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1.
Summary

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of applications of an organic fertilizer (bokashi), and chicken manure as well as inoculation of a microbial inoculant (commercial name, EM) to bokashi and chicken manure on photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. EM inoculation to both bokashi and chicken manure increased photosynthesis, fruit yield of tomato plants. Concentrations of sugars and organic acids were higher in fruit of plants fertilized with bokashi than in fruit of other treatments. Vitamin C concentration was higher in fruit from chicken manure and bokashi plots than in those from chemical fertilizer plots. EM inoculation increased vitamin C concentration in fruit from all fertilization treatments. It is concluded that both fruit quality and yield could be significantly increased by EM inoculation to the organic fertilizers and application directly to the soil.  相似文献   

2.
Summary

A microbial inoculant known as Effective Microorganisms or EM is a mixed culture of naturally-occurring, beneficial microorganisms (predominantly lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and certain fungi) that has been used with considerable success to improve soil quality and the growth and yield of crops, particularly in nature farming and organic farming systems. Despite this success, the exact mechanisms of how this EM elicits such beneficial effects is largely unknown. Consequently, a study was conducted to determine the effects of EM and organic fertilizer on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) under glasshouse conditions, compared with chemical fertilizer. An organic fertilizer consisting of a mixture of oilseed mill sludge, rice husk and bran, and fish processing waste, was inoculated and fermented with EM as the microbial inoculant. The organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were then applied to respective pots to compare the growth, yield and physiological response of sweet corn plants. EM applied with the organic fertilizer was shown to promote root growth and activity, and to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and capacity, which resulted in increased grain yield. This was attributed largely to a higher level of nutrient availability facilitated by EM application over time. Interestingly, during the early stage of the experiment, the growth and dry matter yield of plants that received organic fertilizer were actually lower than those treated with chemical fertilizer that provided higher initial levels of macronutrients. However, during the intermediate and late growth stages, EM increased the nutrient availability of the organic fertilizer to a higher level, than the chemical fertilizer. Consequently, even though there was an early lower growth rate for plants that received EM-fermented organic fertilizer compared with chemical fertilizer, the final biomass and grain yield from organic fertilizer was equal to or higher than from chemical fertilizer.  相似文献   

3.
为探究不同栽培措施集成对稻茬小麦产量及农艺和光合特性的影响,以小麦品种扬麦16和扬麦20为材料,设置氮空白、当地常规(对照)、减氮、减密减氮、施有机肥、施蚓粪6种栽培措施处理,对不同栽培措施下稻茬小麦产量、干物质积累与转运、冠层光合特性等进行了分析。结果表明,两个品种的产量在不同栽培措施下均表现为施有机肥>施蚓粪>减密减氮>当地常规>减氮>氮空白。与对照相比,两个品种的平均产量在减密减氮、施有机肥和施蚓粪栽培处理下分别提高了7.45%、22.33%和11.02%,而这主要得益于穗数、穗粒数与千粒重的同步提高。各栽培措施处理均显著增加了小麦茎蘖成穗率、拔节期至成熟期的干物质积累量、干物质向籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,提高了开花期的叶面积、比叶重、叶片氮含量和拔节期至成熟期旗叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,降低了开花期的株高、叶角、透光率以及拔节期至成熟期的冠层温度。综合来看,在江苏稻茬麦区,扬麦16和扬麦20均在基本苗192×104株·hm-2、施氮量216 kg·hm-2和有机...  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m2, and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m2, and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains.  相似文献   

5.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):109-117
Abstract

With the renewed interest in mixed cropping and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation arising from high chemical inputs, this experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing inorganic with an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice and cowpea under the mixed cropping system. Treatments comprised six sole crops and three mixed crops, each under 100% NPK (C), 50%NPK+ 50% cow dung (CCD) and cow dung alone (CD). The fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect cowpea performance. However, the number of panicles per hill and the number of spikelets per panicle of rice were higher under mixed cropping than under sole cropping. On the average, rice grain yield was significantly lower under the mixed cropping than under the sole cropping. The land equivalent ratios increased under all the fertilizer treatments indicating the efficiency of the mixed-cropping system. The results of the experiment suggest that rice– cowpea mixed cropping under CCD and CD is a viable production option.  相似文献   

