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1.
Houseflies were pretreated with olive oil by two methods, topical application or injection, then exposed to residues of DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, or dimethoate. Knockdown was recorded for normal and pretreated flies. Knockdown rates of pretreated flies were significantly different (generally lower) from normal flies in practically all cases. Protection against knockdown was positively correlated with olive oil-water partition coefficients of the insecticides. The effect of dosage on the degree of protection was investigated with DDT. These data support the possibility that hemolymph distributes insecticides throughout the body in exposed insects. 相似文献
2.
Impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse and interiorscape environments
The neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin are commonly used in greenhouses and/or interiorscapes (plant interiorscapes and conservatories) to manage a wide range of plant‐feeding insects such as aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies. However, these systemic insecticides may also be harmful to natural enemies, including predators and parasitoids. Predatory insects and mites may be adversely affected by neonicotinoid systemic insecticides when they: (1) feed on pollen, nectar or plant tissue contaminated with the active ingredient; (2) consume the active ingredient of neonicotinoid insecticides while ingesting plant fluids; (3) feed on hosts (prey) that have consumed leaves contaminated with the active ingredient. Parasitoids may be affected negatively by neonicotinoid insecticides because foliar, drench or granular applications may decrease host population levels so that there are not enough hosts to attack and thus sustain parasitoid populations. Furthermore, host quality may be unacceptable for egg laying by parasitoid females. In addition, female parasitoids that host feed may inadvertently ingest a lethal concentration of the active ingredient or a sublethal dose that inhibits foraging or egg laying. There are, however, issues that require further consideration, such as: the types of plant and flower that accumulate active ingredients, and the concentrations in which they are accumulated; the influence of flower age on the level of exposure of natural enemies to the active ingredient; the effect of neonicotinoid metabolites produced within the plant. As such, the application of neonicotinoid insecticides in conjunction with natural enemies in protected culture and interiorscape environments needs further investigation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
Olga S. Kostromytska 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,100(1):27-34
Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”. 相似文献
4.
Peter R. Chadwick 《Pest management science》1979,10(1):32-38
The knockdown and contact killing actions of various pyrethroids were compared using Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. A wide range of knockdown activity was found; 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (1R)-cis-3-(dihydro-2-oxo-3-thienylidenemethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (RU 15525) acted fastest, more rapidly than pyrethrins, against B. germanica as well as having a low LD50 value. Topical application and direct spray tests showed that (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cir-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (NRDC 161) was more active as a killing agent, by an order of magnitude, than cismethrin, the next most active compound, and also had considerable knockdown activity. Piperonyl butoxide generally had little synergist effect. Female P. americana were over three times more tolerant than males to a range of insecticides applied topically. Residual knockdown action in the WHO resistance test was observed to provide baseline data. There was little overlap in speed of action between pyrethroids and other insecticides among the compounds tested. 相似文献
5.
国外草地贪夜蛾化学防治技术的研究与应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是一种适应性和迁徙能力很强的农业害虫,并具有暴发为害的特点。几十年来,化学防治一直是防治草地贪夜蛾的重要技术措施。20世纪80年代以前,美洲国家防治草地贪夜蛾以有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂为主;随后拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂得到了广泛使用;20世纪90年代中后期,美洲特别是美国推广种植转基因Bt玉米后,防治草地贪夜蛾杀虫剂的用量显著减少;近年来,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、除虫脲、虱螨脲、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺等一系列新型杀虫剂品种在防治草地贪夜蛾中发挥了突出的作用。伴随着不同种类杀虫剂的使用,草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗性也相应地呈现出明显的变化,20世纪80年代后,美洲的草地贪夜蛾先后对有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了抗药性,截至2017年,美洲地区的草地贪夜蛾至少对包括氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类及Bt杀虫蛋白等不同类型共29种杀虫剂产生了抗药性;2016年,采自北美洲波多黎各的草地贪夜蛾田间种群对双酰胺类杀虫剂氟苯虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性倍数最高分别达500倍和160倍。草地贪夜蛾的抗药性机制主要是解毒代谢增强和靶标基因突变。种子处理可以预防作物苗期草地贪夜蛾的为害,并且有利于天敌保护。雾滴粒径不仅影响杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果,还影响草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗药性的发展,因此,防治田间草地贪夜蛾适宜采用细雾喷雾方式。使用得当,化学杀虫剂可以与天敌和生物杀虫剂协同增效防治草地贪夜蛾。航空施药要和地面施药联合使用才能对玉米田严重发生的草地贪夜蛾达到好的防治效果。 相似文献
6.
