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1.
Objective To investigate the effect of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Animals studied One hundred five dogs diagnosed with KCS [Schirmer tear test (STT) ≤ 10 mm/min and clinical signs of dry eye]. Eyes with marginally decreased STT (11 ≤ 15 mm/min) and clinical signs of dry eye were also evaluated. Procedure The investigation was conducted in two parts: an initial efficacy study and a subsequent double blinded controlled study. In the efficacy study, the effect of topical tacrolimus (formerly FK‐506) on tear production in dogs with primary KCS was evaluated. Dogs were divided into four categories: 1) 59 eyes (38 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT ≤ 10 mm/min; 2) 28 eyes (21 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT 11 ≤ 15 mm/min; 3) 30 eyes (15 dogs) maintained successfully on CsA therapy; 4) 47 eyes (24 dogs) unresponsive to CsA therapy. STT and clinical signs were evaluated prior to and after 6 to 8 weeks of twice daily tacrolimus administration. Tacrolimus was substituted for CsA therapy in categories 3 and 4. The controlled study compared the effect of topical tacrolimus in aqueous suspension to administration of the aqueous carrier alone on tear production in 20 dogs with primary KCS. Results In the efficacy study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 84.7%, 25.0%, 26.7% and 51.1% of eyes in categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively after tacrolimus administration. Eighty‐three percent of eyes with extremely low initial STT (≤ 2 mm/min), increased 5 mm/min after tacrolimus. In the controlled study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 7/10 dogs (14/20 eyes) that received tacrolimus and in none of the 10 dogs that received aqueous carrier alone. Dogs receiving just the aqueous carrier were subsequently treated with tacrolimus, and STT increased 5 mm/min in 9 dogs (18/20 eyes) after administration. Conclusions Twice daily administration of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension effectively increased tear production in dogs with KCS. Topical tacrolimus is a promising alternative to topical CsA for treatment of KCS and may be beneficial in patients with less than optimal response to topical CsA.  相似文献   

2.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an aqueous calcineurin inhibitor, SCY‐641, in the treatment of naturally occurring canine immune‐mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Methods A randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled clinical study of 56‐day duration was performed in dogs with naturally occurring immune‐mediated KCS assigned to treatment with either topical twice‐daily aqueous calcineurin inhibitor solution (SCY‐641) or artificial tears (placebo) by the study administrator. Clinical examination and Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed prior to therapy and at days 7, 14, 28, and 56 after initiation of treatment. Results Twenty dogs were enrolled in the study with ten receiving placebo and 10 receiving SCY‐641 in one or both eyes. No adverse effects were noted with any treatment. There were no significant differences in mean STT values in dogs in group either at day 0 (prior to therapy) or after 7 days of treatment. At 14, 28, and 56 days after initiation of treatment, mean STT and increase in STT over baseline in dogs treated with SCY‐641 were significantly higher than in dogs treated with placebo (P < 0.04). Conclusions SCY‐641 was well tolerated by dogs with naturally occurring KCS, and by 14 days after initiating therapy, dogs treated with SCY‐641 had significantly higher STT than placebo‐treated dogs. These preliminary results indicate that topical SCY‐641, in a stable clear aqueous solution, is efficacious in a spontaneous model of KCS and warrants further evaluation as a treatment of immune‐mediated KCS.  相似文献   

3.
