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1.
Pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) in dogs is a congenital ocular abnormality affecting the iridocorneal angle, the presence of which may be associated with adult-onset primary glaucoma. This study demonstrates a significant association between PLD and glaucoma in Flat Coated Retrievers, and also a higher prevalence of PLD in Flat Coated Retrievers compared with other breeds. It is shown that the association between PLD and glaucoma was robust and not due to a small increase in PLD with age. There was also a significant association between PLD in offspring and parents and, using the offspring–parents regression, the heritability of PLD was estimated as approximately 0.7. As glaucoma is significantly related to PLD, glaucoma may also be heritable. Thus, glaucoma can be controlled by gonioscopic examination and elimination of animals with a high degree of PLD from a breeding program. Breeding from only those animals with a moderate or low PLD value or score should limit the expected prevalence of glaucoma in the resulting population to < 0.2%. The preceding study describes in detail the PLD survey, gonioscopic technique and some initial results obtained prior to this epidemiological investigation. 相似文献
2.
In vitro neutrophil function was assessed in two English Springer Spaniel dogs, two Bichon Frise dogs, and one Chow Chow dog with congenital ciliary dyskinesia; three clinically normal English Springer Spaniel dogs that were presumed heterozygous for congenital ciliary dyskinesia; and five control dogs. Chemotaxis and random migration in affected and heterozygous dogs were found to be comparable to those of control dogs. Increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) neutrophil adhesion, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, iodination of proteins, and oxygen radical production in neutrophils from affected dogs were probably the result of chronic bacterial infection in vivo. Bacterial ingestion by neutrophils from the three heterozygous English Springer Spaniel dogs was significantly increased compared to control dogs but was not different from affected English Springer Spaniel dogs, suggesting a breed-related phenomenon. Significant decreases in neutrophil function were not seen in any of the dogs with congenital ciliary dyskinesia, indicating that a defective microtubular system is not shared by respiratory cilia and neutrophils and that defective neutrophil function does not contribute to respiratory infection. 相似文献
3.
Pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) in dogs is a congenital ocular abnormality affecting the iridocorneal angle, the presence of which may be associated with adult-onset primary glaucoma. This paper describes the objectives, methods and results of a survey of PLD in Flat Coated Retrievers in the UK, including the technique used for gonioscopic assessment of the degree of PLD. In a random sample of 389 Flat Coated Retrievers, 34.7% were found to have a degree of PLD. In a 'target' sample of 48 Flat Coated Retrievers (close relatives of dogs from the random sample with high degrees of PLD, or dogs presented with primary glaucoma), 83.3% were found to have a degree of PLD. The percentage of animals with a degree of PLD was only 6.0% in a 'control' sample of 100 dogs from other breeds. The relationship between PLD and canine glaucoma is discussed. 相似文献
4.
P. G. C. Bedford 《The Journal of small animal practice》1977,18(10):631-642
Closure of the iridocorneal angle is the cause of a primary form of glaucoma which occurs in certain breeds of dog, but the precise mechanism involved in that closure is not completely understood. However, narrowness of the angle is considered to be the important predisposing factor, and in gonioscopic survey work the author has demonstrated that angle narrowness occurs with some frequency in the English Cocker Spaniel and Basset Hound breeds. 相似文献
5.
A full ophthalmic examination was performed on 40 Siberian husky dogs using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, gonloscopy and nasolacrimal cannulation. Eight (20%) of the dogs were found to have distichia, 10 (25%) had excessive medial caruncular hairs, 8 (20%) had absence, displacement, or narrowing of the nasolacrimal puncta, 2 (5%) had bilateral corneal crystalline opacities, and 2 (5%) had unilateral areas of lateral corneal lipidosis. Fifty percent of the dogs had some abnormality of the iridocorneal (drainage) angle. However, in only one of these was the deformity severe enough to require glaucoma prophylaxis. An association between blue iris colour and malformation of the iridocorneal angle was noted. 相似文献
6.
