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1.
This is a retrospective study of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peninsular Malaysia between 2001 and May 2007. In total, 270 outbreaks of FMD were recorded. Serotype O virus (89.95 %) and serotype A (7.7 %) had caused the outbreaks. Significant differences on the occurrence of FMD were found between the years (t?=?5.73, P?=?0.000, df?=?11), months (t?=?4.7, P?=?0.000, df?=?11), monsoon season (t?=?2.63, P?=?0.025, df?=?10) and states (t?=?4.84, P?=?0.001, df?=?10). A peak of outbreaks observed in 2003 could be due to increased animal movement and the other peak in 2006 could be due to a compromised FMD control activities due to activities on the eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Cattle (86 % of outbreaks) suffered the most. However, no difference in disease occurrence between species was observed. The populations of cattle (r?=?0.672, P?=?0.023) and sheep (r?=?0.678, P?=?0.022) were significantly correlated with occurrence of FMD. Movement of animals (66 % of outbreaks) was the main source for outbreaks. A combination of control measures were implemented during outbreaks. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that FMD is endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, and information gained could be used to improve the existing control strategy.  相似文献   

2.
In a reindeer herd brought in for slaughter in February 1977 in Finnmark county, one animal about 11/2 years old, was found to have about 20 hairless nodules, each about 5 cm in diameter, in the skin. The nodules were of discoid shape and well demarcated, and made only slight impressions in the underlying muscles. They were found to be neoplasms, and should probably be classified as a malignant lymphoma of histiocytic type (Smith et al. 1972). Metastases were found in the prescapular lymph nodes. The animal was well-fed and without clinical signs of general disease. The distribution of the nodules and the absence of subcutaneous larvae of the very common reindeer grub fly (Oedemagena tarandi) led to the conclusion that the condition was most probably a result of a pathological immune reaction to parasitic larvae.  相似文献   

3.
Serological evidence of exposure of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) to a virus related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) (Synonym: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus) has been reported in Canada (El Azhary 1979) and the USA (Dieterich 1981). A serological survey conducted in Finnish Lapland also detected neutralising antibodies to BHV1 in reindeer sera; 23 % of 300 reindeer had detectable antibodies, whereas none of 300 cattle sera from the same region contained antibodies to BHV1 (Ek-Kommonen et al. 1982). There is currently no evidence of BHV1 infection of cattle in Finland, so the isolation and characterisation of the reindeer herpesvirus was of considerable interest. This short communication describes the isolation and preliminary characterisation of a herpesvirus from a reindeer following the administration of dexamethasone.  相似文献   

4.

Background

When a severe peritonitis outbreak in semi-domesticated reindeer was noticed in 2003 in Finland, the concerned industry urged immediate preventive actions in order to avoid detrimental effects of S. tundra and further economical losses. A research programme was swiftly initiated to study S. tundra and its impact on the health and wellbeing of reindeer.

Methods

The ultimate aim of this study was to test the efficacy of different treatment regimes against S. tundra and associated peritonitis in reindeer. The timing of the trials was planned to be compatible with the annual rhythm of the reindeer management; (1) the treatment of calves in midsummer, during routine calf ear marking, with ivermectin injection prophylaxis and deltamethrin pour-on solution as a repellent against insect vectors, (2) the treatment of infected calves in early autumn with ivermectin injection, and (3) ivermectin treatment of breeding reindeer in winter. The results were assessed using the post mortem inspection data and S. tundra detection. Finally, to evaluate on the population level the influence of the annual (late autumn-winter) ivermectin treatment of breeding reindeer on the transmission dynamics of S. tundra, a questionnaire survey was conducted.

Results

In autumn, ivermectin treatment was efficient against peritonitis and in midsummer had a slight negative impact on the degree of peritonitis and positive on the fat layer, but deltamethrin had none. Ivermectin was efficient against adult S. tundra and its smf. All the reindeer herding cooperatives answered the questionnaire and it appeared that antiparasitic treatment of reindeer population was intense during the study period, when 64–90% of the animals were treated. In the southern part of the Finnish reindeer husbandry area, oral administration of ivermectin was commonly used.

