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1.
Matrix quality affects probability of persistence in habitat patches in landscape simulation models while empirical studies
show that both urban and agricultural land uses affect forest birds. However, due to the fact that forest bird abundance and
species richness can be strongly influenced by local habitat factors, it is difficult to analyze matrix effects without confounding
effects from such factors. Given this, our objectives were to (1) relate human-dominated land uses to forest bird abundance
and species richness without confounding effects from other factors; (2) determine the scale at which forest birds respond
to the matrix; and (3) identify whether certain bird migratory strategies or habitat associations vary in richness or abundance
as a function of urban and agriculture land uses. Birds were surveyed at a single point count site 100 m from the edge of
23 deciduous forest patches near Ottawa, Ontario. Land uses surrounding each patch were measured within increasingly large
circles from 200 to 5000 m radius around the bird survey site. Regression results suggest that effects of urban and agricultural
land uses on forest birds (1) are not uniformly positive or negative, (2) can occur at different spatial scales, and (3) differentially
affect certain groups of species. In general, agriculture appeared to affect species at a broad spatial scale (within 5 km),
while urban land use had an impact at both a narrower spatial scale (within 1.8 km) and at the broad scale. Neotropical and
short distance migrant birds seemed to be the most sensitive to land use intensification within the matrix. Limiting urban
land use within approximately 200–1800 m of forest patches would be beneficial for Neotropical migrant birds, which are species
of growing conservation concern in temperate North America. 相似文献
2.
Responses of Chilean forest birds to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation across spatial scales 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Although it is recognized that anthropogenic forest fragmentation affects habitat use by organisms across multiple spatial
scales, there is uncertainty about these effects. We used a hierarchical sampling design spanning three spatial scales of
habitat variability (landscape > patch > within-patch) and generalized mixed-effect models to assess the scale-dependent responses
of bird species to fragmentation in temperate forests of southern Chile. The abundances of nine of 20 bird species were affected
by interactions across spatial scales. These interactions resulted in a limited effect of within-patch habitat structure on
the abundance of birds in landscapes with low forest cover, suggesting that suitable local habitats, such as sites with dense
understory cover or large trees, are underutilized or remain unused in highly fragmented landscapes. Habitat specialists and
cavity-nesters, such as tree-trunk foragers and tapaculos, were most likely to exhibit interactions across spatial scales.
Because providing additional sites with dense understory vegetation or large habitat trees does not compensate the negative
effect of the loss of forest area on bird species, conservation strategies should ensure the retention of native forest patches
in the mixed-use landscapes. 相似文献
3.
Competing land use in the reserve site selection problem 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
van Langevelde Frank Schotman Alex Claassen Frits Sparenburg Gerard 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(3):243-256
The objective of this paper is to present an approach that addresses competing land uses in the reserve site selection problem. This approach is implemented in a spatial optimization model for conservation planning in human-dominated landscapes: MENTOR. This model allocates new sites as stepping stones between existing sites. We illustrated the model by a case with competition for space between wildlife habitat and agriculture as it occurs in the Netherlands. We focused on deciduous forests with the European nuthatch Sitta europaea as an umbrella species for forest birds. Suitability maps for deciduous forests and for agriculture were applied as input for the allocation model.Effects on the landscape pattern, nuthatch populations, bird species richness and dairy farming were described. We can conclude that the application of MENTOR leads to an effective reserve network in De Leijen concerning the suitability of the land for dairy farming. The results show a doubling of the average proportion of occupied habitat, an increase in colonization probability of patches, a decrease in extinction probability of local populations, and an increase in bird species richness per patch. Whereas it results in a relatively small reduction in land currently used by agriculture. 相似文献
4.