R. D. Maccuaig 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):349-354
Abstract Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the course of poisoning and toxicity of some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (bioresmethrin, cismethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and permethrin) against the desert locust. From doses in excess of the LD99 all the insecticides were quick acting; from doses of about the LD99 or less the insects are rapidly knocked down or show symptoms of poisoning, but may recover. The symptoms which follow treatment by the various insecticides are described. Although these insecticides are all highly toxic to locusts there are many other insecticides which are similarly toxic, can be sprayed at high concentrations and are much cheaper. 相似文献
7.
Yueping Zheng Mantri Nitin Lanlan Wang Yongming Ruan Bo Jiang Zonggen Shen 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):10-19
Squash silverleaf induced by the geographical variant Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an economically important disease of Cucurbita pepo L. in tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Therefore, both early detection of disease severity and judicious use of insecticides are important for minimizing economic losses. Therefore, the aims of this study were to use chlorophyll fluorescence to detect squash silverleaf early and determine the best protocol for imidacloprid application. The results showed that chlorophyll fluorescence was positively correlated with disease severity of whitefly-infested plants. Foliar spraying was suitable for application to control MEAM1 in the high risk region because it could be rapidly implemented against whitefly infestations and because it has a high knockdown rate. Soil application was slow-acting but had a long-lasting effect and was suitable for implementation during the initial stage of a whitefly outbreak. Considering the overall insect control potential and the risks to the environmental contamination and human health, 0.3 g L?1 imidacloprid is the recommended concentration using the two application methods. 相似文献
8.
Stanislav Pekr 《Pest management science》1999,55(11):1077-1082
Field experiments have revealed that some species of spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species, Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis, Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides, an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus (phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona, after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after permethrin application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
9.
Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soderlund DM 《Pest management science》2008,64(6):610-616
Knockdown resistance to DDT and the pyrethrins was first described in 1951 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.). This trait, which confers reduced neuronal sensitivity to these insecticides, was subsequently shown to confer cross-resistance to all synthetic pyrethroid insecticides that have been examined to date. As a consequence, the worldwide commercial development of pyrethroids as a major insecticide class over the past three decades has required constant awareness that pyrethroid overuse has the potential to reselect this powerful resistance mechanism in populations that previously were resistant to DDT. Demonstration of tight genetic linkage between knockdown resistance and the housefly gene encoding voltage-sensitive sodium channels spurred efforts to identify gene mutations associated with knockdown resistance and understand how these mutations confer a reduction in the sensitivity of the pyrethroid target site. This paper summarizes progress in understanding pyrethroid resistance at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on studies in the housefly. 相似文献
10.
David L. Suett 《Pest management science》1975,6(4):385-393
Granular formulations of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, disulfoton, phorate and pirimiphos-ethyl were broadcast at 2 kg a.i./ha and incorporated to 100 mm into a sandy-loam soil either in May or in September 1971. The relative persistence of their residues, including insecticidally active oxidation products, after both application dates was disulfoton > chlorfenvinphos > phorate > pirimiphos-ethyl > chlormephos. When applied in September all the insecticides persisted for longer than when applied in May. Degradation was slower during the winter while the mean soil temperature at 100 mm depth remained below 6 to 7°C. Rising soil temperature in the following spring rapidly increased the rates of degradation of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos and pirimiphos-ethyl residues but not of disulfoton- and phorate-derived residues, predominantly the parent sulphones, which had been leached deeper. Ten months after the September application, half the total residues derived from disulfoton and phorate were found below the initial incorporation depth, whereas the other insecticides showed relatively little downward movement. It was concluded that late summer/early autumn applications for carrot fly control would leave appreciable residues of some insecticides in the soil at the beginning of the next growing season which may contribute to the terminal residues in crops. These would be minimised if moderately persistent compounds were used or if doses of persistent ones were substantially reduced. 相似文献
11.
BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
Biophysical aspects of nervous activity in relation to studies on the mode of action of insecticides
P. E. Burt 《Pest management science》1970,1(3):88-92
The spread to the nervous system of topically applied neurotoxic insecticides is discussed. During spread different insecticides may distribute themselves between fluid and solid phases within the insect's tissues in greatly differing ratios. These differences are reflected in their concentrations in the haemolymph, which is probably the medium mainly responsible for distributing insecticides within the insect, and also the main source from which insecticides enter the nervous system. Evidence for spread via more restricted pathways, such as tracheae or the nerves themselves, is conflicting. The mode of action of neurotoxic insecticides is briefly reviewed, including the role of secondarily released neuroactive stress substances, and the extent to which resistance is expressed at the site of action is also discussed. Finally, the nervous system is examined for new sites of insecticidal action which, if attacked, could give greater specificity. 相似文献
13.
Martyn G. Ford 《Pest management science》1979,10(1):39-49
The structure-activity relationships of two congeneric series of pyrethroid insecticides, the methylbenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-chrysanthemates tested against Musca domestica (houseflies) and Phaedon cochleariae (mustard beetles), and the (E)-4-aryl-3-chlorobut-2-enyl chrysanthemates and their corresponding 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclo-propanecarboxylates tested against M. domestica only, have been examined using multiple regression analyses and substituent constants. With M. domestica, different optimum partition values (π) were indicated for knockdown and toxicity; with P. cochleariae, an optimum π value for toxicity, similar to that for M. domestica, was obtained 24 h after application, but at later times the more lipophilic compounds were more effective. For the methylbenzyl chrysanthemates, a steric constraint associated with 3,5-dimethyl substitution reduced toxicity approximately five-fold. The influence on toxicity of geometrical isomerism and electronic effects are briefly discussed. Differences between the required polarities for knockdown and toxicity are attributed to variations in the binding affinities of pyrethroid molecules at the sites of action. 相似文献
14.
Due to resistance to insecticides (or plant protecting agents) the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis is difficult to combat in cut roses cultures with conventional methods. In that case the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris could be a very effective biological alternative when applied in high numbers of 1000 mites per square meter against low density thrips population. The key to success is early application at the beginning of the vegetative growth before the thirps becomes active and the first larvae appear. The efficiency of the mites is not sufficient when the thirps population density in spring is high. Caused by the fecundity and fast development of Frankliniella occidentalis in higher temperatures, the application of chemical protecting agents in summer could be unavoidable. Because of the proven resistance Western flower thrips developed against the insecticides permitted in Germany, the chemical agents may not be effective. Only an optimal application can provide a satisfactory reduction of the thrips population. The development stage of the roses must be taken into account as well as right application intervals of insecticides. In order to develop a sufficient and effective control of Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and improve resistance management the application of predatory mites seems to be inevitable in future. 相似文献
15.
16.
Abstract The rationale is presented for the development of techniques for applying insecticides by helicopter in small-scale field trials against Glossina tachinoides, an important vector of human sleeping sickness. This approach has been adopted in view of the difficulty of applying non-residual insecticides to the riverine forest habitat by fixed-wing aircraft and the need to test the efficacy of new insecticides to ascertain effective dosages. Six insecticides were tested; endosulfan, decamethrin, permethrin, azamethiphos tetrachlorvinphos and fenthion. The trials were carried out in the River Komoe valley, a typical humid savanna area with savanna woodland, woodland/floodplain ecotones, moist riverine forest and dry forest as the main vegetation types. Glossina tachinoides was the only tsetse fly present in sufficient numbers for it to be used for evaluation in the trials, it feeds on bushbuck and carries Trypanosoma grayi, a parasite of crocodiles and Varanus spp. The area was divided into an untreated control zone, droplet penetration study area and experimental airspray blocks. Prior to the trials themselves it was necessary to undertake equipment tests and droplet size and spray penetration studies in selected typical riverine forest habitats; to determine the most effective method of aerosol application in the riverine forest and to ascertain, through meteorological studies, the most appropriate time of day to apply the pesticide. It was also necessary to monitor the effects of the insecticide applications on the non-target organisms inhabitating or associated with the gallery forest. Detailed reports of these activities are given in accompanying papers. 相似文献
17.