Twenty eyes of 10 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) were treated by occlusion of the ventral nasolacrimal punctum with a silicone punctal plug in order to increase the volume of the remaining tear lake. Punctal size was measured using a commercially available punctal gauge and the appropriate sized plug was inserted under local anaesthesia. Seven dogs showed an increase in Schirmer tear test I (STT) value. STT values immediately prior to plug placement were 2.3 +/- 1.7 mm/minute. STT values with punctal occlusion were 6.1 +/- 4.1 mm/minute, giving a mean increase of 3.8 +/- 2.7 mm/minute (P<0.001). In 14 eyes of eight dogs, the increase in STT values was accompanied by a clinical improvement in the appearance of the ocular surface. In the three dogs with no increase in STT values, the use of punctal plugs reduced the frequency of artificial tear replacement therapy required to maintain a healthy ocular surface. These results show that use of punctal plugs in dogs with KCS may be appropriate where other lacrimomimetic medications have been unsuccessful.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: Pimecrolimus is an ascomycin derivative that interferes selectively with the activation of T cells and mast cells and inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines. This study evaluated the efficacy of an experimental ophthalmic formulation of pimecrolimus in treating keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) in dogs. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES: Eight dogs with KCS and six with CSK were included. The dogs were of various breeds, suffered from chronic conditions, and had been pretreated unsuccessfully. The affected eyes were treated with 1 drop of an experimental, corn oil-based pimecrolimus 1% formulation three times a day. Parameters evaluated included Schirmer tear test (STT), ocular discharge, conjunctival inflammation, corneal inflammatory cell infiltrate and scarring, and comfort level. RESULTS: The effect of pimecrolimus 1% was pronounced (increase in STT values to higher than 4 mm/min, no signs of inflammation) or moderate (increase in STT values of 3-4 mm/min, mild signs of corneal/conjunctival inflammation) in a total of 6/8 animals with KCS. In 4/6 animals with CSK, the effect was either pronounced (total regression of fibrovascular infiltration into the cornea, no corneal scarring) or moderate (distinct regression of pannus, mild corneal scarring). The response to treatment was unsatisfactory in four of 14 animals. CONCLUSION: Results of this exploratory study suggest that topical 1% pimecrolimus may be a new effective treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca and chronic superficial keratitis in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Objective To describe the clinical data of dogs with neurogenic Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and an ipsilateral dry nose without other neurologic deficits. Procedure The retrospective case study included 11 dogs diagnosed with neurogenic KCS and an ipsilateral dry nose between 2006 and 2010. Medical records were reviewed for breed, age, sex, history, suspected cause of neurogenic KCS, clinical signs, and treatment modalities. Follow‐up information was obtained by re‐examination of patients or completion of a telephone survey with the referring veterinarian or the owners. Results Mean age of the dogs was 6.6 ± 4.5 years. Neurogenic KCS was diagnosed in three females, five spayed females, one male, and two castrated males representing 10 different breeds. Ophthalmic signs of KCS (mean Schirmer tear test [STT] value of 1.9 ± 2.9 mm/min) combined with an ipsilateral dry nose were diagnosed in seven left and four right eyes. The suspected cause of neurogenic KCS was idiopathic in nine and trauma in two cases. Systemic therapy consisted of oral pilocarpine 1–2% eye drops combined with case‐specific topical treatment with cyclosporine 0.2% and tear substitutes. Duration of systemic treatment with pilocarpine until healing was 125 days (range 84–204, median 98 days) for five dogs. One dog was lost to follow‐up, and the remaining five dogs are still under systemic treatment with pilocarpine. Conclusions Neurogenic KCS with an ipsilateral dry nose seems to be a predominantly idiopathic disease of middle‐aged female dogs without breed predisposition, which may be self‐limiting in some cases.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, for clinically normal dogs, results of Schirmer tear tests in eyes without topical anesthetic (STT) and to detect differences associated with breed, sex, age, day, and time of day in eyes in which STT was performed after use of topical anesthetic (STTa). ANIMALS: 41 Beagles, 43 Labrador Retrievers, 25 Golden Retrievers, 26 English Springer Spaniels, and 22 Shetland Sheepdogs. PROCEDURE: Beagles had STT and STTa values measured twice daily for 5 days. Client-owned dogs of 4 other breeds had STT and STTa values measured once. