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一、休药期 休药期即最后停止给药日至水产品作为食品上市出售的最短时问。有些药物虽允许使用，但它在鱼类体内吸收、分布、转化和消除要有一个过程，所以必须停止用药一段时间后，鱼类才能食用，这就是休药期制度。 相似文献
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L. Reig R.H. Piedrahita D.E. Conklin 《渔业现代化》2008,35(1):62-62
水产养殖池的设计和运转,应该将与养殖鱼紧邻的水流静滞区降低至最小。在养殖中上层鱼类的水池中,水的流动和鱼的游动相结合,在与养殖鱼紧邻的水流静滞区域,足以维持溶氧和新陈代谢浓度与主水体相一致。如果是底层栖息性鱼类,如北美牙鲆,它们一般静止地呆在养殖池底,常常在它们 相似文献
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基于P-糖蛋白基因表达评价尼罗罗非鱼体内恩诺沙星代谢“首过效应” 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为从药物酶的角度建立一种客观评价鱼类"首过效应"的方法,利用荧光定量PCR法测定尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochomis niloticus Linn)肝、肾组织中P-糖蛋白(P-gp)基因表达量,分析了单剂量(40 mg.kg 1)口服给药恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)后,尼罗罗非鱼肠道、肝组织中mRNA水平的相对表达量与ENR血药浓度的时实相关性。实验结果显示:在尼罗罗非鱼肠道、肝组织中,P-gp基因在分子量127 bp处出现了与预期大小相符的特异性扩增片段。对尼罗罗非鱼口灌给药ENR后,ENR能迅速通过肠道进入血浆,其在肠道、肝和血浆中的消除速度较快,其药物时量曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。当血浆中ENR浓度达到最高达峰时(1 h),实验组肠道和肝中P-gp基因的相对表达量相对于对照组均表现出显著性差异(P<0.05);当肠道中ENR浓度达到最高峰时(2 h),实验组肠道P-gp基因的相对表达量则表现出极显著差异(P<0.01);当肝中ENR浓度达到最高峰时(2 h),实验组肝P-gp基因的相对表达量与对照组相比则表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。该结果证实了鱼类P-gp基因参与药物代谢过程,提供了一种从分子水平揭示水产动物体内药物代谢规律的思路。 相似文献
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伊维菌素在鲫体内的药代动力学 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以0.4 mg/kg的给药剂量进行口灌和肌肉注射给药,研究伊维菌素(IVM)在鲫体内的药代动力学。两种给药方式下,鲫组织中的IVM药—时曲线大都呈现多峰现象。肌肉注射给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.445 mg/L、Tmax=48 h、t1/2z=524.2 h、MRT(0-∞)=788 h、AUC(0-∞)=289.2(mg/L).h;口灌给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.264 mg/L、Tmax=8 h、t1/2z=153.9h、MRT(0-∞)=269.78 h、AUC(0-∞)=83.77(mg/L).h。两种给药方式相比,口灌组鲫对药物的吸收和清除均较快,而肌肉注射组鲫各组织中的药物浓度高,AUC值也较大。两种给药方式下,IVM在鲫各组织中AUC(0-600)值呈现相同的排列顺序,由大到小分别为性腺、血液、肾脏、肝胰脏、肌肉。IVM在鲫性腺和肾脏中均具有一定的蓄积作用,其主要表现为药物浓度高,MRT值大,且清除率低于血药的清除率,其中卵巢的积蓄作用最为明显。25℃的水温条件下,肌肉注射给药后,鲫休药期应不低于25 d;口灌给药后,鲫的休药期应不低于15 d。休药期与水温条件和给药剂量有关,因此在养殖生产过程中的休药期要根据实际情况适当调整。 相似文献
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通过研究恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律,为水产养殖业提供合理的给药方案和休药期。试验前,从养殖场购买的泥鳅在试验水质条件下暂养7 d后,分成3组投放入不同水温的养殖系统中。以恩诺沙星与环丙沙星作为目标化合物,以拌料给药的方式,按20 mg/kg鱼体重的剂量每天投喂1次,连续投喂7 d后,对15、20、25℃ 3种水温条件下,目标化合物在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律进行了研究。试验结果显示,恩诺沙星与环丙沙星均按一级动力学过程从泥鳅体内消除,且水温对喹诺酮类药物的代谢衰减消除速率有很大影响,在25、20、15℃水温条件下,泥鳅体内的恩诺沙星代谢至10.0 μg/kg以下分别需要25、32、50 d,环丙沙星则分别需要27、31、33 d。由于徐州及周边地区的泥鳅主要输往韩国,其对喹诺酮类药物的限量要求是不超过10 μg/kg,因此,在本试验条件下,建议合理的休药期应不少于32 d。 相似文献
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1 加强水产药物的药理研究 滥用药物是造成药物残留的主要原因之一.我国水产药物的开发研究较晚,专门从事水产药物研究的人员不多,缺乏系统而深入的药理学和毒理学实验.缺乏对药物在鱼体内的作用机理、药物代谢动力学、毒理学及对养殖生态环境的影响等基础理论的研究;药物的给药方法、给药剂量、给药间隔时间、休药期缺乏科学依据. 相似文献