Howell Christine A. Latta Steven C. Donovan Therese M. Porneluzi Paul A. Parks Geoffrey R. Faaborg John 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(6):547-562
We examine the influence of both local habitat and landscape variables on avian species abundance at forested study sites situated within fragmented and contiguous landscapes. The study was conducted over a six year period (1991–1996) at 10 study sites equally divided between the heavily forested Missouri Ozarks and forest fragments in central Missouri. We found greater species richness and diversity in the fragments, but there was a higher percentage of Neotropical migrants in the Ozarks. We found significant differences in the mean number of birds detected between the central Missouri fragments and the unfragmented Ozarks for 15 (63%) of 24 focal species. We used stepwise regression to determine which of 12 local vegetation variables and 4 landscape variables (forest cover, core area, edge density, and mean patch size) accounted for the greatest amount of variation in abundance for 24 bird species. Seven species (29%) were most sensitive to local vegetation variables, while 16 species (67%) responded most strongly to one of four landscape variables. Landscape variables are significant predictors of abundance for many bird species; resource managers should consider multiple measures of landscape sensitivity when making bird population management decisions.Order of first two authors decided by coin toss 相似文献
5.
6.
Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds are threatened by land-use change throughout their complex annual cycles. While urbanization is an essential driver of land-use change, it is unclear how it affects migrant birds. Although migratory birds are more diverse in non-urban patches of native vegetation than in urban areas, neotropical cities can host diverse assemblages of overwintering migrant birds. Migratory birds in neotropical cities tend to be closely associated with urban green areas (UGAs). However, how their presence and abundance are affected by the habitat elements of UGAs and the urban matrix of neotropical cities is poorly understood. In this study, we compared the migratory bird species richness and abundances among UGAs and the urban matrix of the southern section of the megacity of Mexico City and native vegetation sites outside the city. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities provide habitats capable of maintaining complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages with local trees as critical features. We also assess the role that UGAs' characteristics play in determining migrant bird assemblages. We conducted bird censuses and measured habitat traits to determine how migrant bird assemblages are related to the habitat features of our study sites. We measured local, buffer, and spatial habitat features of each UGA. We found 23 overwintering migrant species in the three habitats, with 22 present within UGAs. Both UGAs and urban matrix sites had higher estimated species richness of migrant birds than non-urban native vegetation sites located outside the city. Only local features of UGAs affected migrant birds. While tree abundance in UGAs was positively associated with migratory bird species richness, the proportion of tree coverage was positively related to bird abundance. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities can maintain complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages, with trees being the most critical habitat feature. As a result, UGA management focused on maintaining trees and increasing their numbers can improve habitat conditions for migratory birds overwintering in neotropical cities. 相似文献
7.
Worldwide forests fragmentation has lead to a massive increase of habitat edges, creating both negative and positive impacts on birds. While busy highways dissecting forested areas create edges which are known to reduce bird densities due to the disturbing effect of noise, the impacts of logging forest roads with low traffic volumes have rarely been studied. In this study, we compared species richness and similarity of canopy, cavity and shrub guilds of birds along low-traffic forest roads, in forest interior, and at forest edges in secondary forests in central Europe, where the forests have passed through extensive changes toward uniformly compact growths dominated by production conifers. Although we found tree diversity as positively affecting bird richness across all habitats, the bird richness along forest roads was higher than in forest interior but lower than along forest edges. The shrub guild of birds along forest roads resembled this guild along forest edges while canopy and cavity guilds at the roads were more similar to these guilds in forest interior. Forest interior had the highest probability for some guild to be absent. We conclude that low-traffic roads lead to increase of habitat heterogeneity in structurally poor forests and attract birds due to additional habitat attributes—including better light conditions—that are scarce in forest interior. Therefore, broader support for higher structural diversification of uniform plantations in central European production forests would benefit bird communities inhabiting these areas. 相似文献
8.
Much of what is known about avian species-habitat relations has been derived from studies of birds at local scales. It is
entirely unclear whether the relations observed at these scales translate to the larger landscape in a predictable linear
fashion. We derived habitat models and mapped predicted abundances for three forest bird species of eastern North America
using bird counts, environmental variables, and hierarchical models applied at three spatial scales. Our purpose was to understand
habitat associations at multiple spatial scales and create predictive abundance maps for purposes of conservation planning
at a landscape scale given the constraint that the variables used in this exercise were derived from local-level studies.
