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基于自然保护区面积的森林生物多样性评价模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张颖 《中国水土保持科学》2013,11(4):30-35
森林生物多样性评价研究对促进生物多样性保护、加强生物多样性管理等有重要意义。以全国森林资源统计和林业统计年鉴数据为基础,收集2001—2010年森林生物多样性评价的有关数据,采用经济控制论中最优控制的方法建立有关评价模型,获得基于自然保护区面积的森林生物多样性评价的最优价格。结果表明,我国森林生物多样性评价的最优价格为0.997万元/hm2,并且存在评价的动态模型,提出我国森林生物多样性评价应采用影子价格,并应考虑社会、经济等因素的建议。 相似文献
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为了对同一生态单元同一目标林分类型中没有生态监测数据的林分进行准确的生态服务功能评估,以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例,基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数对其生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:2013年,辽宁省退耕还林工程生态系统服务功能总价值量为491.94亿元,在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6个生态系统服务功能中,涵养水源和生物多样性保护的生态系统服务功能价值量占退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量的比例最大,分别为26.84%和26.30%。研究结果可为《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》的修订和区域尺度森林生态系统服务功能的精确核算提供参考。 相似文献
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关键性生态用地对维护区域生态系统稳定、维持生态系统服务功能良性循环不可或缺,识别流域关键性生态用地,可为区域生态保护工作提供参考。该研究以滇池流域为研究区,结合流域生态系统服务功能特征及土地利用现状,选取水源涵养、生物多样性保护、水土保持及景观休闲等主要生态系统服务功能进行生态用地重要性评价,在此基础上采用最小累积阻力模型进行关键性生态用地识别研究。结果表明:2019年,滇池流域关键性生态用地面积为1 216.30 km2,占流域总面积41.65%,主要分布于流域北部、中西部及东部边界,以林地、水域为主,两者面积分别为774.53、306.39 km2,具有涵养水源、防止水土流失、维护生物多样性、发挥景观休闲等作用。识别结果能反映出维护流域生态功能的最重要生态用地,对滇池流域生态用地的规划与保护具有现实指导意义。 相似文献
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次生阔叶林保护与浙江林业可持续发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在山区、半山区占全省陆地70％的浙江省，天然原始植被几乎只占森林面积的2％且主要分布在自然保护区和人迹罕到高山陡坡地区。由于历史上的自然灾害（火灾、病虫害）和掠夺式经营，森林更新跟不上采伐速度，次生林和郁闭度小于0．3的疏林地作为目前主要森林类型，地带性顶极群落常绿阔叶林生物多样性尚较丰富。但近年来，人为干扰和陡坡耕垦日趋加重，林地退化较严重，森林生态系统的物质结构功能和阈值已呈下降趋势。为促进我省林业建设的可持续发展和生态环境的根本改善，必须建立生物基因保存库，尽快制定生物多样性保护条例，在开展生态公益林建设的同时，做好生态效益补偿机制建设，重点开展次生阔叶林植被恢复和保护工作，做好坡耕地退耕还林还草工作，把林地生产力提高和森林栽植模式与森林生态系统管理纳入今后一段时间的工作重点。 相似文献
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河岸植被缓冲带是河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,对河岸生态系统的生态及水文过程具有重要的影响。世界上许多国家已将河岸植被缓冲带列为河岸生态系统管理的一个重要内容,并在一些国家被作为控制农业流域非点源污染的最佳管理措施。河岸植被缓冲带的生态水文功能体现在控制河岸侵蚀、截留地表径流泥沙和养分、保护河溪水质、调节水温、为水陆动植物提供生境、维护河溪生物多样性和生态系统完整性以及提高河岸景观质量等多个方面。本文综述河岸植被缓冲带生态水文功能方面的研究进展,总结了一些研究中提出的不同河岸植被缓冲带功能发挥所需要的宽度,同时指出由于河岸生态系统保护的目标,侧重的功能,研究区域土壤、地形、植被、排水特征等因素各异,河岸植被缓冲带生态水文功能发挥所要求的实际宽度也有所不同。 相似文献
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三峡库区重庆段土地覆盖和生物多样性功能演化及预测 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
为研究三峡库区(重庆段)2005—2020年土地覆盖和生物多样性功能演化情况,对景观格局进行动态分析,该文结合重庆市生态保护红线划定成果,综合运用CA-Markov模型和InVEST模型对区域2005-2020年的土地覆盖和生物多样性功能的演化及趋势进行研究,在运用CA-Markov模型对2020年土地覆盖进行模拟预测的基础上,运用InVEST模型进行生物多样性功能的定量计算.结果表明:1)2005—2010年和2010—2015年,各类土地覆盖面积和土地覆盖动态度分别呈现"四增二减"和"三增三减"的状态;2)CA-Markov模型模拟预测时Kappa系数达到0.92,表明模型的普适性较好;3)4期生境退化指数最高值变化为:0.1681→0.2071→0.1909→0.1812,城区周边和长江、嘉陵江、乌江沿岸区域的生境退化指数高,东北部大巴山区域的生境退化指数较低;4)大巴山、武陵山、四面山等区域的生境质量较好,长江、嘉陵江沿岸生物多样性功能较差,4期生境质量总得分和平均得分分别为34337710、36829020、36345590、35530500和0.5139、0.5512、0.5439、0.5317;5)15年间生物多样性功能出现不断上升的趋势,由大范围的波动转为小区域变化,整个区域的生物多样性功能逐渐趋于稳定. 相似文献
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现代林业发展是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,承担着保护我国森林资源、湿地资源和荒溪资源,以及维持生物多样性的重要使命,是开发生态产品的前沿阵地,同时也是构建美丽中国的关键内容.在此背景下,分析现代林业与生态文明建设之间的关系及发展现代林业的重要意义,并结合我国发展实际提出推动现代林业发展和促进生态文明建设的对策建议,如提... 相似文献
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市域尺度两种生态系统服务评价方法对比研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
生态保护红线的划定对于规范人类活动、控制人类活动强度、维护生态安全和保护生态系统功能的可持续性具有重要意义,生态系统服务评价是其中重要的一环。由于我国地域面积广阔、地形地貌特征多样、区域自然状况复杂多变,因此环境保护部于2015年出台的《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中有两种生态系统服务评价的方法,即NPP定量指标法和模型评价法。本研究基于MODIS遥感影像,利用NPP定量指标法对鹤壁市生态系统服务进行评价,并与模型评价法进行比较,为选取更为适合该区域的评价方法,及较小尺度的生态保护红线的划定提供理论依据。结果表明在市域尺度上,NPP定量指标法和模型评价法的评价结果之间存在显著差异。模型评价法对鹤壁市生态系统服务(水土保持功能和生物多样性保护功能)的高评价区域与生态保护现状较好的区域更为一致(面积重叠比例分别为19%和85%),而NPP定量指标法的评价结果与保护现状并不一致。相对于NPP定量指标法,模型评价法更适合对该研究区域的生态系统服务进行评价。因此在以后的研究中,应结合研究区域的实际情况,选取适当的方法进行生态系统服务评价。本研究的对比分析可为市域尺度的生态系统服务评价及生态保护红线的划定提供参考。 相似文献