6.
1,2,4-三氯苯和萘对水稻产量及品质的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
以汕优63和武运粳7号为材料,研究了两种有机污染物1,2,4-三氯苯（TCB）和萘（NAP）对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响并提出了减少籽粒中残留的调控措施。 TCB明显降低两个水稻品种的移栽成活率,这是导致产量明显降低的主要原因;NAP对水稻移栽成活率影响较小。两种有机污染物都引起水稻抽穗期延迟。在产量构成因子中,每盆穗数和结实率是影响产量的两个主要因子。两种有机污染物均影响稻米品质,对稻米的垩白度影响最明显,其次是精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量,而对出糙率几乎无影响。TCB和NAP在水稻籽粒中都有残留,而NAP的含量几乎是TCB的10倍,表明NAP的生物可利用性要比TCB高。汕优63籽粒积累两种有机物的能力明显高于武运粳7号。增施有机肥以及N、P、K肥可明显减轻有机污染物的毒害作用,从而提高产量。上述结果说明,在污水灌溉实践中要注意控制秧苗移栽期灌溉水的质量,严格控制水中TCB尤其是NAP的含量,并通过适当的肥水等栽培措施进行调控,以保证产量和粮食安全。  相似文献   

7.
Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.  相似文献   

8.
再生稻肥料管理对不同品种产量和品质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
【目的】探明肥料管理、品种及其互作对再生稻头季和再生季产量和品质的影响,为再生稻高产优质育种和栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以4个华中地区主推的再生稻品种为材料,设置4种肥料管理方法,分别测定水稻的产量和产量构成因素、稻米品质(加工品质和外观品质)、干物质生产及相关农艺性状等。【结果】相比推荐施肥对照(CK),全生育期施用再生稻专用缓释肥(SRF)使两季施肥的次数从5次减少到3次,而且产量在头季和再生季分别达8.86和6.39 t/hm 2,较CK仅降低了6.2%和9.1%。SRF在头季减产主要归因于较低的结实率,而在再生季减产是每穗颖花数和总颖花数共同下降的结果。促芽肥施与不施对再生季产量没有影响。再生稻两季的加工品质和外观品质主要受品种的影响,肥料处理及其与品种的互作影响很小。相比其他3个品种,甬优4949的头季和再生季产量最高,加工品质和外观品质最好。【结论】施用专用缓释肥和省施促芽肥均能够在不大幅损失稻谷产量的同时减少施肥次数促进再生稻轻简化栽培。  相似文献   

9.
【目的】研究氮肥减施后中日粳稻品种杂交构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体株型、产量和米质性状的变化规律及其相互关系。【方法】以中国东北地区典型的直立穗型水稻辽粳5号与日本的优质米水稻秋田小町（弯曲穗型）杂交构建的RIL群体为试材,在高氮和低氮两种施肥模式下,调查株型、产量及米质性状,分析三者间的关系,探讨高产、稳产、高食味值类型株系的共同特征。【结果】氮肥减施后RIL群体齐穗期提前,株高降低,剑叶、倒2叶、倒3叶叶片变窄变短,剑叶基角变小,倒3叶基角变大,结实率、千粒重、经济系数增大,单株穗数减少,产量下降,糙米率和精米率提高,食味值提高。在两种施肥模式下,高产高食味值类型株系与低产低食味类型株系的显著区别是植株较高,叶片长,穗子长,一次枝梗结实率高,着粒密度较小;高产稳产类型株系的共同特征是剑叶较窄、剑叶基角较大;高产稳产高食味值类型株系的共同特征是剑叶和倒2叶较窄。【结论】株型特征可以用来间接选择高产、稳产、高食味值的水稻品种。  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Research studies were conducted to elucidate the chemical, physical and microbiological properties of an organic fertilizer that was inoculated and fermented with a microbial inoculant (Effective Microorganisms or EM). The quality estimation methods employed addressed the mechanistic basis for beneficial effects of soil improvement and crop yield. Effective Microorganisms or EM was utilized as the microbial inoculant that is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms. Tests showed that the fermented organic fertilizer contained large populations of propagated Lactobacillus spp. Actinomycetes, photo-synthetic bacteria and yeasts; high concentrations of intermediate compounds such as organic acids and amino acids; 0.1% of mineral nitrogen mainly in the ammonium (NH4 +) form, and 1.0% of available phosphorus; and a C:N ratio of 10. The quality of the fermented organic fertilizer depends on the initial water content; addition of molasses as a carbon and energy source; and the microbial inoculant. The medium pH appears to be reliable fermentation quality criterion for producing this organic fertilizer. Beneficial effects of the fermented organic fertilizer on soil fertility and crop growth will likely depend upon the organic fraction, direct effects of the introduced microorganisms, and indirect effects of microbially-synthesized metabolites (e.g., phytohormones and growth regulators).  相似文献   