Our models indicated a substantial influence of landscape context for all species, many of which were counter to reported
associations at finer spatial extents. We found land cover composition provided the greatest contribution to the relative
explained variance in counts for all three species; spatial structure was second in importance. No single spatial scale dominated
any model, indicating that these species are responding to factors at multiple spatial scales. For purposes of conservation
planning, areas of predicted high abundance should be investigated to evaluate the conservation potential of the landscape
in their general vicinity. In addition, the models and spatial patterns of abundance among species suggest locations where
conservation actions may benefit more than one species. 相似文献
9.
The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study,
conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in
habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated
bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled
as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density
and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations
for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our
best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird
richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated
with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and
positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted
for by the model (adj-R2 = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors
that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey. 相似文献
10.
Conservation strategies should be based on a solid understanding of processes underlying species response to landscape change.
In forests fragmented by agriculture, elevated nest predation rates have been reported in many forest bird species, especially
near edges. In intensively-managed forest landscapes, timber harvesting might also be associated with negative edge effects
or broader “context” effects on some species when the matrix provides additional resources to their major nest predators.
In this study, we hypothesized that proximity to a forest edge and proportion of cone-producing plantations will increase
nest predation risk in fragments of relatively undisturbed forest. We focused on the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana), an indicator species of late-seral forests. We compared habitat configuration and composition at four spatial scales (0.14,
0.5, 1 and 2 km) around 54 nests and related daily nest survival rate to the distance to the nearest forest edge, mean patch
size of late-seral forest (r = 141 m), proportion of non-forested lands (r = 141 m), density of maintained roads (r = 1 km), proportion of cone-producing spruce plantations (r = 2 km), and year. The best model included distance to the nearest edge and proportion of cone-producing plantations. Distance
of nests to the nearest edge was the best individual predictor of daily nest survival. A larger sample of nests showed a significant
threshold in distance to the nearest forest edge; nests located at least 100 m away were more likely to fledge young. These
results suggest that even in managed forest landscapes, matrix effects can be important and some bird species may exhibit
negative edge effects. 相似文献
11.
The degree to which habitat fragmentation affects bird incidence is species specific and may depend on varying spatial scales.
Selecting the correct scale of measurement is essential to appropriately assess the effects of habitat fragmentation on bird
occurrence. Our objective was to determine which spatial scale of landscape measurement best describes the incidence of three
bird species (Pyriglena leucoptera, Xiphorhynchus fuscus and Chiroxiphia caudata) in the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest and test if multi-scalar models perform better than single-scalar ones. Bird
incidence was assessed in 80 forest fragments. The surrounding landscape structure was described with four indices measured
at four spatial scales (400-, 600-, 800- and 1,000-m buffers around the sample points). The explanatory power of each scale
in predicting bird incidence was assessed using logistic regression, bootstrapped with 1,000 repetitions. The best results
varied between species (1,000-m radius for P. leucoptera; 800-m for X. fuscus and 600-m for C. caudata), probably due to their distinct feeding habits and foraging strategies. Multi-scale models always resulted in better predictions
than single-scale models, suggesting that different aspects of the landscape structure are related to different ecological
processes influencing bird incidence. In particular, our results suggest that local extinction and (re)colonisation processes
might simultaneously act at different scales. Thus, single-scale models may not be good enough to properly describe complex
pattern–process relationships. Selecting variables at multiple ecologically relevant scales is a reasonable procedure to optimise
the accuracy of species incidence models. 相似文献
12.