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD values of Beagles for STT and STTa were 20.2 +/- 2.5 and 3.8 +/- 2.7 mm/min. Mean values for STT and STTa were as follows: Labrador Retriever, 22.9 +/- 4.1 and 9.6 +/- 3.8 mm/min; English Springer Spaniel; 20.7 +/- 3.2 and 5.4 +/- 3.4 mm/min; Golden Retriever, 21.8 + 3.7 and 8.8 +/- 3.1 mm/min; and Shetland Sheepdog, 15.8 +/- 1.8 and 3.6 +/- 2.8 mm/min. Overall mean values for STT and STTa were 20.2 +/- 3.0 and 6.2 +/- 3.1 mm/min. Differences for STT and STTa were detected among breeds, but significant differences were not associated with sex or age within each breed or in overall values for all dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results for the STT reported here compare favorably with reported values, except for results of Shetland Sheepdogs; however, results for the STTa differ dramatically from reported values. Clinicians should consider effects attributable to breed when evaluating results of STT and STTa in dogs.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pimecrolimus oil-based eye drops in alleviating the clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs and to compare the efficacy with that of cyclosporine A (CsA) ointment. An open-label, multicenter study enrolling 44 dogs previously untreated with CsA was conducted. Dogs were randomly assigned to a treatment group and medicated twice daily for 8 weeks. After that time the mean increase (+/-SEM) in the Schirmer tear test was 9.2+/-1.6 mm/min in the pimecrolimus group and 5.8+/-1.1 mm/min in the CsA group (P=0.085). The improvement in clinical signs of inflammation in eyes treated with pimecrolimus was significantly greater than in eyes treated with CsA (P=0.02). The results show that 1% pimecrolimus oily eye drops are as safe as and more effective than CsA ointment in controlling KCS in dogs.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of cyclophotocoagulation via administration of 100 J with a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser on corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous tear production, and corneal nerve morphology in eyes of dogs. ANIMALS: 15 dogs. PROCEDURE: Noncontact Nd:YAG laser was transsclerally applied (10 applications; 25 W for 0.1 seconds for each application to each of 4 quadrants) to the ciliary body of the left eye of 15 dogs; the right eye was the control eye. Corneal integrity, CTT, tear production as measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT), and IOP were evaluated for 14 days following laser treatment. On day 14, dogs were euthanatized, eyes harvested, and corneas stained with gold chloride. Major nerve bundles were analyzed by use of a drawing tube attached to a light microscope, and maximum diameters were measured by use of image analysis software. RESULTS: All laser-treated eyes had significantly higher CTT values, compared with control eyes. Six of 15 laser-treated eyes developed ulcerative keratitis. On most days, IOP was significantly lower in laser-treated eyes in both morning and evening. Laser-treated eyes had a significant decrease of approximately 1 nerve bundle/corneal quadrant. Values for STT or nerve bundle diameters did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of 100 J with a Nd:YAG laser effectively reduced IOP while increasing CTT and caused a significant decrease in number, but not diameter, of major corneal nerve bundles. Nerve damage and corneal hypoesthesia are etiologic factors in ulcerative keratitis following Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation.  相似文献   

9.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a prevalent and often vision-threatening condition in dogs. In several reports, 2% cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CsA) was described as effective in modulating the clinical signs of KCS. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of 1% CsA vs a placebo, using a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Topical administration of 1% CsA significantly improved Schirmer wetting values and subjective markers of corneal health as compared with the placebo. In the dogs treated with topical administration of 1% CsA, the clinical signs of KCS were improved in 81.8% of cases.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of age, weight, gender, and of time of day on tear production in normal dogs. ANIMALS: studied One hundred ophthalmoscopically and systemically unremarkable dogs. PROCEDURE: Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed every 2 h during the day on one randomly chosen eye of each of 100 dogs. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant effect of time of day and age on the STT measurement. The mean STT decreased by 0.4 mm for every 1 year that age increased (P=0.007). Mean STT values taken at 10:00 am were 0.7 mm lower than values taken at 4:00 pm (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Tear production decreases with age in the normal dog. In this population of dogs the largest difference was between the 10:00 am and the 4:00 pm STT measurements, but this still only amounted to 0.7 mm. This value is unlikely to be of clinical significance in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).  相似文献   

11.