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基于InVEST模型和莫兰指数的甘肃省生境质量与退化度评估 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
生境质量的高低与土地利用/土地覆被类型为生物多样性提供的栖息地适宜性有直接关系，尤其是农业开发活动、城市、道路等严重威胁生境质量，为了评估西北生态脆弱地区生境质量和退化程度，该研究以甘肃省为例，应用INVEST模型和莫兰指数对甘肃省生境质量和生境退化空间特征进行分析，明确其热点区域，并探讨了生境质量与退化度及其热点与各类自然保护地的关系。结果表明：甘肃省生境质量从南到北逐渐下降，而生境退化度从北到南逐渐升高，自然生态条件好的区域这种变化主要取决于人类活动的位置和强度；甘肃省生境质量热点区面积占到全省国土面积的25.59%，高于全省自然保护地面积占比，形成了保护空缺，甘肃省生境退化热点地区面积虽然不高，但多为自然生态条件较好的区域；各类保护地中，国家公园是各类保护地类型中生境退化度最低的类型，保护水平相对较低的其他保护地类型在生境质量和退化程度上表现出相反的结果。研究结果对精准实施生物多样性保护战略和生态系统管理决策具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Niels Strange Bo Jellesmark Thorsen Jesper Bladt Kerrie A. Wilson Carsten Rahbek 《Biological conservation》2011,144(12):2968-2977
Biodiversity conservation policies focus on securing the survival of species and habitats according to their current distribution. This basic premise may be inappropriate for halting biodiversity decline under the dynamic changes caused by climate change. This study explores a dynamic spatial conservation prioritization problem where climate change gradually changes the future habitat suitability of a site’ current species. This has implications for survival probability, as well as for species that potentially immigrate to the site. The problem is explored using a set of heuristics for both of two policy objectives focusing on (1) the protection on current (native) species, and (2) all species, including immigrating species. The trade-offs between the protection of native species versus all species is illustrated. The study shows that the development of prediction models of future species distributions as the basis of decision rules can be crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of conservation plans. Finally, it is discussed how more adaptive strategies, that allow for the redirection of resources from protected sites to privately-owned sites, may increase the effectiveness of the conservation networks. Climate change induced shifts in the suitability of habitats for species may increase the value of such adaptive strategies, the benefit decreasing with increasing migration probabilities and species distribution dynamics. 相似文献
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Olli-Pekka Tikkanen Tero Heinonen Jari Kouki Jukka Matero 《Biological conservation》2007,140(3-4):359-372
Understanding of how a large landscape or network of conservation areas and habitats of red-listed species change in time is an important topic when addressing the temporal interplay between protected areas and matrix. We developed models of habitat suitability indices (HSI) for saproxylic red-listed invertebrate and fungal species, accounting for roughly 70% of all red-listed boreal forest species of the study area in eastern Finland. By using a forestry planning program that incorporates various optimisation methods we analysed trade-offs between timber production and amount of habitats of saproxylic red-listed species within a 60-year period. We also produced production possibility frontiers that show how to increase quality of the matrix with least costs. Moreover, we analysed how habitat suitability criteria used in optimisations affect the area of different habitat quality classes.
Our analysis shows that by adopting HSI models in long-term matrix management, it is possible to increase habitats for several red-listed species without substantial losses in timber production. The increase in habitat area is achieved mainly by decreasing the area that is thinned compared to intensive timber production plan. In the long term, this seems to be a novel cost-effective method to increase the quality of the matrix for red-listed saproxylic species. However, the selected optimisation method and the criteria or specification of the management objective for red-listed forest species have a strong effect on results when HSI models are used in conservation planning. Therefore any practical application must be performed with great care. 相似文献