Birds are ecosystem service providers and excellent urban ecosystem indicators because they are sensitive to habitat structure. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is a promising tool in bird habitat characterization because it can directly acquire fine-scale 3-D information over large areas; however, most of past avian ecological studies using LiDAR were conducted in North America and Europe, and there have been no studies in Asia. The robustness of LiDAR data across different habitat types remain problematic. In this study, we set 13 plots having different canopy area percentages in a large-scale urban park in Japan, and examined the usefulness of airborne LiDAR data in modeling richness and diversity of forest bird species and the abundance of Paridae species that play an important role in the urban food web. Bird surveys were conducted eight times at each plot during the birds’ breeding season, and the results were estimated using generalized linear models. In consequence, all of the response variables were explained by one or a few LiDAR variables, and the 1 × 1 × 1-m voxel-based variables were especially robust estimators. When targeting only densely-forested plots having more than 60% canopy area, the LiDAR data efficiency declined in estimation of the richness and diversity of whole forest bird species, whereas a laser penetration rate was efficient for estimating the Paridae species abundance. These results implied that the LiDAR data are useful in habitat characterization of forest birds, and even when targeting only dense forests, some LiDAR variables are effective for habitat estimation of birds preferring specific forest structures. In the future, application of LiDAR across a variety of ecosystems will greatly serve to develop adaptive conservation and management planning for urban forests. 相似文献
13.
Michael O’Neal Campbell 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2009,8(2):87-95
Urban forestry is increasingly vital for both wildlife conservation and human use, despite frequent conflicts between these functions. A fundamental task in urban habitat and recreation forestry is the identification of those habitat characteristics important for animal species and the evaluation of these within the geographies of human presence, urban proximity and land cover variation and change. This paper examines the habitat characteristics for birds in urban built, green and greenbelt areas of Ottawa, Canada, and an area of continuous Ontario forest, to determine the effects of vegetation density and patch size, and human presence on bird presence. Bird presence was measured by point counts, and land cover was mapped using field observation and aerial photographs (1955 and 1999). At the species level, the pre-dominantly forest birds were affected by human presence and were primarily associated with tree stands in the greenbelt and continuous forest. In dense urban areas there were larger numbers of a few ‘generalist’ species. Both forested and urban (residential/commercial) environments increased in area between 1955 and 1999, creating the two types of land cover favouring the largest number of birds, while the less habituated grass/farmed areas declined in area. More informed bird conservation and recreation management will depend on paying greater attention to vegetation cover combinations with urban development. 相似文献
14.
Christina A. Buelow Ronald Baker April E. Reside Marcus Sheaves 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(3):547-561
Context
Complex structural connectivity patterns can influence the distribution of animals in coastal landscapes, particularly those with relatively large home ranges, such as birds. To understand the nuanced nature of coastal forest avifauna, where there may be considerable overlap in assemblages of adjacent forest types, the concerted influence of regional landscape context and vegetative structural connectivity at multiple spatial scales warrants investigation.Objectives
This study determined whether species compositions of coastal forest bird assemblages differ with regional landscape context or with forest type, and if this is influenced by structural connectivity patterns measured at multiple spatial scales.Methods
Three replicate bird surveys were conducted in four coastal forest types at ten survey locations across two regional landscape contexts in northeast Australia. Structural connectivity patterns of 11 vegetation types were quantified at 3, 6, and 12 km spatial scales surrounding each survey location, and differences in bird species composition were evaluated using multivariate ordination analysis.Results
Bird assemblages differed between regional landscape contexts and most coastal forest types, although Melaleuca woodland bird assemblages were similar to those of eucalypt woodlands and rainforests. Structural connectivity was primarily correlated with differences in bird species composition between regional landscape contexts, and correlation depended on vegetation type and spatial scale.Conclusions
Spatial scale, landscape context, and structural connectivity have a combined influence on bird species composition. This suggests that effective management of coastal landscapes requires a holistic strategy that considers the size, shape, and configuration of all vegetative components at multiple spatial scales.15.