Infrared thermography was used to measure temperature differences of the corneal surface between nasal and temporal limbus regions and central cornea of normal dogs and dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), in order to establish temperature values in normal canine eyes and in patients with decreased Schirmer tear tests (STT) values. Dogs investigated were all either patients seen at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Federal University of Paraná or normal dogs that belonged to the same institution. STT were performed in all eyes. A total of 40 control eyes (STT ≥15 mm/min) and 20 eyes with low STT values (STT ≤14 mm/min) were examined. The mean STT value for eyes with normal STT values was 22.9 ± 3.9 mm/min (mean ± standard deviation), and the mean STT value for eyes with low STT value was 7.2 ± 4.8 mm/min. The mean corneal temperature was significantly lower in eyes with low STT values than in control eyes (P < 0.0001). The following significant correlations were found: (i) Schirmer and breakup time (BUT) (P = 0.0001, r = 0.5); (ii) STT values and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.001, r = 0.256); (iii) STT values and age (P = 0.0001, r = ?0.448); (iv) age and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.0001, r = ?0.281); and (v) BUT and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.0001, r = 0.36). Thermography is a method that can differentiate between eyes with normal and abnormal STT values. In the future, thermography might be incorporated as part of the ophthalmic examination and perhaps become a popular ancillary test for the diagnoses of ocular surface disorders.  相似文献   

12.
Analysis of tear uptake by the Schirmer tear test strip in the canine eye   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the uptake of tears in a Schirmer tear test (STT) in vitro and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Uptake of fluid by Schirmer tear test strips was studied in vitro by examining fluid uptake over time from an unlimited fluid supply as well as with specific fluid volumes applied to the test strip. Uptake of fluid by Schirmer tear test strips was evaluated in a population of 100 ophthalmologically normal dogs together with a group of 40 dogs with tear film abnormalities such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or epiphora. Each animal was given a full ophthalmic examination followed by a standard Schirmer tear test extended over between 3 and 5 min with the STT reading recorded every 5 s and plotted over time. To determine the effect of ocular irritation by the test strip, uptake of tears by test strips was determined before and after topical anesthesia in 20 dogs. RESULTS: In vitro examination of fluid uptake by the STT strips showed an initial rapid uptake followed by a gradual reduction in rate of uptake. Temporal evaluation of STT in vivo showed a similar rapid initial uptake of tear fluid, followed in the majority of cases by a sudden change to a steady state uptake of fluid. The initial gradient was 29.3 +/- 16.9 mm/min followed by a steady state uptake of 5.2 +/- 2.3 mm/min in normal dogs and 1.9 +/- 1.3 mm/min in dogs with KCS. This corresponds to a steady state tear turnover of 7.8 +/- 3.4 microL/min in normal dogs and 2.8 +/- 1.9 microL/min in animals with KCS. Dogs with nasolacrimal blockage and resultant epiphora showed a high initial gradient but final gradients were not statistically different from those of normal dogs. Discussion and conclusions Temporal evaluation of tear uptake by the STT shows substantial differences in rate of tear uptake at different time-points during the period of the test. RESULTS: of this study suggest that the initial rapid rise in STT value represents uptake from the tear lake followed by a slower tear uptake of tears from steady state tear production. Temporal examination of the Schirmer tear test allows a more precise evaluation of tear production than the standard STT measuring tear uptake in 1 min, together with estimation of the contribution to the test strip tear uptake of tears from the residual tear lake volume and those from continual tear production.  相似文献   

13.