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淡水养殖槽内的残饵和鱼类粪便会带来不少问题。例如,有机碎屑在降解过程中会消耗氧气而为有害真菌和水藻提供有利的生长条件。另外,养殖环境差也容易诱发鱼病。目前,人工洗刷水槽仍为常用养殖槽清污法,但这种方法具有干扰鱼类生长等许多缺陷。鱼类养殖者都会发现,敲击槽壁或槽边有突然响动都会惊吓养殖鱼和引起鱼撞击槽壁。因此,有许多理由表明,应该设计一种水槽自动清污系统替代常用的人工清槽过程。本文即 相似文献
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<正>2007年10月,福建省连江县岗屿海水网箱养殖区大规模暴发鱼类"白点病",导致岗屿养殖区4.3万箱各种规格的养殖鱼类均受到不同程度感染、50多吨养殖鱼类死亡,直接经济损失高达2亿余元。事件的发生给当地的经济社会稳定、养殖鱼 相似文献
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A. ERVIK 《Aquaculture Research》1994,25(1):127-127
Abstract. The growth of the aquaculture industry and the general awareness of the environment have increased the concern of' the environmental impact from aquaculture.
As fish farms are open systems, all material that is not harvested as fish is released to the environment. The most important effluents are solid particles like feed and faeces, dissolved substances like nutrients and excretion products, and antibacterial agents.
The effect of these substances varies with their nature and quantity and with local conditions. Production and biomass of phytoplankton seem to be little influenced. The benthic community beneath and close to the cages is often altered. At poorly flushed sites the sea-bed may be anoxic and methane and hydrogensulphide are released from the sediments. Wild fauna, like fish, otters and birds are attracted to the farms.
The respiration and excretion of the fish directly influence water quality. Usually the oxygen tension is somewhat reduced in the net cages, while the concentration of ammonia is elevated in the net. Such conditions are assumed to influence fish growth and health.
Most of the antibiotic agents used in fish farming are persistent and may remain in high concentrations in the sediments up to one year after medication. The frequency of resistant bacteria in the sea-bed is normally increased, and there is a temporary drop in sediment metabolism after medication. Wild fish have been found to have high residues of antibiotic agents.
The organic loading of the sea-bed, the evolution of resistant bacteria and residues in the wild flsh are considered to be the most severe environmental impact of aquaculture. These are all associated with effluent of large particles, and thus mainly restricted to the site area. 相似文献
As fish farms are open systems, all material that is not harvested as fish is released to the environment. The most important effluents are solid particles like feed and faeces, dissolved substances like nutrients and excretion products, and antibacterial agents.
The effect of these substances varies with their nature and quantity and with local conditions. Production and biomass of phytoplankton seem to be little influenced. The benthic community beneath and close to the cages is often altered. At poorly flushed sites the sea-bed may be anoxic and methane and hydrogensulphide are released from the sediments. Wild fauna, like fish, otters and birds are attracted to the farms.