Objective The canine iridocorneal angle contains an operculum, which is similar to that in nonhuman primates and consists of a peripheral extension of the inner cornea that overlies the anterior‐most portion of the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. This region contains cells, the Schwalbe line’s (SL) cells, that have been found to have secretory and epithelial characteristics. This region of the iridocorneal angle represents the nonfiltering portion and becomes altered early during spontaneous glaucoma in the Beagle. The present study describes the SL cell for the first time in the dog and changes associated with canine primary open angle glaucoma. Procedures The iridocorneal angles from 18 Beagles with inherited glaucoma (3 months–8 years old) and 17 normal, age‐matched Beagles were placed in 10% buffered formalin for light microscopic evaluation, or 2.5% glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural evaluation. Using at least three fields from each region of the iridocorneal angle (opercular, corneoscleral, and uveal) at ×1000 magnification, trabecular cell nuclei were counted. Results The operculum in the canine iridocorneal angle consisted of the peripheral extension of the corneal endothelium and underlying anterior‐most corneoscleral meshwork, having no direct contact with the angular aqueous plexus. The SL cells associated with operculum‐retained epithelial morphology (polyhedral in shape with rER, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles) in both normal, pre‐and early glaucomatous dogs. In animals with moderate and advanced stages the SL cells often became less epithelial and secretory in appearance. The number of SL cells in normal dogs declined by approximately one‐third by the end of their first year with gradual loss thereafter. In the glaucoma group the decline was more substantial and continuous through the first three years. Conclusions The SL cell is morphologically a distinct cell type within the canine iridocorneal angle that is specifically associated with the nonfiltering portion of the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. Changes in the SL cells of the glaucomatous dog occurred with regard to age and progression of the disease. 相似文献
7.
P.G.C. Bedford 《The Journal of small animal practice》1977,18(10):615-629
Gonioscopy is the examination of the iridocorneal angle of the eye utilizing a corneal contact lens. The technique is extensively practised in human ophthalmology and is particularly important in the differential diagnosis of the glaucoma complex. The author has practised the technique extensively in dogs, and his findings on the appearance of the normal canine iridocorneal angle are reported in this paper. 相似文献
8.
B J Skelly D R Sargan B G Winchester M O Smith M E Herrtage U Giger 《American journal of veterinary research》1999,60(6):726-729
OBJECTIVE: To develop a robust molecular genetic test for alpha-L-fucosidosis in English Springer Spaniels and to screen dogs from the United Kingdom and United States for the mutant allele. ANIMALS: 35 English-bred English Springer Spaniels, 60 American-bred English Springer Spaniels, and 1 affected dog and its parents from a family of English Springer Spaniels in Colorado. PROCEDURE: Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to amplify the mutated region in the gene encoding alpha-L-fucosidase. High guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the region required use of an amplification buffer with high pH. Mutant and normal alleles were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular genetic test results were compared with enzyme data. RESULTS: A 262-bp PCR product was amplified from normal dogs and compared with a 248-bp product from affected dogs. Carriers had 1 copy of each allele, distinguishable by the 14-bp size difference. Two carriers among the English-bred dogs were identified by use of enzyme and genomic DNA analyses. The molecular defect in dogs from Colorado was proven to be the same as that in British and Australian dogs. None of the other 60 American-bred dogs carried the mutant allele. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:A PCR method that can be used to identify dogs affected with or carriers of the autosomal recessive disease fucosidosis was established. Amplification was achieved within a GC-rich region, using a method that may be useful in overcoming amplification problems in GC-rich areas within other genes. Using this test, fucosidosis can be controlled and ultimately eradicated from the English Springer Spaniel population. 相似文献
9.
Correlation of morphologic features of the iridocorneal angle to intraocular pressure in Samoyeds. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The iridocorneal angle of the left eye was investigated in 203 Samoyeds. Comparison was made of judgements of the width of the anterior opening of the ciliary cleft when performing gonioscopy with an objective method of estimation based on measurements on goniophotographs. Results indicated high degree of correlation. Various degrees of narrowness of the iridocorneal angle width were revealed and clinical glaucoma with total-angle closure was found in 6 of 203 dogs. The intraocular pressure was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in eyes with closed iridocorneal angles than in eyes with any other width of the angle. Appearance of the structures of the iridocorneal angle, particularly the pigment bands, indicated extensive individual variation. In approximately 25% of the eyes, dysplasia of the pectinate ligaments of variable degree existed, indicating that this anomaly is common in the Samoyed breed. Significant difference was not evident in intraocular pressure in eyes with different degrees of dysplasia of the pectinate ligaments. 相似文献
10.