Conclusion

Autumn, and to a lesser degree summer, treatment of reindeer calves with injectable ivermectin resulted in decreased severity of peritonitis and perihepatitis in reindeer calves due to setariosis. In the case of necessity for animal welfare reasons, treatment during early autumn round ups should be considered. On the population level, massive and routinely applied antiparasitic treatments can improve the health of breeding reindeer and decrease the mortality and the number of carriers but during the outbreak could not prevent its movement and expansion to the North.  相似文献   

5.
Two non-splenectomized reindeer developed fever, icterus and haemoglobinuria after inoculation intravenously with cattle blood containing Babesia divergens.14 and 15 days after inoculation agglutination of Babesia-containing erythrocytes from the two reindeer was observed in blood films. In one reindeer there was also microscopical evidence of intravascular agglutination in the sinusoids of the spleen.As a control, a non-splenectomized reindeer calf was inoculated with normal cattle blood; there were no signs of agglutination.  相似文献   

6.
Lung inflammations in reindeer caused by Pasteurella multocida were reported from Scandinavian countries already at the beginning of this century. Several outbreaks have been recorded in reindeer herds in Norway. Observations made at the fall reindeer slaughtering, and in reindeer herds in Finnmark seem to indicate an endemic state of this infection with subclinical carriers. Predisposing factors and lowered specific immune status may probably play important roles when fatal outbreaks occur.  相似文献   

7.
Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern Norway.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Ten carcasses and three vertebral columns from north Norwegian dairy goats, which had been killed due to clinical signs of severe neurologic disease, were received for necropsy. Pathological examination revealed nematodes and nematode ova in the central nervous system (CNS) of nine goats. Worms found by gross examination were identified as Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960. Focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, apparently caused by migrating worms, perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic leptomeningitis and perineural infiltrations and granulomas, could be demonstrated in CNS sections from all 13 animals examined. Clinical signs reported were initial pruritus followed by motor weakness, lameness, paresis, reduced vision, circling, abnormal head position, bulging eyes and scoliosis. The disease occurred from September to January in regions with a considerable migrant reindeer population. It was concluded that the reported outbreaks of neurologic disease represented seasonal occurrence of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis caused by Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, the elaphostrongyloid nematode of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).  相似文献   

8.
Epizootic heamorragic disease   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious non-contagious viral disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides which affects wild and domestic ruminants. The causative agent, the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus and shares many morphological and structural characteristics with the other members of the genus such as bluetongue, African horse sickness and equine encephalosis viruses. In recent years EHD outbreaks have been reported in countries bordering the European Union. They caused disease in cattle and severe repercussion on the livestock industry of the affected countries. In the light of recent European bluetongue epizootic these events pose an increasing threat to the European Union. This review includes the most recent information regarding the virus and the disease as well as tools for its diagnosis and control. It is our conviction that more attention should be drawn to both EHDV and the disease itself in order to fulfil all these gaps and not to be unprepared in case future possible incursions.  相似文献   

9.
The present paper surveys the number of Salmonella isolations in animals and feedstuffs in Sweden during 1988–1992. It is the eighth in a series of reports published by the National Veterinary Institute (NVI) since 1949. During the period referred to, 602 outbreaks of Salmonella were reported in animals, both domestic and wild. Compared with the previous 5-year period there was a 20% reduction in the number of outbreaks (760). Fifty-six different serotypes were reported, 19 of which had never been isolated in any animal in Sweden previously. A temporary increase in the number of outbreaks in poultry was seen in 1991 following an extended sampling before slaughter of layers. A remarkably high prevalence (38%) of Salmonella was observed in snakes in the wild.In 1990, the end-point testing of feeds was replaced by an approach based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) principles for the monitoring of feed mills. Significantly higher number of Salmonella positive samples were found by using this technique compared with the previous analysis of finished feed.It is concluded that the adopted Salmonella control program has contributed to a reduced number of Salmonella outbreaks in animals in Sweden.  相似文献   