Herbivorous insects offer a remarkable example of the biological diversity that formed the foundation for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The ability of insects to evolve resistance rapidly to insecticides and host‐plant resistance present a continual challenge for pest management. This paper considers the manner in which genetic constraints, host‐plant availability and trade‐offs affect the evolution of herbivorous insects in natural and agricultural environments, and the extent to which lessons learned from studying natural systems may be applied to improve insect resistance management in agricultural systems. Studies on the genetic architecture of adaptation by herbivores to host plants and to insecticides are reviewed. The genetic basis of resistance is an important component of simulation models that predict the evolution of resistance. These models often assume monogenic resistance, but available data suggest that this assumption may be overly narrow and that modeling of resistance as oligogenic or polygenic may be more appropriate. As omics (e.g. genomics and proteomics) technologies become more accessible, a better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance will be possible. Trade‐offs often accompany adaptations by herbivores. Trade‐offs arise when the benefit of a trait, such as the ability to feed on a novel host plant or to survive in the presence of an insecticide, is counterbalanced by fitness costs that decrease fitness in the absence of the selective agent. For resistance to insecticides, and resistance to insecticidal transgenic crops in particular, fitness costs may act as an evolutionary constraint and delay or prevent the evolution of resistance. An important observation is that certain ecological factors such as host plants and entomopathogens can magnify fitness costs, which is termed ecological negative cross‐resistance. The application of omics technologies may allow for more efficient identification of factors that will impose ecological negative cross‐resistance, thereby bolstering insect resistance management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Nasir Abbas Naeem Abbas Masood Ejaz Sarfraz Ali Shad Iqra Asghar Aima Irum Muhammad Binyameen 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(4):533-539
Cotton jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant), is an economically important pest of various crops (i.e. cotton, okra, brinjal) and has the potential to become resistant against insecticides due to the intense use of insecticides in the region which entails high selection pressure. To monitor the resistance levels against recently used new chemistry insecticides (nitenpyram, spirotetramat, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, emamectin benzoate, sulfoxaflor, and flonicamid), four field populations of A. devastans collected from Khanewal, Multan, Muzaffargarh and Lodhran districts were examined by leaf dip bioassays. The results revealed the 32.95–136.47 fold resistance to nitenpyram, 23.03–56.74 fold to spirotetramat, 10.84–31.33 fold to chlorfenapyr, 1.20–9.43 fold to fipronil, 3.27–43.77 fold to emamectin benzoate, 0.66–2.81 fold to sulfoxaflor and 0.59–1.25 fold to flonicamid in different field populations, compared to the susceptible strain. Based on present study findings, it may be suggested to discontinue the use of nitenpyram, spirotetramat, chlorfenapyr and emamectin benzoate for which the populations were resistant and the rotational use of fipronil, sulfoxaflor and flonicamid for which the populations were susceptible. Proactive resistance management approaches such as judicious use of insecticides with proper dose selection, time of spray on early stages and correct method of application are necessary to prevent the development of resistance. 相似文献
19.
对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。 相似文献
20.
P.S. Grewal 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1999,4(4):287-294
Turfgrass is an important component of urban landscapes and turf associated products and services are valued at about $45 billion in the US alone. Turf insecticide market is about $500 million per year of which microbial insecticides constitute less than 0.1%. Major factors in the poor market penetration of microbial insecticides include low damage thresholds, narrow spectrum of activity, a definite pest monitoring requirement, shortage of quality products, and competition with the newly registered less-toxic chemical insecticides. Enhancement of market share of microbial insecticides in turf will depend upon successful development of more appropriate application strategies, an increase in the availability of quality products, and the development of a systems approach in which microbial insecticides are used together with chemical insecticides in a more compatible manner. The long-term benefits derived from the use of microbial insecticides must be documented to enhance acceptance of microbial control. 相似文献