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Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Climate change creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. Species ranges and ecological dynamics are already responding to recent climate shifts, and current reserves will not continue to support all species they were designed to protect. These problems are exacerbated by other global changes. Scholarly articles recommending measures to adapt conservation to climate change have proliferated over the last 22 years. We systematically reviewed this literature to explore what potential solutions it has identified and what consensus and direction it provides to cope with climate change. Several consistent recommendations emerge for action at diverse spatial scales, requiring leadership by diverse actors. Broadly, adaptation requires improved regional institutional coordination, expanded spatial and temporal perspective, incorporation of climate change scenarios into all planning and action, and greater effort to address multiple threats and global change drivers simultaneously in ways that are responsive to and inclusive of human communities. However, in the case of many recommendations the how, by whom, and under what conditions they can be implemented is not specified. We synthesize recommendations with respect to three likely conservation pathways: regional planning; site-scale management; and modification of existing conservation plans. We identify major gaps, including the need for (1) more specific, operational examples of adaptation principles that are consistent with unavoidable uncertainty about the future; (2) a practical adaptation planning process to guide selection and integration of recommendations into existing policies and programs; and (3) greater integration of social science into an endeavor that, although dominated by ecology, increasingly recommends extension beyond reserves and into human-occupied landscapes. 相似文献
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Jessica L. Forrest Eric Wikramanayake Rinjan Shrestha Gopala Areendran Kinley Gyeltshen Aishwarya Maheshwari Sraboni Mazumdar Robin Naidoo Gokarna Jung Thapa Kamal Thapa 《Biological conservation》2012,150(1):129-135
Climate change is likely to affect the persistence of large, space-requiring species through habitat shifts, loss, and fragmentation. Anthropogenic land and resource use changes related to climate change can also impact the survival of wildlife. Thus, climate change has to be integrated into biodiversity conservation plans. We developed a hybrid approach to climate-adaptive conservation landscape planning for snow leopards in the Himalayan Mountains. We first mapped current snow leopard habitat using a mechanistic approach that incorporated field-based data, and then combined it with a climate impact model using a correlative approach. For the latter, we used statistical methods to test hypotheses about climatic drivers of treeline in the Himalaya and its potential response to climate change under three IPCC greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. We then assessed how change in treeline might affect the distribution of snow leopard habitat. Results indicate that about 30% of snow leopard habitat in the Himalaya may be lost due to a shifting treeline and consequent shrinking of the alpine zone, mostly along the southern edge of the range and in river valleys. But, a considerable amount of snow leopard habitat and linkages are likely to remain resilient to climate change, and these should be secured. This is because, as the area of snow leopard habitat fragments and shrinks, threats such as livestock grazing, retaliatory killing, and medicinal plant collection can intensify. We propose this approach for landscape conservation planning for other species with extensive spatial requirements that can also be umbrella species for overall biodiversity. 相似文献