10.
Due to the hard environmental and climatic situation in late winter 1999, a herd of about 200 free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer was gathered in a paddock in northern Norway for emergency feeding. About the same number of reindeer was not corralled but supplementary fed on their winter pastures. The fodder was of relatively good quality but very dusty and fed in a very dry environment. Six weeks later, an outbreak of eye-infection was diagnosed in one third of the corralled reindeer; mild symptoms were observed in most of them, but 11 animals showed severe signs of disease. No signs of disease were found in the non-corralled animals. Ten reindeer died through emaciation, the eleventh was sacrificed. Histopathological diagnosis of two severely affected eyes revealed a severe purulent kerato-conjunctivitis with bacteria and plant particles embedded in purulent exudates on the cornea and conjunctiva. In one eye from the two most affected animals Actinomyces pyogenes, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli and in the other one Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found. The bacteria encountered in this study are not considered the primary cause of disease. They seem rather to be opportunistic infectious agents of eyes that have been irritated mechanically through exposure to dusty fodder in a dry environment. The stress through unfamiliar corralling of the reindeer, that followed an insufficient fodder supply, could be considered as an additional infection supporting factor. This case-report emphasises on the importance of different factors involved in favouring outbreaks of disease in reindeer, under intensified husbandry conditions. Even though crowding and emergency feeding may be, at certain circumstances, the only means of survival for reindeer, a negative impact of implied crowding diseases on their productivity, must be considered, as well.  相似文献   

11.
There is little information on bacteria that have the potential to cause disease in reindeer husbandry. In this project, faecal samples from 35 free-ranging or corralled reindeer, adults and calves, that died in the winter of 2000 in northern Norway, were examined for the occurrence of Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria spp., Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp. to evaluate the role of these microrganisms in loss and mortality in reindeer husbandry. In addition, 31 of these samples were examined for the occurrence of bacteria producing shigatoxin-1 and 2. C. perfringens was isolated in 20 (57.1%) of the faecal samples. In the free-ranging reindeer, 44% were positive carriers of C. perfringens and 90% of the corralled ones were positive for C. perfringens. In addition, the gene encoding for shigatoxin-1 was detected in one of the samples derived from a corralled reindeer. The other bacteria investigated were not found. Shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria were isolated for the first time from reindeer in Norway. However, no correlation between C. perfringens or shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria and mortality in the reindeer could be established.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Case history: Data were collected from 47 outbreaks of dropped hock syndrome (DHS) that were reported by veterinarians in New Zealand to the Ministry for Primary Industries between October 2012 and August 2017. There were 181 affected dairy cows from 44 farms. Of those with records, all 86 were aged between 2–3 years-old, and 4/94 (4%) were Friesian, 56/94 (60%) were Jersey and 33/94 (35%) were Jersey/Friesian cross. Of the 47 outbreaks, 45 (96%) occurred during winter and 37 (79%) in the South Island.

Clinical findings: Of 151 cases with records, hindlimb weakness (117 cows), shortened gait (112 cows) and dropped hocks (106 cows) were most commonly reported, with 110 cases being bilaterally affected. The level of diagnostic work-up and the data recorded by veterinarians for each outbreak were highly variable. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were reported for 22 cases and were within normal ranges for cows with mild disease but increased in cows with severe disease. Concentrations of Cu in serum and liver were below normal for 13/22 and 9/10 cows, respectively, from six outbreaks. Of 41 cows with records for clinical outcomes, 12 had complete resolution, 18 had partial resolution, and 11 had no resolution.

Pathological findings: Post-mortem data were available from 26 cases. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle were the key gross findings. In 14 cows with records for muscle histopathology, myodegeneration and recent haemorrhage were observed, and connective tissue pathology was reported to predate muscular pathology in seven cases.

Diagnosis: DHS appeared to be a degenerative rather than inflammatory condition primarily affecting the connective tissue of the hind limb, especially at the dense collagen interfaces of the gastrocnemius. Although no evidence of neuropathy was found, this cannot definitively be ruled out as a potential cause.