U Giger B F Smith C B Woods D F Patterson H Stedman 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,201(10):1569-1571
A 3-year-old female American Cocker Spaniel with a chronic hemolytic disorder and hemolytic crises was found to have M-type phosphofructokinase deficiency. This inherited erythroenzymopathy and myopathy is commonly diagnosed in English Springer Spaniels, but the family study of this Cocker Spaniel, although supporting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, did not reveal any English Springer Spaniel ancestors. Molecular genetic studies did, however, identify the same mutation in this dog as we previously reported in the English Springer Spaniel breed, suggesting that this mutation originated prior to the separation of these 2 breeds. 相似文献
11.
Heat Related Illness (HRI) in dogs is expected to increase as heatwaves surge due to global warming. The most severe form of HRI, heat stroke, is potentially fatal in dogs. The current study investigated the incidence and risk factors for HRI in dogs in NSW, Australia, from 1997 to 2017. We identified 119 HRI cases during this period, with a fatality rate of 23%. Dog breeds at elevated risk of HRI were Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, British Bulldog, French Bulldog, Maremma Sheepdog, Italian Greyhound, Chow Chow, Airedale Terrier, Pug, Samoyed, English Springer Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Border Collie, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and pooled non-Australian National Kennel Council breeds (which included the American and Australian Bulldog) when compared with cross breeds (i.e., the reference variable). As expected, HRI cases were more likely in December and January, during the Australian summer and during hotter years (e.g., 2016). There were no differences in the risk of HRI between males and females nor between desexed or un-desexed dogs; but older dogs were at increased risk of HRI. These findings underscore the need for data collection that will enable the incidence of HRI in dogs to be monitored and to better understand canine risk factors particularly as temperatures will continue to rise due to global warming. The risk of mortality from HRI underpins the need for education programs focussed on prevention and early identification of HRI so that owners present affected dogs to their veterinarian as promptly as possible. 相似文献
12.
K. C. BARNETT 《The Journal of small animal practice》1985,26(6):305-316
Cataract is a common eye condition in the dog, classified in several ways and with a varied aetiology. The clinical appearance of hereditary cataract is described in the Boston Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Large Munsterlander, English Cocker Spaniel, American Cocker Spaniel, Afghan Hound, Welsh Springer Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Standard Poodle. Cataracts secondary to other eye diseases, both hereditary and non-hereditary, and to systemic conditions are also discussed, as well as the differential diagnosis of cataract. 相似文献
13.
Objective To determine the prevalence of the breed‐related glaucomas in pure‐bred dogs presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America that participate in the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB). Materials and methods In this retrospective study, age of first diagnosis, breed, and gender data for all breeds of dogs were collected from the VMDB with the clinical diagnosis of primary glaucoma (glaucoma‐NOS) at 5–10 year intervals from 1964 to 2002. The prevalence for each breed (affected dogs compared to all dogs of each breed), any changes over the 38 years, and any gender differences for these glaucomas were determined. Results The prevalence of the primary breed‐related glaucomas has gradually increased from 0.29% (1964–1973); 0.46% (1974–1983); 0.76% (1984–1993); to 0.89% (1994–2002). Breeds that consistently featured among the highest 10 for glaucoma prevalence from four different periods (1964 to 2002) included American Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, Wire Fox Terrier, and Boston Terrier. During the last observation period (1994–2002), 22 different breeds had 1% or higher prevalence of the glaucomas. The highest prevalence of glaucomas in 1994–2002 by breed included: American Cocker Spaniel (5.52%); Basset Hound (5.44%); Chow Chow (4.70%); Shar‐Pei (4.40%); Boston Terrier (2.88%); Wire Fox Terrier (2.28%); Norwegian ElkHound (1.98%); Siberian Husky (1.88%); Cairn Terrier (1.82%); and Miniature Poodle (1.68%). A predominance of females with glaucoma occurred in the American Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Chow Chow, English Cocker Spaniel, Samoyed, and perhaps the Siberian Husky, and a predominance of males in the Australian Cattle dog and St Bernard. Age affected the time for first presentation of the glaucomas in the pure‐bred dog. In the majority of breeds the glaucomas were presented for initial diagnosis in dogs between 4 and 10 years of age. Conclusion Breed‐related glaucomas in pure‐bred dogs are frequently presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America. The prevalence of the breed‐related glaucomas in the dog appears similar to humans, and in some breeds exceeds that in humans. In many breeds the high prevalence of the glaucomas suggests a genetic basis. 相似文献
14.