Lymphoma is a common cancer of dogs that frequently is treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Response to therapy is variable and currently available diagnostic tests do not reliably predict response to therapy. Treatment for lymphoma often results in lymphopenia, but it is unknown whether the changes in circulating lymphocytes result from generalized or specific reduction of lymphocytes. In this study, blood lymphocytes from 12 clinically healthy dogs, 10 dogs in remission because of treatment for B-cell lymphoma, and 8 dogs in remission from T-cell lymphoma were analyzed by flow cytometry by using a panel of 20 antibodies reactive with canine leukocyte antigens. Results identified similar lymphocyte parameters in treated dogs regardless of the type of lymphoma. Treated dogs had >50% reduction in blood lymphocyte concentration, and an absolute decrease in most subsets of lymphocytes. Both groups of treated dogs had relative increases in the proportion of CD3+, T-cell receptor (TCR)αβ+, and CD90+ lymphocytes, and a decreased proportion of CD45RA+ cells. In addition, dogs with T-cell lymphoma in remission had a significant increase in the proportion of CD49d+ lymphocytes. These findings were interpreted as representing likely suppression of lymphocyte regeneration by chemotherapy, with a relative increase in the proportion of memory over naïve lymphocytes. Lack of correlation with the T- or B-cell origin of the initial lymphoma suggested that, by using flow cytometric methods, residual circulating neoplastic cells could not be detected. However, the changes in the lymphocyte profile of dogs treated with chemotherapy may have relevance to their immunocompetence.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To establish a baseline range or average for tear production in normal juvenile dogs and evaluate the effects of age, weight, and gender on Schirmer tear test (STT) in juvenile dogs. Materials and methods Healthy puppies of various breeds <6 months of age. STT1 and STT2 were performed in both eyes of each subject. Statistical analysis was performed using a backwards stepwise regression model with repeated measures. Using continuous variables of STT1 and STT2 as the dependent variables separately, the independent variables were age (days), eye (left or right), gender (male or female), ocular disease processes in eyes or not, and weight (kg). Results Eighty‐six eyes from 27 males and 16 females were included in this study. Ages ranged from 25 to 133 (mean ± SEM: 61.74 ± 24.15) days and weights ranged from 0.88 to 8.86 (3.27 ± 2.22) kg. STT1 results ranged from 0 to 26 (15.76 ± 5.79) mm/min. STT2 results ranged from 0 to 24 (8.79 ± 5.01) mm/min. Age, weight, and gender significantly affected STT1 results. Weight and gender significantly affected STT2 results. STT1 values increased by 0.15 mm/min for each 1 day increase in age and by 0.84 mm/min for each 1 kg increase in body weight. STT2 values increased by 0.57 mm/min for each 1 kg increase in body weight. Conclusions Age, weight, and gender significantly affect tear production in normal juvenile dogs. STT1 increases to adult values at approximately 9–10 weeks of age.  相似文献   

15.
Objective  This study compared the histopathology of canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) to non-infectious KCS in conjunctival tissues.
Animals studied  Forty mongrel dogs were assigned to three distinct groups: (i) non-infectious KCS (G1, n  = 10), (ii) CDV-induced KCS (G2, n  = 20), and (iii) healthy animals without any ocular alterations (G3, n  = 10).
Procedure  IgG titers and physical and ophthalmic examinations (e.g. Schirmer tear test [STT], tonometry, biomicroscopy, indirect biomicroscopy, and fluorescein test) were performed on all dogs. Conjunctival biopsies were collected and examined microscopically.
Results  Non-infectious and CDV-induced KCS demonstrated similar histopathological changes. Both types of KCS correlated with low STT, conjunctival hyperemia, mucopurulent ocular discharge, predominant lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and acantholysis and keratinization of the ocular surface. G1 had lower conjunctival goblet cell counts than G3. Inclusion bodies were sporadically found in conjunctival samples of dogs from G2. The severity of ocular lesions in G1 and G2 did not correlate with the histopathological findings.