11.
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons (2009-2011).In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting (CT) and SRI] and two rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44) were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure (FYM);T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae (BGA);T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 (control,no NPK application) to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water (2-3 cm) was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management (INM) resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.  相似文献   

12.
基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。  相似文献   

13.
在相同施氮水平下,研究了基肥、蘖肥、穗肥、粒肥的不同配比对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥配比对水稻分蘖、成穗率、株高、干物质积累、每穗粒数、结实率、产量等方面的影响差异达到显著或极显著水平,并在不同品种上表现不一致,耐肥高产品种当穗粒肥比例达到总氮量的40%时有利于高产的形成,而基蘖肥比例达到总氮量的70%时更适合优质水稻品种栽培。  相似文献   

14.
硅肥对北方粳稻产量和品质的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
 以沈农265和丰优2000为材料,在盆栽条件下,研究了硅肥不同施用量对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用硅肥能提高水稻产量,其中有效硅240 kg/hm2使沈农265显著增产,有效硅180 kg/hm2对丰优2000增产效果达到显著水平。从产量构成因素上看,施用硅肥能提高每穴穗数、一次枝梗上籽粒千粒重、二次枝梗上籽粒千粒重、每穗粒数。施用硅肥能显著改善稻米品质,主要表现为稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著提高,稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度显著降低。相关分析表明,两品种的精米率和整精米率与有效硅施用量呈正相关。沈农265的稻米脂肪酸含量与有效硅施用量呈正相关,食味值与有效硅施用量呈负相关。有效硅施量在0~240 kg/hm2内,两品种直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与有效硅施用量相关不显著。综合考虑各处理稻米产量和品质,以180~240 kg/hm2的有效硅施用量较好。  相似文献   

15.
测土配方施肥对水稻生长发育及产量形成的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以当地优质稻南粳5718和糯稻99-25为供试材料,根据试验地土壤养分状况,采取减氮增磷增钾的措施,即在基肥中减少氮肥,增加磷钾肥,并在追肥中降低氮肥投入,来研究测土配方施肥技术对当地水稻增产的途径和方法。结果表明,测土配方施肥技术能够通过促进水稻分蘖,提高成穗数,其中南粳5718高峰苗较常规施肥处理增加8.02%,有效茎蘖数增加5.26%,穗数增加4.89%;糯稻99-25高峰苗较常规施肥处理增加10.12%,有效茎蘖数增加4.32%,穗数增加2.34%。测土配方施肥可以提高抽穗期的叶面积指数(增幅19.47%),强化水稻的光合能力。在不影响穗粒数和结实率的情况下,测土配方施肥可以增加水稻千粒质量,从而最终提高产量。  相似文献   

16.
对中国糯稻种质资源和品种现状进行了分析,显示加强糯稻资源保护和利用、新品种选育迫在眉睫;基于当前水稻育种技术基础,提出了糯稻育种方法和技术的新思路;通过分析糯稻产量、米质相关的研究现状,指明了研究成果的高效利用策略;展望了中国糯稻产业发展方向,提出中国糯稻遗传育种应适应当前耕作制度、市场和社会发展要求.  相似文献   