Clinical relevance: A more standardised and systematic approach to investigating cases and recording case data is required to make robust inferences about the aetiology, risk factors, and treatment interventions for DHS.  相似文献   

13.
Outbreaks of acute bovine babesiosis affecting several individuals within a herd are well known among veterinary practitioners and farmers within different parts of Sweden. Although outbreaks may not occur every year, they are feared by the farmers due to the unpredictability of the disease, its suddeness of onset, its rapid course, and the high mortality unless treated. Sporadic outbreaks of acute bovine babesiosis comprising several animals within a limited time period have been previously reported in Sweden (Linnaeus 1747, Bergman & Waxberg 1915, Heijbel 1928), in Finland (Hinderson 1928), in Norway as cited by Tambs-Lyche (1943), in the United Kingdom (Donnelly et al. 1970) and elsewhere within the area where B. divergens is distributed (Tambs-Lyche 1943, Purnell 1980). In all of these cases groups of animals had been transferred onto pastures where clinical cases of bovine babesiosis were known to occur from areas where the disease was rare or had never occurred; i.e. unexposed animals were transferred onto pastures with Babesia infected ticks. The farmers first became aware of this situation after the outbreak had occurred.  相似文献   

14.
A better understanding of the variation in infectivity and its relation with clinical signs may help to improve measures to control and prevent (clinical) outbreaks of diseases. Here we investigated the role of disease severity on infectivity and transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, a bacterium causing respiratory problems in pig farms. We carried out transmission experiments with 10 pairs of caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. In each pair, one pig was inoculated intranasally with 5 × 106 CFUs of A. pleuropneumoniae strain 1536 and housed together with a contact pig. Clinical signs were scored and the course of infection was observed by bacterial examination and qPCR analysis of tonsillar brush and nasal swab samples. In 6 out of 10 pairs transmission to contact pigs was observed, but disease scores in contact infected pigs were low compared to the score in inoculated pigs. Whereas disease score was positively associated with bacterial load in inoculated pigs and bacterial load with the transmission rate, the disease score had a negative association with transmission. These findings indicate that in pigs with equal bacterial load, those with higher clinical scores transmit A. pleuropneumoniae less efficiently. Finally, the correlation between disease score in inoculated pigs and in positive contact pigs was low. Although translation of experimental work towards farm level has limitations, our results suggest that clinical outbreaks of A. pleuropneumoniae are unlikely to be caused only by spread of the pathogen by clinically diseased pigs, but may rather be the result of development of clinical signs in already infected pigs.  相似文献   

15.
Serum samples from 1032 semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Finland were examined for the occurrence of Salmonella-antibodies by use of an indirect ELISA. The majority of samples originated from clinically healthy slaughter reindeer, kept extensively (n = 802; year of sampling: 1996). The remaining samples (n = 230) came from a research herd, permanently kept intensively, with repeated outbreaks of diarrhoea. In this study, 29 of the examined serum samples showed an OD above the determined cut-off. The prevalence in the clinically healthy slaughter reindeer was 0.9%, in the research herd 4.2% in 1996, 10.5% in 1997 and 12.9% in 1998. It must be assumed that the intensive husbandry in the corralled research herd may favour the spreading of infectious agents and eventually outbreaks of crowding diseases in the herd. This investigation is complemented by a review on the occurrence of Salmonella in wild and semi-domesticated cervids.  相似文献   

16.
Gaffkaemia is a bacterial disease which causes periodic, lethal epizootics in holding facilities for live American (Homarus americanus) and European (Homarus vulgaris) lobsters (Snieszko & Taylor 1947, Roskam 1957). Gaffkaemia, with the causative agent Aerococcus viridans, has been diagnosed in many countries in Europe and elsewhere. Roskam (1957, 1958) reported the disease in lobsters imported to the Netherlands from Norway. In Norway, however, the disease has never before been reported, though an experiment has shown that gaffkaemia could be induced in lobsters from a Norwegian area with injections of the A.T.C.C. type strain no. 10400 of the causative agent (Møllerud 1971).  相似文献   