Conclusions  Dogs with non-infectious and CDV-induced KCS had very similar conjunctival histopathology. Our findings suggest that the pathophysiology of CDV-induced KCS is likely to be the same as non-infectious KCS, that is, a result of lacrimal deficiency and inflammation of the ocular surface.  相似文献   

16.
The objectives of this study were to observe the effects of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine on equine tear production and to determine normal fluctuations in Schirmer tear test (STT) values in horses. A randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial measuring STT values in 15 horses over an 8-week period was performed. The treatment group (eight horses) received 30 mg/kg trimethoprim-sulfadiazine orally once a day and the control group (seven horses) received placebo (flour) at the same time. All horses were housed outdoors throughout the study. Schirmer tear test values were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, and 4 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. There were no significant differences in tear production between the treated and control groups. Fluctuations in STT were observed and may result from individual and environmental variations. Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine did not decrease tear production in the horses in this study. Horses normally experience periodic fluctuations in STT values.  相似文献   

17.
Increasing availability of reagents able to distinguish subtypes of lymphocytes and other leukocytes has enabled greater understanding of lymphocyte biology and pathology in the dog. Lymphocytes in circulation most commonly are subjected to immunophenotypic assessment by flow cytometry, but needle aspirates of lymph nodes can be similarly suitable for immunophenotypic examination. In this investigation, the feasibility of immunophenotyping samples obtained by needle aspiration of lymph nodes from 32 dogs with no physical abnormalities and 6 dogs with lymphoma was determined. In addition, samples from 6 dogs were stored overnight at 4 degrees C and reanalyzed 24 hours later. For each sample, stained smear preparations were examined microscopically for lymphocyte morphology, neoplasia, and the presence of inflammatory cells. Expression of antigens on a corresponding sample of aspirated cells was determined by flow cytometric detection of antibody binding on a minimum of 10,000 events. The distribution of data was determined with Anderson-Darling tests, and reference intervals incorporating the central 95% of values were established. Adequate samples were obtained from 30 of 32 clinically normal dogs. Immunophenotypic results after 24 hours of storage were consistent with those obtained immediately after sampling. Reference intervals for lymphocyte subsets from normal dog lymph nodes were similar to the proportions of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD21+ lymphocytes found in blood. Aspirates of enlarged lymph nodes from dogs with lymphoma were readily classified by this technique. Aspiration of lymph nodes from dogs for comprehensive analysis by flow cytometry is feasible and applicable to immunophenotyping of lymphoma.  相似文献   

18.
Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of dogs--a flow cytometric study   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Slight differences in the results of papers describing lymphocyte subsets distribution in the peripheral blood of healthy dogs may be explained by differences in monoclonal antibody clones and sources, breed and age of animals examined, methods of sample treatment, or methods of result analysis. In this paper, we described the effect of sample processing and of sample storage as well as the effect of age, breed, and gender of dogs on lymphocyte subset distribution. No significant differences were found between samples processed following a whole-blood lysis method and samples processed after density gradient separation. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between samples processed within 2h after collection and those stored at 4 degrees C for 12-16 h before processing. Age-related changes were evident in lymphocyte subset distribution in the peripheral blood of 38 Beagles divided according to their age into the six groups: (1) 5-6 days; (2) 2 months; (3) 6 months; (4) 1-2 years; (5) 3-5 years; and (6) >5 years. The percentage of B-lymphocytes (CD21-like positive cells) in the peripheral blood of newborn pups was 39.5+/-5.7 and decreased with advancing age. The percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes was 7.7+/-3.4 after birth and increased with advancing age. No age-related changes were observed in the percentages of CD4+ lymphocytes. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio decreased with advancing age. No significant age-related change was observed for lymphocytes bearing the gammadelta-TCR. Some breed differences were evident. Adult (1-5-year-old) Beagles, German Shepherds, Dalmatians, and Dachshunds were examined. The percentages of lymphocytes were higher in Beagles and Dachshunds than in Dalmatians and German Shepherds. The highest and the lowest absolute lymphocyte counts were found in Beagles and German Shepherds, respectively. As a consequence, German Shepherds showed the lowest absolute counts of the individual lymphocyte subpopulations and the widest neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. Dalmatians showed the lowest percentage of CD3+ cells, the highest percentage of CD21+ cells, and the lowest CD4+:CD8+ ratio. German Shepherds showed the lowest percentage of CD21+ cells and the highest CD4+:CD8+ ratio. Females in Beagles and Dachshuns had nonsignificantly higher percentages of total lymphocytes, CD3+, CD4+, and nonsignificantly lower percentages of CD21+ lymphocytes. We concluded that there are age-, breed-, and perhaps also gender-related differences in lymphocyte subset distribution in the peripheral blood of dogs. Therefore, there is need to use appropriate control group in the experimental protocols. Among-breed differences could explain, at least partly, breed predisposition for some diseases.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. ANIMALS: 15 Beagles. PROCEDURE: The IOP was measured in both eyes of all dogs for 3 days to determine baseline values. In a single-dose study, 50 microl of dorzolamide or control solution was applied in both eyes at 7:00 AM, and IOP was measured 7 times/d. In a multiple-dose study, dorzolamide or control solution was applied to both eyes 3 times/d for 6 days, and IOP was measured 4 times/d during treatment and for 5 days after cessation of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate was measured for all dogs fluorophotometrically prior to treatment and during the multiple-dose study. RESULTS: In the single-dose study, dorzolamide significantly decreased IOP from 30 minutes to 6 hours after treatment. Mean decrease in IOP during this time span was 3.1 mm Hg (18.2%). Maximal decrease was detected 6 hours after treatment (3.8 mm Hg, 22.5%). In the multiple-dose study, dorzolamide decreased IOP at all time points, and maximal decrease was detected 3 hours after treatment (4.1 mm Hg, 24.3%). Mean aqueous humor flow rate decreased from 5.9 to 3.4 microl/min (43%) after treatment in the dorzolamide group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide significantly decreases IOP and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Therefore, topical administration of dorzolamide should be considered for the medical management of dogs with glaucoma.  相似文献   

20.
The study describes the distribution of canine leucocyte antigens in synovial membrane biopsies from six dogs with canine rheumatoid arthritis (CRA) and from eight dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to spontaneous rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) (n = 5) or patellar luxation (n = 3). Synovial membranes from five dogs without evidence of joint lesions were used as control tissues. In the subsynovium of dogs with normal joints CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ and alpha beta TCR+ lymphocytes were present only in low numbers. With monoclonal antibody (mAb) to MHC class II antigen, either none or up to 20-30% of synovial lining cells were immunoreactive. Furthermore, scattered MHCII+ stromal cells were seen in the deeper subsynovial layer. In synovial membrane biopsies from dogs with CRA numerous diffusely and perivascularly distributed CD5+ lymphocytes were found in the subsynovium. CD4+ cells outnumbered CD8+ cells and were more numerous in the perivascular areas. In all the CRA cases examined, there were markedly higher numbers of alpha beta TCR+ cells compared with gamma delta TCR+ cells. With mAb to CD21, low numbers of immunoreactive lymphocytes were demonstrated. In all the CRA cases, a marked increase of MHC class II antigen expression was noted. In the majority of samples, 50% or more than 90% of the synovial lining cells were strongly MHC class II+. Throughout the subsynovial layer there were numerous MHC class II+ cells and included those with dendritic morphology and inflammatory mononuclear cells. Furthermore, marked perivascular immunoreactivity for MHC class II antigen was found. In biopsies from dogs with OA, there were markedly lower numbers of subsynovial CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. T-cells were mainly diffusely distributed. In three of the eight OA dogs examined, there was an increased percentage of synovial lining cells expressing MHC class II. The majority of OA cases had subsynovial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells with a dendritic morphology.  相似文献   

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