The respiration and excretion of the fish directly influence water quality. Usually the oxygen tension is somewhat reduced in the net cages, while the concentration of ammonia is elevated in the net. Such conditions are assumed to influence fish growth and health.
Most of the antibiotic agents used in fish farming are persistent and may remain in high concentrations in the sediments up to one year after medication. The frequency of resistant bacteria in the sea-bed is normally increased, and there is a temporary drop in sediment metabolism after medication. Wild fish have been found to have high residues of antibiotic agents.
The organic loading of the sea-bed, the evolution of resistant bacteria and residues in the wild flsh are considered to be the most severe environmental impact of aquaculture. These are all associated with effluent of large particles, and thus mainly restricted to the site area. 相似文献
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盐酸诺氟沙星在奥尼罗非鱼体内的残留消除规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)研究盐酸诺氟沙星在奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)体内残留消除规律。结果显示:此方法回收率为73.08%~89.61%,最低检测限为0.2 ng/mL;灌药第5天,4种组织药物含量达到最高,随后迅速下降;药物残留消除速率为:血液>肌肉>肝脏>肾脏。结果表明:在(23±1)℃水温条件下,盐酸诺氟沙星在罗非鱼肌肉中降到50μg/kg的休药期为13 d,在罗非鱼内脏中降到50μg/kg的休药期为22 d。 相似文献
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随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注。本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及对不同食性、不同栖息地海洋鱼类的影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和瞻望。结果表明,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,其毒性主要由自身毒性和联合毒性两部分组成。微塑料在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高,其次为底层、上层水域,中层水域较少;水平方向上分布特点为河口区含量较高,流场区次之,大洋区较少。不同栖息环境的海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取数量不同,从大到小依次为：近岸底栖性>底层性>大洋性>大洋底栖性;摄取种类也不同,并主要受微塑料密度的影响,中上层鱼类主要摄取密度较小的微塑料,中下层鱼类主要摄取密度较大的微塑料。不同食性鱼类对微塑料摄取量也不相同,滤食性鱼类摄取量最高,植食性和掠食性鱼类摄取量略不相同。海洋鱼类的摄食特性对不同形状、大小、密度的微塑料摄取具有一定的选择性。后续研究应结合渔业生物、生态学,物理海洋,化学海洋等 相似文献
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Although tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is often used to tranquilize fish, the guidelines for its use in sea bass, a brackish species, have not been established. The aim of the study reported here was to establish the tranquilizing concentration of MS-222, based on the time required for MS-222 residue elimination and withdrawal. Thirty-six fish (6/group) were immersed in different concentrations of MS-222 (0, 30, 50, 60, 70 and 90 mg/l) to evaluate the fish physiological behavior. After 200 fish were anesthetized at 90 mg/l, the fish achieved a healthy recovery within 72 h after the administration of saline. The 10 fish in the control group were subject to the same treatment without anesthesia, 3 out of 10 died. After 108 fish (54/group) were immersed in 30 or 60 mg/l of MS-222, the sedated fish were healthy during and after the 8 h of transport. However, all the 10 fish in the control group died within 3 days. By high-performance liquid chromatography, the residue of MS-222 was assessed. In the skinned muscle and liver, the elimination half-life was 5.54 and 5.27 h (30 mg/l) and 8.72 and 7.15 (60 mg/l), respectively, and the withdrawal time was at least 4.5 days at 30 mg/l and 7.5 days at 60 mg/l. 相似文献
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Effects of sedimentation on an endangered benthic fish,Cobitis shikokuensis: is sediment‐free habitat a requirement or a preference? 