Secondary glaucomas in the dog in North America 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of secondary glaucomas in dogs associated with cataract formation, lens luxation or displacement, cataract surgery, uveitis, hyphema and intraocular neoplasia. METHODS: Information was obtained from the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) from all veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America from March 1964 to March 2003. Secondary glaucomas were diagnosed at the same examination or after the primary diagnosis was made, and included those associated with cataract formation, lens luxation, cataract surgery, uveitis of unknown cause, hyphema of unknown cause, and intraocular neoplasia. The data were evaluated by decade, breed, gender and age of presentation. RESULTS: A total of 1 592 831 dogs were presented, and 9695 canine secondary glaucomas. Secondary glaucoma associated with cataract formation represented 81% of all the canine secondary glaucomas. Breeds (n = 7890 dogs) predisposed to secondary glaucoma and cataracts had an overall prevalence of 0.5%, but nearly 20% of all the cataractous dogs developed secondary glaucoma in at least one eye. For the years 1994-2003, these breeds included the American Cocker Spaniel; Boston Terrier; Toy, Miniature and Standard Poodle; English Springer Spaniel; Bichon Frise; and Labrador Retriever. The other forms of secondary glaucoma occurred less frequently, and included those glaucomas with lens luxation or displacement (779 dogs; 12.0%), postcataract surgery (528 dogs; 5.1%), with uveitis from unknown cause (399 dogs; 7.1%), with hyphema from unknown cause (117 dogs; 7.3%), and with intraocular neoplasia (19 dogs; 3.5%). The risk of the secondary glaucomas from 1984 to 2002 was highest after the intracapsular lens extraction (ICLE), less in the extracapsular technique (ECLE), and lowest for the phacoemulsification/phacofragmentation method. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of the canine secondary glaucomas ranges from 0.25% (1964-1973), 0.46% (1974-1983), 0.79% (1984-1993), to 0.80% (1994-2003) and are as frequent as the primary or breed-related glaucomas during these same time periods. 相似文献
15.
Kato K Sasaki N Matsunaga S Mochizuki M Nishimura R Ogawa H 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2006,9(2):71-75
The purpose of the study was to describe the shape of the pectinate ligament (PL) and to estimate the width of the iridocorneal angle (ICA) in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eye of Shiba Inu dogs in Japan. One hundred fourteen Shiba Inu dogs were presented to the Veterinary Medical Center at the University of Tokyo between June 1998 and June 2003. Among these, 46 dogs had glaucoma; the remaining 68 dogs were presented for routine vaccinations or heartworm testing and were used as a control population. Complete ophthalmic examination and gonioscopy were performed in all the dogs. PL and ICA were evaluated by gonioscopy and goniophotographs. Of the 46 dogs with glaucoma, 17 (37%) were affected bilaterally, and 29 (63%) were affected unilaterally. Of the 29 dogs with unilateral glaucoma, the ICA of the normotensive eye was slightly narrow in 2 eyes (7%), narrow in 12 eyes (41%), and closed in 15 eyes (52%). Among the normotensive control group, the ICA was open in 13 dogs (19%), slightly narrow in 29 (43%), narrow in 22 (32%), and closed in 4 (6%). In dogs with narrow and slightly narrow ICAs, the PLs were thickened, and in some cases, formed a solid sheet. The majority of dogs with glaucoma had changes in both ICA and PL. A narrow or slightly narrow ICA was also detected in the majority of normotensive control dogs. This study suggests that ICA narrowing and PL thickening is a common abnormality in Shiba Inu dogs in Japan and may predispose those dogs to glaucoma. 相似文献
16.
Seventy dogs from 26 breeds were admitted with primary glaucoma between January 1979 and December 1983. Compared with mixed-breed dogs, 8 breeds were at higher risk (P less than 0.01) of developing glaucoma: Basset Hound, Beagle, Boston Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, Miniature Poodle, Norwegian Elkhound, and Siberian Husky. Dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years were at increased risk (P less than 0.001). There was no predisposition for either eye to be affected first (P greater than 0.55). Females were at twice the risk of males (P less than 0.01). Fourteen dogs had bilateral glaucoma. Among 46 dogs for which the number of months that the second eye remained normal was available, 24 were treated prophylactically and 22 were not treated or had treatment stopped. Prophylactic treatment significantly extended the interval between diagnosis in the first eye and development of glaucoma in the second eye for dogs in predisposed breeds (P less than 0.01). Prophylactic treatment did not make a difference when all breeds were considered (P greater than 0.19), nor did gender affect this interval (P greater than 0.37). 相似文献
17.