Landscape change is an ongoing process for even the most established landscapes, especially in context to urban intensification and growth. As urbanization increases over the next century, supporting bird species’ populations within urbanizing areas remains an important conservation challenge. Fundamental elements of the biophysical structure of urban environments in which bird species likely respond include tree cover and human infrastructure. We broadly examine how tree cover and urban development structure bird species distributions along the urban-rural gradient across multiple spatial scales. We established a regional sampling design within the Oak Openings Region of northwestern, Ohio, USA, to survey bird species distributions across an extensive urbanization gradient. Through occupancy modeling, we obtained standardized effects of bird species response to local and landscape-scale predictors and found that landscape tree cover influenced the most species, followed by landscape impervious surface, local building density, and local tree cover. We found that responses varied according to habitat affiliation and migratory distance of individual bird species. Distributions of short-distance, edge habitat species located towards the rural end of the gradient were explained primarily by low levels of urbanization and potential vegetative and supplemental resources associated with these areas, while forest species distributions were primarily related to increasing landscape tree cover. Our findings accentuate the importance of scale relative to urbanization and help target where potential actions may arise to benefit bird diversity. Management will likely need to be implemented by municipal governments and agencies to promote tree cover at landscape scale, followed by residential land management education for private landowners. These approaches will be vital in sustaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes as urban growth expands over the next century. 相似文献
16.
Rural depopulation and recent landscape changes in a Mediterranean region: Consequences to the breeding avifauna 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
We studied the vegetational and avifaunistic changes following rural depopulation in an area covering 2,600 ha north of Montpellier
(Southern France). The study area is covered by a mosaic of Mediterranean habitats that includes cultivation, grasslands,
shrublands, and woodlands and is representative of the natural features present and of the human usage practiced so far in
this part of the Mediterranean.
We sampled the vegetation and the bird fauna in the same 193 census plots in 1978 and in 1992. At both the habitat and landscape
scales the cover of woody plants increased significantly. Open habitats tend to disappear. As a consequence the abundance
of open-habitat bird species decreased significantly whereas the abundance of forest birds increased significantly. These
changes favor a pool of forest species widespread in western Europe and reduce habitat availability for open habitat and shrubland
species. Many of the latter are Mediterranean species whose distribution in Western Europe could become reduced under current
landscape dynamics. Our observation of more woodlands and their typical birds and of less open habitats and their associated
avifauna is not consistent with the traditional worry shown by the public and the managers about the regression of forests
and woodlands in the Northern Mediterranean as a consequence of fire. 相似文献
17.
Suburban habitats in naturally forested areas present a conundrum in the urban–rural habitat network. Typically, these habitats contain less than half of the native woodland bird species that would exist at these sites if they were not developed. They also contain more total bird species than if these sites were left in a natural state. This apparent contradiction raises the question of “How do suburban habitats function in the urban–rural habitat network?” In this study, we analyze bird distributions on three rural-to-urban gradients in different ecoregions of the United States: Oxford, Ohio; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Palo Alto, California. All three gradients exhibit similar patterns of extinction of native species followed by invasion of common species and subsequent biotic homogenization with urbanization. This patterning suggests that suburban land uses, those represented by the intermediate levels of development on the gradients, are a point of extirpation for woodland birds as well as an entry point for invasive species into urban systems. Furthermore, there are consistent patterns in the functional characteristics of the bird communities that also shift with intensifying urbanization, providing insight on the possible mechanisms of homogenization and community structure in urban ecosystems including an increase in the number of broods per year, a shift in nesting strategies, a decrease in insectivorous individuals, an increase in granivorous individuals, and a decrease in territoriality. Consequently, it appears that there are specific traits that drive the shift in community composition in response to urban and suburban land use. These results have significant implications for improving understanding of the mechanisms of suburban community ecology and conserving birds in urban habitat networks. 相似文献
18.