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下载免费PDF全文 A negative correlation between the degree of fine sediment deposition and the abundance of stream benthic fishes has often been reported, although the causal mechanisms for this effect are not fully understood. To better understand the influence of sedimentation, it is important to clarify whether it alters the habitat required by fish, or merely preferred by them. We conducted two enclosure experiments in the field to examine (i) whether an endangered benthic fish, Cobitis shikokuensis, prefers sediment‐free substrate and (ii) whether fine sediment deposition has negative effects on the physiological condition of C. shikokuensis. The first experiment, which used three types of substrates, ‘cobble’, ‘pebble’ and ‘mixture of fine sediment and pebbles’, showed that C. shikokuensis avoided the mixture. The second experiment, which compared the physiological condition of fish reared in enclosures with either a pebble or mixture substrate, showed that the condition of the fish in the latter group declined more quickly. These results suggest that, for C. shikokuensis, sediment‐free substrate is a habitat requirement, not merely a preference, and that excessive input of fine sediment due to human activities can cause a decline in the population of this species. 相似文献
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C. W. Hargrave 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2009,18(1):24-32
Abstract – Biodiversity is declining across aquatic ecosystems because of biological invasions and species extinctions. Because fishes have pervasive effects on ecosystems through species-specific food web interactions, alterations to species and functional richness, and composition of natural assemblages could have negative effects on aquatic ecosystem function. In this study, I tested the effects of fish species and functional richness, and assemblage composition on primary production (PPR), benthic invertebrate density, and benthic particulate organic matter (BPOM) in a 42-day experiment in artificial stream mesocosms. I found that fish species richness and assemblage composition were important predictors of PPR in stream mesocosms. However, the effect of species richness on PPR increased with time, suggesting that richness-related effects might strengthen as the magnitude of community-level interactions increases in ecosystems. There was no effect of fish species or functional richness or assemblage composition on benthic invertebrate densities or BPOM. These data provide additional support that fishes can be important regulators of ecosystem function in aquatic systems, and suggest that positive effects of fishes on ecosystems can be strengthened by increased species richness and composition of the assemblage. This study broadens the applicability of the biodiversity ecosystem-function literature to a new suite of taxa, supporting the overall hypothesis that ecosystem functions and services are likely to decline in response to species extinctions. 相似文献
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在水温(22±2)℃条件下,将平均体质量约为100 g的健康草鱼、花鲈、鲫鱼在50 mg/L的间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)药液中浸泡,分别于药浴0.5、1、2、3、7 h和10 h时取样测定肌肉、肝(胰)脏、血液中MS-222的残留量,10 h后将试验鱼置于清洁水中,分别于0.5、1、2、4、6、8、16、32、96、120、192、264、336、432、528、624、720 h时再测定肌肉、肝(胰)脏、血液中MS-222的残留量。结果显示,MS-222在草鱼、花鲈、鲫鱼的血液、肌肉、肝(胰)脏中残留分别在3、3、7 h达到峰值,随后略下降;MS-222在草鱼血液、肌肉、肝胰脏组织中的消除半衰期分别为5.4、6.7、7.9 h;在花鲈血液、肌肉、肝脏组织中的消除半衰期分别为3.9、5.1、5.7 h;在鲫鱼血液、肌肉、肝胰脏组织中的消除半衰期分别为 4.8 、6.3、8.4 h。MS-222在3种鱼类肝(胰)脏、肌肉、血液中的消除速率均为 V肝(胰)脏相似文献
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Abstract Balancing aquatic conservation and water supply is becoming a major global issue for urban landscapes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of stream‐flow alterations via water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblage structure. Electric fishing data were collected at 33 wadeable streams in Connecticut, located in the Southern New England region of USA. Fish sampling was conducted directly downstream of water withdrawals for municipal and agricultural water supply, and study sites differed in potential water withdrawal rates and the presence of impoundments. Regression analysis showed that water withdrawal rate was more important than other natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. landcover and stream size) in explaining several fish assemblage metrics. Stream sites with high withdrawal rates were generally characterised by lower proportions of fluvial dependent fishes (fish which need flowing water to complete a portion of their life history) and benthic invertivores (fish which feed on bottom‐dwelling stream insects in riffle habitat), and had a greater percent composition of macrohabitat generalists, particularly members of the family Centrarchidae. Some assemblage metrics responded linearly with increasing magnitude of water withdrawals, but others were non‐linear. Results are consistent with ecological theory that alteration of the natural flow regime will impact stream biota. 相似文献