Dyserythropoiesis, Polymyopathy, and Cardiac Disease in Three Related English Springer Spaniels 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Christopher T. Holland BVSc Paul J. Canfield BVSc PhD A. David J. Watson BVSc PhD Graeme S. Allan MVSc 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1991,5(3):151-159
A polysystemic disorder was observed in three related English Springer Spaniel dogs that demonstrated regurgitation from an early age, slowly progressive temporal muscle atrophy with partial trismus, and less pronounced generalized skeletal muscle atrophy. All dogs exhibited moderate dyserythropoietic anemia, polymyopathy with megaesophagus, and varying degrees of cardiomegaly. The prevalence, etiology, underlying pathomechanism, and possible mode of inheritance remain to be elucidated. 相似文献
18.
Alpha-L-fucosidosis was diagnosed in a 17-month-old English Springer Spaniel with a history of slow development and progressive visual impairment. Lymphocytes and mononuclear cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were seen in a blood smear and in CSF, respectively. A severe deficiency of alpha-L-fucosidase activities in plasma and leukocytes was determined. Histologic examination revealed vacuolation of neurons, macrophages, and epithelial cells in most organ tissues. Canine fucosidosis is a progressive and fatal lysosomal storage disease in English Springer Spaniels. Affected dogs develop a neurologic disorder characterized by progressive motor and mental deterioration. Visual impairment is an unusual primary sign in a dog with alpha-L-fucosidosis. 相似文献
19.
Reisner IR Houpt KA Shofer FS 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(10):1594-1603
OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of owner-directed aggression and identify associated environmental and genetic factors in English Springer Spaniels. DESIGN: Prevalence survey. ANIMALS: 1,053 adult English Springer Spaniels. PROCEDURE: A mail survey was sent to 2,400 randomly selected owners of adult American Kennel Club-registered English Springer Spaniels. Dogs with a history of aggression to family members and familiar humans were compared with dogs without such a history. RESULTS: 1,053 questionnaires (56.1% of the 1,877 delivered) were completed. A history of owner-directed growling or more intense aggression was reported in 510 (48.4%) dogs. Two hundred seventy-seven (26.3%) dogs had bitten a human in the past; 65.2% of bites were directed at familiar (owner or nonowner) adults and children. Variables associated with owner-directed aggression included sex of dog (male), neuter status (neutered, regardless of sex), show or bench lines, age > 4 years, aggression to unfamiliar adults and children, acquisition from a hobby breeder, less responsiveness to obedience cues, and a specific kennel and 1 popular sire from that kennel in a 4-generation pedigree. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Owner-directed aggression in adult English Springer Spaniels was associated with a number of environmental, sex-related, and inherited factors. To reduce the risk of aggression, prospective owners might seek a female, hunting-type English Springer Spaniel from an experienced breeder. However, because risk factors are broad and varied, there are limitations to the extent to which behavior can be predicted and further study is needed of the inheritance of aggression in this breed. 相似文献
20.
A pedigree analysis of a family of 15 related Chinese Shar Peis was conducted. This pedigree analysis, including affected and nonaffected dams, sires and offspring, was compiled to document and characterize the occurrence, common clinical signs, and age of onset of primary lens luxation while suggesting a possible mode of inheritance in this breed. Of the five offspring from the mating of an affected dam to two unrelated affected males, 100% of offspring were affected with bilateral primary lens luxations. Of the four viable offspring from the mating of the same affected dam to an unrelated, unaffected male, two dogs (50%) were affected. The average age of onset of affected animals (seven) in this first generation was 4.9 years (range 3–6 years). The six dogs in the second generation of the same pedigree line were 2-years-old at examination with none of these animals affected at the time of this study. The most common presenting complaints were a unilateral change in ocular appearance (5 of 7 dogs) and subjective vision impairment (4 of 7 dogs). The most common clinical sign upon ophthalmic examination was iridodonesis (unilateral 4 of 7 dogs; bilateral 3 of 7 dogs) and the presence of an aphakic crescent (3 of 7 dogs). Gonioscopy and tonometry of severely affected eyes revealed a narrow or closed iridocorneal angle and ocular hypertension. This study suggests that primary lens luxation does occur in the Chinese Shar Pei, resembling the clinical condition (age of onset, clinical signs) previously described in the terrier breeds, the Border Collie, and the Tibetan Terrier. Application of the phenotypic findings in this study to a Mendelian genetic model of inheritance suggests that primary lens luxation in the Chinese Shar Pei is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait. 相似文献