We surveyed birds in patches of native eucalypt forest and in surrounding exotic matrix (Radiata pine forests) in south-eastern
Australia. Our objectives were: (1) to examine the influence of the width of native forest patches and the age of surrounding
pine forests on bird occurrence in patches of native forest; and (2) to verify the relationship between the use of the surrounding
pine matrix and bird species response to variation in width of patches of native forests. A total of 32 study sites (boundaries
between eucalypt and pine forests) were surveyed. Birds were counted by the area search method within 0.5-ha quadrats. Data
were analysed using generalised linear models. Wide patches of eucalypt forest supported higher species richness and greater
numbers of birds, such as foliage searchers and nectarivores, than narrow patches. Matrix age also influenced the occurrence
of some species in native patches. The abundance of species in wide and narrow patches of native forest was related to their
use of the matrix. This was true for native forests surrounded by old but not by young pine forests. We suggest that management
in wood production landscapes take into account both characteristics of native patches and the surrounding matrix. Negative
impacts of fragmentation in managed landscapes might be reduced by promoting matrix types that are suitable for bird species. 相似文献
19.
Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Brotons Lluís Mönkkönen Mikko Huhta Esa Nikula Ari Rajasärkkä Ari 《Landscape Ecology》2003,18(4):377-393
Old-growth forest birds in Fennoscandia have sharply declined in numbers during the last decades apparently due to commercial
forest harvesting and fragmentation of old-growth forests. Conservation measures have led to the establishment of a forest
reserve network to assure the persistence of forest birds at a regional scale. However, little is known about the effects
of landscape structure within and around the reserves on the distribution of old-growth forest birds. We used a hierarchical
approach to address the questions of how landscape structure and composition within forest reserves, landscape composition
of surrounding areas and reserve location affect the abundance of resident, old-growth forest birds in the Northern Finnish
forest reserve network. The positive role of particular landscape features on bird distribution indicates that both the proportion
of old-growth forests and the structure of boreal landscape mosaic has an important role in determining the distribution of
these birds. The landscape composition surrounding the reserves proved to be only a weak predictor in species distribution
models, which argues against the primary role of the surrounding matrix in determining species distribution within forest
reserves. Reserves located near the Russian border showed a higher abundance of old-growth birds than more western ones. Once
east-west gradients in overall landscape composition had been accounted for, however, reserves did not differ significantly
in the number of species present. These results suggest that landscape gradients, rather than ecological processes such as
the presence of source areas located along the border with Russia, are the main determinant of the distribution of old-growth
forest birds in the Finnish reserve network. We propose that to enhance regional persistence of old-growth forest birds, conservation
efforts should be primarily directed towards the protection and enhancement of forest habitat quality and natural heterogeneity
of landscapes within targeted areas.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Gap-crossing decisions by forest birds: an empirical basis for parameterizing spatially-explicit,individual-based models 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Spatially-explicit, individual-based models are increasingly used to evaluate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation
on habitat use and population persistence. Yet, they are criticized on the basis that they rely on little empirical data,
especially regarding decision rules of moving individuals. Here we report the results of an experiment measuring the gap-crossing
decisions of forest birds attracted to a recording of chickadee(Poecile atricapillus) mobbing calls, and provided with options to travel to the speaker by either crossing an open area (short cut) or taking
a longer route under forest cover (detour). We performed the experiment in winter and late summer near Québec City, Québec,
Canada. We recorded 1078 travel paths from 6 resident and 12 migratory species in 249 experimental sites. In both seasons,
birds preferred to travel under forest cover rather than cross open areas, even when the forested detour conveyed a substantially
longer route than the short cut in the open. Only when the detour under forest cover. This was considerably longer than the
short-cut in the open, in both relative and absolute terms, were birds more likely to take short cuts, indicating that gap-crossing
decisions are scale dependent. However, birds rarely ventured >25 m from forest edges despite having the opportunity to do
so. Except for Hairy Woodpeckers (Picoides villosus) which ventured further into the open, all species showed similar gap-crossing decisions. Residents remained marginally closer
to forest edges in late summer as compared to in winter. Conspecific group size had no influence on gap-crossing decisions.
This experiment supports the hypothesis that forest bird movements are constrained in fragmented landscapes, and provides
opportunities to calibrate spatially-explicit, individual-based models addressing the influence of landscape composition and
configuration on dispersal.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献