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长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益动态变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2000年底和2015年底,长白山森工集团森林资源二类调查数据和森林生态站长期监测数据,利用森林生态系统服务全指标体系,连续观测与清查(简称森林生态连清)体系,采用分布式测算方法,对研究区天然林生态系统,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等6项服务进行评估,量化并揭示长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益的动态变化.结果表明:在天保工程实施后,天然林各项生态系统服务物质量和价值量均呈现增加趋势,物质量增加量分别为涵养水源7.78亿t/a、保育土壤2 255.32万t/a、固碳释氧量191.87万t/a、林木积累营养物质6.35万t/a、释放负离子0.22×10”个/a、吸收污染物量2 879.16万kg/a、吸滞PM10总物质量122.43万kg/a、吸滞PM2.5总物质量18.38万kg/a;价值量增加381.75亿元/a,6项服务的价值量贡献顺序依次为生物多样性保护＞涵养水源＞保育土壤＞净化大气环境＞固碳释氧＞林木积累营养物质,其中,生物多样性保护和涵养水源为研究区天然林生态系统服务的主导功能.天保工程实施后,保育土壤功能的生态系统服务价值量增加量最大,占总增加量的27％,涵养水源次之,对该区天然林生态效益影响最大.该研究为天保工程的后续开展提供借鉴和参考,为天然林的经营管理提供科学依据和指导. 相似文献
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作物生长模型的应用研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
作物生长模型不仅能够进行单点尺度上作物生长发育的动态模拟,而且能够从系统角度评价作物生长状态与环境要素的关系。本文通过梳理当前作物生长模型应用的诸多研究成果,剖析模型在气候变化对农业生产影响研究、作物生长模型区域应用中的关键问题,总结了当前以作物生长模型为核心的农业决策支持系统开发的研究情况,意在促进作物生长模型在生态、农业、区域气候资源和气候变化等研究中更广泛地应用。结果表明,作物生长模型在国内外的研究与应用广泛而深入,在气候变化背景下,应用作物生长模型进行历史时期气候条件和农业气象灾害对作物生产状况和产量的影响研究已相当广泛且相对成熟。利用全球气候模式（GCM）或区域气候模式（RCM）构建未来气候变化情景,再与作物生长模型耦合已发展成为评估未来气候变化对农业生产影响的重要手段。通过集成与整合多作物生长模型、多气候模式集合模拟、优化气候模拟数据订正方法可有效降低气候变化对农业生产影响评估的不确定性。遥感数据同化技术能够将站点模型运用到区域尺度上评价不同环境因子对农业生产的影响,拓宽了作物生长模型的应用尺度范围并有效提高作物产量估算的精度。以作物生长模型为核心的农业决策支持系统的研究与应用越来越多元化,是辅助农业生产管理和决策的重要工具。然而,由于作物生态系统的复杂性,作物生长模型模拟结果仍存在很大的不确定性,今后对作物生长机理及过程间耦合机制的探索还需加强,以便进一步完善和改进模型,促进作物生长模型更广泛地应用。 相似文献
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Thomas A. Spies David B. Lindenmayer A. Malcolm Gill Scott L. Stephens James K. Agee 《Biological conservation》2012,145(1):5-14
Conserving biodiversity in fire-prone forest ecosystems is challenging for several reasons including differing and incomplete conceptual models of fire-related ecological processes, major gaps in ecological and management knowledge, high variability in fire behavior and ecological responses to fires, altered fire regimes as a result of land-use history and climate change, and the increasing encroachment into forest landscapes by humans. We briefly compare two ecologically distinct fire-prone forest regions, the Pacific Northwest, USA and southeastern Australia with the goal of finding ecological conservation generalities that transcend regional differences as well as differences in scientific concepts and management. We identify the major conceptual scientific and conservation challenges and then present a checklist of questions that need to be answered to implement place-based approaches to conserving biodiversity in fire-prone forest ecosystems. The two regions exhibit both similarities and differences in how biodiversity conservation is conceptualized and applied. Important research and management challenges include: understanding fire-prone systems as coupled natural-human systems, using the disturbance regime concept in multiple ways, dealing with large fire events, using language about the effects of fire with more precision, and researching and monitoring fire and biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. Despite the weaknesses of present conceptual models, it is possible to develop a checklist of principles or questions that can be used to guide management and conservation at local scales across systems. Our list includes: establishing the socio-economic context of fire management, identifying disturbance regimes that will meet conservation goals, moving beyond fuel treatments as a goal, basing management goals on vital attributes of species, and planning for large events including post-fire responses. 相似文献