17.
穗粒肥用氮比例对寒地不同类型水稻产量和品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了明确生育后期氮肥用量对寒地水稻产量和品质性状的影响,利用多蘖轻穗型品种空育131和少蘖重穗型品种龙粳21为材料,设置3个用氮水平及4个基蘖肥与穗粒肥用氮比例,研究了基蘖肥与穗粒肥用氮比例对寒地水稻产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,2个品种的产量有所升高,但不同施氮量间差异不显著;空育131的基蘖肥与穗粒肥施用比例为8∶2时产量最高,而龙粳21在7∶3时产量最高。空育131获得高产的原因是群体穗数增多,而龙粳21是每穗粒数增加,从而使群体颖花量增加,产量增加。全生育期用氮总量增加使2个品种的整精米率显著提高、蛋白质含量明显上升,而使精米白度降低,淀粉糊化特性变劣。中低用氮水平间在出糙率、精米白度、直链淀粉和食味评分等米质指标上差异不明显。生育后期穗粒肥用氮比例提高使2个品种的整精米率、蛋白质含量显著增加,而使精米白度降低,淀粉糊化特性变差,对直链淀粉含量影响不大。因此,寒地水稻生产栽培管理中,在适宜的氮肥用量(138 kg/hm~2)前提下,控制一定的穗粒肥用氮比例(30%),可以实现高产优质水稻生产。  相似文献   

18.
[目的]探明太湖地区优良食味高产软米粳稻品种特征.[方法]收集适合太湖地区种植的软米粳稻品种,根据软米粳稻品种生育期、产量和食味品质进行分类,比较研究了不同熟期不同产量与食味品质类型的软米粳稻产量和品质形成的差异.[结果]高产类型软米粳稻每穗粒数、群体颖花量显著高于中产类型.与味中类型相比,味优类型软米粳稻穗数、每穗粒...  相似文献   

19.
【目的】明确优质高产软米粳稻的产量和品质对氮肥的响应特征。【方法】在前期品种筛选的基础上，选择2个优质食味高产型软米品种为研究对象，设置60 kg/hm2(N1)、120 kg/hm2(N2)、180 kg/hm2(N3)、240 kg/hm2(N4)、300 kg/hm2(N5)与360 kg/hm2(N6) 6个氮肥(以纯氮计)水平，对其产量性状和品质指标进行了测定与分析。【结果】依赖于单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和群体颖花量的协同增加，软米产量在N5下最高，但与N4间无显著差异。随施氮量增加，米粒的外观、黏度、平衡度和食味值呈先增后减，而硬度则先减后增，并在N4或N5下出现峰值;出糙率、出精率和整精米率均随施氮量增加而提高，但垩白米率和垩白度呈先降后增，并在N5水平下最低。随施氮量的增加，直链淀粉含量和胶稠度下降，蛋白质含量升高。米粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度随施氮量的增加呈先增后减，在N4或N5下最高。【结论】因此，优质食味软米在240 kg/hm2和300 kg/hm2条件下取得产量和品质的协调，240 kg/hm2是品质、产量和效益兼顾的最佳施氮量。  相似文献   

20.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):177-184
Abstract

The physicochemical properties of eight popular glutinous rice varieties (Hwasunchal, Dongjinchal, Sangjuchal, Seolhyangchal, Jinbuchal, Sangnamchal, Hangangchal, Milyang-167) in Korea were evaluated. The starch granules in Seolyangchal, Sangnamchal, Hangangchal, and Milyang-167 rice showed greater crystallization than that of the other varieties, which were more loosely packed with larger air spaces in between granules. Dongjinchal rice showed lowest amounts of potassium and calcium with 44.51 and 3029.50 ppm, respectively. This variety also exhibited the highest sugar content with 1.30–16.82 μg g-1 and fastest hydrolysis rate of 771.5 mg g-1. Sangnamchal, Sangjuchal, and Jinbuchal varieties showed abundant amounts of essential amino acids and highest pasting values (73.6°C, 3.0 min). On the other hand, lowest pasting values (69.6°C, 2.7 min) and total amino acid content of 452.61 ng mg-1 were observed in Milyang-167 rice. Hwasunchal and Sangnamchal samples contained the highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acids with 760 mg g-1 and lowest level of saturated fatty acids with 230 mg g-1. The highest viscosity values were obtained in Hangangchal variety, while the lowest values were found in Jinbuchal sample. This study illustrates the wide variation in the physicochemical properties of the glutinous rice varieties analyzed. The results could serve as baseline information for the quality evaluation of rice with unique characteristics suitable for specialty food processing.  相似文献   

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