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本文对预组型木质工字梁的结构性能进行分析研究。通过对梁接口承压能力的测试结果表明:IB翼缘/腹板接口的端头承压破坏可分为先期破坏(对应的是无效胶合或胶合不良)和终极破坏(对应的是有效胶合)二种主要形式,先期破坏主要是翼缘/腹板胶合层的剪切破坏或工字梁槽底木材的横纹拉伸破坏,终极破坏的形式是工字梁胶合层剪切、翼缘槽底木材横纹拉伸和压缩的综合性全面破坏。由于终极破坏荷载是工字梁接口的最大垂向抗压破坏荷载,因此要求木结构工字梁接口几何尺寸的设计应努力避免垂向受压时不发生先期破坏。 相似文献
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为有效提高胶合木梁的抗弯刚度,以东北落叶松为基材,制作了6组(1组未加筋和5组加筋)、每组3根共18根胶合木试验梁,分别对BFRP筋增强胶合木梁和纯胶合木梁的受力性能、破坏形态和极限承载力进行了试验研究,测试了荷载、挠度、应变、裂缝的发生以及发展状况等。同时,根据各试验梁的破坏形态,对比分析了BFRP筋增强胶合木梁和纯胶合木梁的破坏机理及不同配筋率情况下BFRP筋增强胶合木梁的抗弯刚度与极限承载力。结果表明:1)BFRP筋增强胶合木梁和纯胶合木梁的破坏形态类似,均呈现受拉脆性破坏、受拉延性破坏和受压延性破坏三种破坏形态;即配筋率小于0.77%时,BFRP筋增强胶合木梁为受拉脆性破坏,配筋率为0.77%～1.51%时,为受拉延性破坏,配筋率大于1.51%时,为受压延性破坏;且前二者破坏均有明显的裂缝发生、发展过程。2)BFRP筋不仅明显改善了胶合木梁的延性性能,还延缓了胶合木梁的受拉脆性破坏时间,大大提高胶合木梁的抗弯刚度,从而充分发挥梁顶受压区胶合木的强度,同时使胶合木梁的承载能力也得到提高。3)当配筋率增大到超筋后,其承载能力不再继续增大。 相似文献
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《林产工业》2017,(4)
以加拿大西部所产铁杉锯材为基材,采用单组分聚氨酯(PUR)和双组分异氰酸酯(EPI)两种不同胶黏剂,0.28 MPa和0.83 MPa两个不同压力参数,制造正交胶合木(CLT)小样(609 mm×609 mm),对其进行胶层剪切测试和浸渍剥离测试,分析判断胶黏剂种类和压力对铁杉CLT胶合性能和耐久性的影响。试验结果表明:胶黏剂种类和压力大小对cLT的胶合性能、剪切破坏中木材破坏率和耐久性均有显著影响:当使用单组分聚氨酯(PUR)、压力0.83 MPa时,相比于0.28 MPa,其胶层剪切试验中木材破坏率更高;浸渍剥离试验中胶层剥离率更低。虽然在北美现行标准中尚没有利用加拿大铁杉制造CLT的相关规定,但加拿大铁杉的各项性能符合CLT制造的要求。建议进行进一步研究,制定合理的工艺参数,将加拿大丰富的铁杉资源用于制造CLT。 相似文献
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胶合竹家具,如落地衣架和落地灯,存在着主杆节点的强度不足和美观度不佳等问题。植筋连接技术被广泛认为可以显著提升竹木构件节点的抗拔性能,而且由于其内置的特性,不会影响外形美观。尽管胶合竹植筋连接技术在建筑领域的方形梁柱节点中得到了广泛应用,但本研究旨在将这一技术应用于产品领域的胶合竹家具圆杆节点。在改变胶合竹植筋节点的形状后,需要通过试验分析来确定各项合理化设计参数,以提升节点的抗拔性能。选取胶合竹植筋圆杆为研究对象,以植筋边距、胶层厚度、植筋长径比等因素为研究变量。采用拉-拉模式进行抗拔性能试验,记录试件破坏模式和节点极限荷载。在试验过程中,出现胶合竹劈裂破坏、植筋拔出破坏和植筋屈服破坏3种破坏模式。研究结果表明：为防止胶合竹劈裂破坏,胶合竹与植筋直径之比应不小于8;节点极限荷载受胶层厚度影响显著,但胶层厚度不宜过大,当植筋直径为4 mm时,胶层厚度可设置为1.0～1.5 mm;节点极限荷载随着植筋长径比增加而提高,对于直径为4和8 mm的植筋杆,屈服破坏的临界植筋长径比均可取为15。基于试验结果,本研究提出了胶合竹植筋节点极限荷载预测方程,计算值与试验值较为接近。 相似文献
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《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(2)
为预测和评价硅酸盐胶黏剂与杨木之间的胶合性能及界面作用力,利用有限元软件ANSYS模拟了胶合强度测试试件在拉伸载荷状态下的力学行为,分析在加载过程中试件的位移形变、剪切应力和应变分布情况,以及在胶层中心、垂直胶层和胶层界面方向上应力应变的分布规律,分析了胶黏剂类型、胶层厚度对胶合试件和胶层应力应变云图和曲线的影响,所得结果对胶合木制品的界面力学研究和胶合强度预测具有指导意义。 相似文献
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为促进竹材展平技术推广应用和新产品开发,选择毛竹展平板为研究对象,对比研究了毛竹展平板以竹青与竹青(O/O),竹青与竹黄(O/I),竹黄与竹黄(I/I)三种界面胶合时板材的拉伸和剪切强度以及浸渍剥离性能。研究结果表明:三种胶合材剪切强度O/O胶合时最大,O/I次之,I/I最小,且胶合强度均满足GB/T 9846—2015标准中Ⅰ类胶合板的强度要求;在Ⅱ类浸渍剥离试验中,三种胶合材胶层均未发生剥离,而在Ⅰ类浸渍剥离试验中,O/O和I/I胶层剥离长度平均值分别为36.16 mm和60.05 mm,O/I胶层虽未发生剥离,但测试样发生了回弹弯曲变形和开裂。浸渍剥离试验结果反映出现有工艺生产的毛竹展平板尺寸稳定性不佳。 相似文献
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竹展平板拉伸剪切胶合性能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
竹展平板是竹筒最大化利用的一种方式,以竹展平板为单元制备竹质人造板可减少胶黏剂使用量,还有利于加工,具有良好的应用前景。然而,竹材是一种天然梯度复合材料,纤维含量在竹壁径向呈现梯度变异,不同纤维含量的胶合面对竹展平板的胶合性能有重要影响。以无刻痕竹展平板为研究对象,参照拉伸剪切强度测试方法,探讨不同纤维含量的竹展平板胶合面在湿态和干态条件下的拉伸剪切强度和破坏方式;同时,分别研究热压压力和施胶量对不同组坯方式下竹展平板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:热压胶合的竹展平板胶合性能主要由基材性能决定,纤维含量较高的竹青?竹青组坯时的拉伸剪切强度高于其他两种组坯方式。基于不同纤维含量基材的干缩湿胀不一致,纤维含量较高的竹青面与纤维含量较低的竹黄面胶合时的湿态拉伸剪切强度保留率最低。竹黄?竹黄组坯时拉伸剪切强度随热压压力的增大而逐渐增加,而竹青?竹青和竹青?竹黄组坯时则先增大后减小。此外,竹黄?竹黄组坯时的干态剪切强度随施胶量的增大而增加。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献