19.
Recent concern over human-induced climate warming has activated bioclimatic research projecting the species-response to climate change scenarios. However, climate change is one of a range of human-induced environmental drivers controlling biodiversity, and for many species should be considered together within a framework of relevant stresses and threats. This paper critically assesses the sensitivity of epiphyte assemblages to regional gradients in climate, pollution regime and landscape-scale habitat structure (woodland extent and fragmentation). We examine lichen epiphytes associated with juniper scrub (a conservation priority habitat in Europe), sampled across a network of protected sites in Britain (Special Areas of Conservation). Results point to significant differences in associated epiphyte diversity between conservation priority sites. Historic woodland structure was identified as of greater importance than present-day woodland structure in controlling species composition and richness, pointing to an extinction debt among lichen epiphytes. Climatic setting was important in controlling species composition, but not species richness. However, we demonstrate that pollution regime exerts the dominant controlling force for epiphyte assemblages across regional gradients. As a corollary, we caution that for many species groups - for example those sensitive to pollutants, or landscape structure - an exclusive focus on climate is restricting, and that climate change models should expand to include a range of multiple interacting factors. 相似文献
20.
Mattia Brambilla Fabio Casale Valentina Bergero G. Matteo Crovetto Riccardo Falco Irene Negri Paolo Siccardi Giuseppe Bogliani 《Biological conservation》2009,142(10):2033-2042
Species conservation largely depends on knowledge of habitat needs of target species. GIS-models are increasingly used to assess habitat preferences and distribution of target species, but their accuracy is constrained by availability of digital data layers. We developed a two-steps approach aiming at showing pros and cons of landscape (GIS)- and site-level habitat models, identifying key habitat factors for conservation of a threatened bird species, the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio. A spatially explicit GIS-model was generated using landscape variables, and a second model at site level was developed using fine-scale variables measured on the ground. The GIS-based model was then extrapolated to the entire region to obtain a map of distribution of suitable habitats. Positive associations between shrike occurrence and both hedgerow length and partial shrub cover were detected at both scales. Shrikes were also positively associated with grassland cover at landscape level and with partial cover of untilled herbaceous vegetation at the finer scale, and negatively affected by lucerne cover. The GIS-model led to an affordable map of predicted habitat suitability which should help conservationists to focus on different local priorities, but was unable to identify effects of untilled and lucerne cover. Site-level model gave fine details for habitat management, but its application elsewhere requires ground-measurements of factors. Combining the multiscale models could indicate more urgent actions at large scales (e.g. maintaining suitable habitats, or improving connectivity among isolated patches) and draw a detailed figure of the most suitable habitat for the species. Shrike occurrence was associated with a higher number of shrub and tree species: the indicator value of the species should ensure general benefits for biodiversity from dedicated management. 相似文献