发生变形、开裂、腐朽等问题。基于“荷叶效应”原理,仿生构建木材超疏水表面是有效隔离木材与水分接触,赋予木材防水、防污、自清洁等优良特性的木材功能性改良新途径。然而超疏水木材在实际应用中不可避免地要受到刮擦磨损、阳光辐射、化学腐蚀等外界因素的影响,容易造成表面微/纳米粗糙结构的破坏或低表面能物质的降解,从而导致超疏水性能的降低或丧失,限制了超疏水木材的实际应用,因此设法提高木材表面超疏水涂层的机械稳定性和耐久性是亟待解决的关键问题。笔者首先分析了木材超疏水表面耐久性差的主要原因,介绍了木材超疏水表面耐久性能的测试方法,重点综述了木材耐久性超疏水表面的构建策略及其最新研究进展,最后对超疏水木材研究中存在的一些问题及发展趋势进行了总结和展望。 相似文献
12.
Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mario Zauer Jens Kretzschmar Livia Großmann Alexander Pfriem André Wagenführ 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(1):177-193
The aim of this paper was to investigate pore-size distributions in the nano-diameter range of wood and their alteration due to thermal modification of wood using thermoporosimetry, and to find out what consequences can be derived regarding the biological durability. Thermoporosimetry is a technique that is based on the measurement using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The method is based on the fact that frozen water contained within small pores is at elevated pressure and therefore has a depressed melting temperature as a function of the appropriate pore diameter. In addition, the fiber saturation points (FSP) were determined by DSC. The former were performed in an isothermal-step method and the latter using the continuous heating-up method. Native and thermally modified twin samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were analyzed. The results clearly show that the pore shares of wood for the measurable diameter range between 4 and 400 nm decrease considerably in all studied wood species due to thermal modification of the wood. Furthermore, thermal modification of wood leads to a decreased FSP for all studied wood species. For evaluation as well as reproducibility of the results of pore-size distribution and FSP, the consideration of sensible heat and specific heat of fusion plays an important role. If this is not done, it can lead to misinterpretations. 相似文献
13.
Summary The water potential concept as applied to wood-water relations is presented. The gradient in water potential can be used as the driving force of moisture in wood in a model of drying in isothermal conditions provided the moisture content — water potential relationship is known. This relationship is established for aspen sapwood in desorption from saturated to dry conditions at 20, 35 and 50 °C for two specimen orientations. The tension plate, pressure plate and pressure membrane methods were used at high moisture contents and equilibration over saturated salt solutions was used at low moisture contents. The results obtained demonstrate that these methods can be used in combination in order to establish the relationship within the whole range of moisture contents. The equilibrium moisture contents obtained by the tension plate, the pressure plate and the pressure membrane methods for tangential desorption were slightly higher than those measured for radial desorption. The water potential increased with temperature at a given moisture content. This effect cannot be solely explained by the variation of surface tension of water with temperature.This research was supported by the Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide à la Recherche, Gouvernement du Québec, and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 相似文献
14.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1):45-53
Abstract Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP. 相似文献
15.
《Wood material science & engineering》2007,2(1):45-53
Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP. 相似文献
16.
In this research, acoustic emission technology was used to estimate the moisture excluding effectiveness of coatings on wood.
Moisture interaction with wood causes damage, and coatings such as paints and varnishes can effectively limit this interaction.
Over time, the moisture excluding effectiveness of wood is reduced by the actions of weathering and the resulting wood-water
interaction leads to problems due to the dimensional instability of the wood. Five coating types, at two spreading levels,
were applied to samples of southern yellow pine. The samples were exposed to three weathering conditions to simulate the effects
of exposure then immersed in water while the moisture interaction was monitored using acoustic emission monitoring equipment.
Cumulative counts as well as changes in size and moisture content were measured or calculated. The results show that acoustic
emission technology is an effective and sensitive estimator of the moisture excluding effectiveness of coatings on wood. The
acoustic emission method is sensitive to local changes and coating fractures whereas the more traditional methods are sensitive
to gross changes in sample characteristics. Of five coatings tested, the most effective one was found to be an oil-based paint,
and the worst performance was by a water-based, clear poly-urethane.
Received: 10 September 1998 相似文献
17.
Changes in physical properties of tropical and temperate hardwoods below and above the fiber saturation point 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in physical and mechanical properties of wood were analyzed using sorption tests combined with dimensional measurements and perpendicular-to-the-grain tangential compression tests. In order to determine the influence of wood structure on these changes, three hardwood species (Fagus grandifolia, Brosimum alicastrum and Cariniana domestica) presenting different anatomical structures were studied. Two experimental techniques were used to perform moisture sorption tests at 25°C. The first technique used saturated salt solutions (from 33 to 90% relative humidity) and the second used the pressure membrane method (above 96% relative humidity). Special attention was given to the “fiber saturation region”, where changes in wood properties started to take place. Results showed that at equilibrium moisture content (EMC), radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage, as well as changes in transverse strength occurred above the fiber saturation point (FSP). This behavior can be explained by the effect of hysteresis at saturation on wood properties. This hysteresis indicates that loss of bound water takes place in the presence of liquid or capillary water, which contradicts the concept of FSP. The initial EMC at which bound water starts to be removed varied largely among the wood species. 相似文献
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19.
参照木材流体渗透特性相关理论和研究方法,对大型丛生竹种———龙竹竹材的纵向气体渗透性进行了测定和分析,结果表明预处理方法和含水率对竹材纵向渗透性有显著影响。预处理可提高竹材气体渗透性,水煮预处理试件的渗透性优于汽蒸预处理试件的渗透性;随竹材试件含水率降低,竹材纵向气体渗透性增加。这些结论可为竹材防霉处理、染色处理、防火处理等改性处理提供有益的参考。 相似文献
20.
Determination of the fibre saturation point in whole wood using differential scanning calorimetry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary A new method for determining the fibre saturation point (FSP) of whole never-dried wood is described. Enthalpy of melting values from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments are used to calculate the proportion of non-freezing water. Two methods for calculating the FSP from the enthalpy data are described. FSP determinations were carried out on the commercially important West Australian eucalypt species, Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus diversicolor and a plantation softwood, Pinus radiata. Results are reproducible and are corroborated by the traditional volumetric shrinkage method for determining the FSP. On all samples below 10 mg a low temperature endothermic peak is observed as a shoulder on the main peak. It is postulated that this is due to an intermediate layer of water between the freezing and non-freezing water.Use of the DSC at Curtin University of Technology, and the help of Mr. I. Sills is greatly appreciated. This and related work is supported by the Australian Govt. Department of Primary Industry and Energy (Forestry) 相似文献