17.
In 2011, Trypanosoma equiperdum reemerged in Italy, almost 10 years after its last appearance. A total of eight infected horses have been observed to date. Six horses were affected by natural outbreaks of the disease, whereas two were infected experimentally. The aim of this study was to offer a recent perspective on clinical cases of dourine in Europe. Investigation of the clinical aspects confirmed the three stages reported in the literature: stage 1 (genital lesions), stage 2 (cutaneous signs), and stage 3 (nervous signs). The most common signs in the horses under study were notable weight loss, edematous skin eruptions and oedemas of the abdomen, mammary glands and hind legs. Three animals presented neurological signs (lip ptosis of lower lip and ataxia). Infections were paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic in some animals. Hyperthermia was not reported in infected animals and considerable anemia was observed. High antibody titers did not always correspond to clinical signs. Positive polymerase chain reaction test results of blood or tissue (skin, eye swab) often correspond to an advanced stage of the disease. Dourine is a variable disease; owing to its low prevalence and chronic manifestation, it can be difficult to make a quick diagnosis when facing a Dourine-positive horse.  相似文献   

18.
Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Asia and the Pacific Rim   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The epidemiology of trichinellosis, species of Trichinella present and the food and eating habits of people affected in Asia and the Pacific Rim are reviewed with emphasis on Japan, China and Thailand. Trichinella seems to be prevalent throughout this region although outbreaks of trichinellosis have not been reported in some areas. Major outbreaks of the disease have been reported primarily in China and Thailand. This is the result of three factors: (1) China and Thailand are highly endemic areas for this parasite; (2) the two countries are well-organized and there is a public health system that enables precise reporting of disease outbreaks and (3) culinary habits provide many opportunities to eat undercooked meats. Trichinella found in Asia and the Pacific Rim includes both encapsulated species (Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nativa) and noncapsulated species (Trichinella pseudospiralis, Trichinella papuae). T. britovi, isolated in Japan, is a different genotype from the European strain. Therefore, the Japanese strain of T. britovi is designated Trichinella T9. Human trichinellosis caused by T. pseudospiralis has occurred in New Zealand and Thailand. Tasmania has had animal cases of T. pseudospiralis infection and animals with T. papuae infection have been found in Papua New Guinea. Economic losses due to Trichinella infection are not negligible in China, where there have been more than 500 outbreaks of human trichinellosis, affecting more than 20,000 people and causing more than 200 deaths. In Thailand, over the past 27 years, 120 outbreaks were reported involving nearly 6700 patients and 97 deaths. Japan has had fewer outbreaks and some sporadic cases have been attributed to imported infection.  相似文献   

19.
Bovine Campylobacteriosis: A Review   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) is a venereal disease of cattle caused by the organism Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus previously known as Vibrio fetus subspecies venerealis. Characteristically the disease causes infertility in the female with an increased number of services necessary for conception. Abortions late in gestation are also occasionally seen. Most cases or outbreaks occur after the recent introduction of an infected bull or cow into a susceptible breeding herd. Often the disease remains undetected until late fall when the livestock owner recognizes that he has a number of females exhibiting estrus. A tentative diagnosis can be made by a study of the herd history and can often be confirmed by laboratory means.

In recent years many advances have been made towards establishing an understanding of the immune response that occurs with infection and systemic immunization. In this review, recommendations are made regarding the appropriate time to immunize the breeding herd against campylobacteriosis.

  相似文献   

20.
Glanders is a highly infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds caused by Burkholderia mallei. Progressive loss of efficiency and fatal outcome resulted in massive economic losses, which forced veterinary authorities throughout the world to implement disease control measures; these measures included mass testing using the complement fixation test and/or malleinization, and the culling of positives. This led to the eradication of glanders from Western Europe and North America in the 1950s. However, in the last decade, the number of outbreaks in Asia and South America increased steadily, and glanders regained the status of a re-emerging transboundary disease. Pakistan has been an endemic country for the past 120 years, but concise data on the presence of disease are not available. A total of 533 serum samples were collected from draught equines, a suspected risk group for glanders, from various districts of Punjab in Pakistan. The complement fixation test and the highly sensitive Western blot technique were used for serodiagnosis. No animal (horse, mule, and donkey) was found to be positive for infection. Glanders seems to be restricted to remote, sporadic pockets of endemicity and may cause outbreaks after being introduced into naive populations by (asymptomatic) shedders.  相似文献   

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