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1.
Kentaro Honda Tatsuya Kawakami Kengo Suzuki Kyuji Watanabe Toshihiko Saito 《Fisheries Science》2017,83(6):987-996
Juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta originating from rivers along the Pacific coast of Japan migrate northwards to the Sea of Okhotsk, typically passing off Konbumori, near the easternmost part of Hokkaido Island. We used daily-increment analysis of otoliths to back-calculate the growth rates [mean daily growth rate in fork length (FL)] of 369 juveniles (56–146 mm FL) originating from various rivers southwest of Konbumori, and sampled at Konbumori between 2005 and 2014. We examined differences in growth rate in terms of differences in distance from the source of juveniles, their river or region of origin, to Konbumori, and FL at time of collection. The results show that juvenile chum salmon originating from distant sources tended to grow faster than those from more proximal sources, likely contributing to larger FLs in the former. Growth rates of larger fish (≥ 90 mm FL) differed little (medians: 0.64–0.68 mm/day) among regions of origin, whereas those of smaller fish tended to be low among fish originating from more proximal regions (20–126 km from Konbumori). These results suggest that fish migrating from more distant rivers were better able to survive and to reach Konbumori by achieving or exceeding a certain growth rate. 相似文献
2.
To apply otolith microstructure to examination of age and growth of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta inhabiting coastal waters, formation of otolith increments was investigated for juveniles reared in a seawater aquarium and
in net pens. In all otoliths examined, a distinctive check was formed at the time of sea entry of the fish. The deposition
of otolith increments after the check was daily for rearing both in the aquarium (57 days) and in the net pens (26 days).
Check formation associated with sea entry was also observed in otoliths of juvenile salmon collected 1 km off the coast of
Shari, Hokkaido, Japan. Transmitted light observation of otoliths of those fish revealed a transition in otolith increment
appearance from dark to light. Otolith Sr: Ca ratio remarkably changed from a low to a high level, coinciding with the transition
in otolith appearance. It is suggested that the transition was associated with individual sea entry. This study demonstrated
that the check and/or transition associated with sea entry are applicable to a benchmark for otolith increment counts of juvenile
chum salmon inhabiting coastal waters. 相似文献
3.
Interannual variations in abundance, timing of outmigration from rivers, growth rate and condition of juvenile chum salmon
(Oncorhynchus keta) were studied in the Nemuro Strait (eastern Hokkaido, Japan) during 1999–2002 to establish a possible relationship to zooplankton
abundance. The otolith microstructure of juveniles was examined each year in late June to determine their time and size at
sea entry (i.e., outmigration), and to estimate the early marine growth rates. Salmon outmigration peaked in mid- or late
May, which coincided, in three of the four study years, with the peak release of juveniles into rivers within the study area.
Abundance, growth rate and condition of fish were higher in 2001, when—compared to other years—smaller fish experienced higher
growth rates, coinciding with greater zooplankton abundance for that year. Our results suggest that high zooplankton abundance
positively influenced juvenile chum salmon growth and the condition of the fish during their early marine life despite their
small size at sea entry. 相似文献
4.
Variability in the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon is explained primarily by when and where they resided in estuarine habitats 
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下载免费PDF全文 Paul Chittaro Lyndal Johnson David Teel Paul Moran Sean Sol Kate Macneale Richard Zabel 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(3):857-873
Estuarine habitats provide rearing opportunities for the juvenile life stage of anadromous fishes. Because survival is positively correlated with juvenile performance, these estuarine habitats play an important role in population abundance and productivity. To provide information for the recovery of several depressed stocks of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin, we sought to identify the factors that explain variability in performance. Using otolith‐derived estimates of juvenile somatic growth rate as an index of recent performance, we observed a negative nonlinear relationship between growth rate and day of year, and a decreasing and increasing trend of growth rate over the 8 years of this study and distance from the river mouth respectively. Using a generalised linear modelling approach, we found that variability in juvenile somatic growth rate was best explained by where and when individuals were collected, their body size, contaminant loads, stock of origin, and whether a fish was hatchery produced or unmarked. Lastly, we argue that a considerable improvement to the growth rate of juveniles in estuarine habitats is physiologically possible. The results of this 8‐year study provide a baseline of the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon to evaluate habitat restoration programs and to compare against future anthropogenic conditions. 相似文献
5.
Abstract Artificially hatched and reared juvenile European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), from three natural populations were released into an experimental stream. Two of the populations were from lakes and the third population was from a river. Post-stocking dispersal was studied by recapturing fish in traps and by electric fishing after each of the stocking exercises. On all three occasions the first fish to be recaptured were caught in a trap about 400 m downstream from the release site, within 5–12 min of release. Proportions of stocked grayling juveniles recaptured by electric fishing in the fast-flowing section of the experimental stream (the rapids) were 9.9%, 46.7% and 16.6% after the first, second and third stocking, respectively. No significant population-specific difference was found between fish caught in the downstream trap and fish recaptured in the rapids. The uppermost part of the rapids (stretch 1) and the catch in the upstream trap was dominated by fish of riverine origin. Post-stocking migration was influenced by sex but not by body size. Females showed a greater propensity to stay in the rapids compared with males. Implications of the results for stocking grayling in natural streams and regulated rivers are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Spatiotemporal changes in growth patterns of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta that returned to the Ishikari (Japan) and Namdae (Korea) rivers in 1984–1998 were investigated using scale analysis. Juvenile
chum salmon from both populations left coastal marine areas after spring at a size of over 8 cm fork length (FL). In summer,
juvenile salmon from the Namdae River entered the Okhotsk Sea at a larger FL than did Ishikari River juveniles. There were
no significant differences in annual growth between populations of 1-, 2-, and 4-year-old fish. For 3-year-old fish, however,
Namdae River salmon had significantly higher synchronous and sympatric growth than did Ishikari River salmon. Mean FL of adults
was also larger in Namdae River salmon than in Ishikari River salmon. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed (1) negative
linear relations between FL and catch, (2) homogeneous slopes of those relations at regional and species levels, and (3) nonhomogeneous
slopes at the population level, indicating that density-dependent effects on growth were most significant at this level. We
concluded that growth of chum salmon was concurrently influenced by stronger effects of intrapopulation competition and weaker
effects of inter- and intraspecific interactions in the Bering Sea. 相似文献
7.
Using path analyses, we investigated relationships between size at release from hatcheries, the early marine growth of juveniles, and adult return rates for chum salmon from five river stocks of Hokkaido, Japan, in relation to sea surface temperature during ocean residence. Marine growth was estimated using scales collected from 11 760 adults of age 0.3 (1980–2004). The growth and survival of each stock appeared to have a different suite of regulatory processes. Interannual variability in return rates was mainly regulated by size at release in two stocks from the Sea of Okhotsk. A similar relationship was found in one stock from the Sea of Japan, but growth during coastal residency also affected their return rates. In two stocks from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, variability in return rates was not related to size at release or to the coastal growth of juveniles, but with offshore growth in the Sea of Okhotsk, the nursery area for juveniles after leaving Japanese coastal waters. Whereas coastal growth tended to be negatively correlated with size at release in some stocks, offshore growth was positively associated with the August–November sea surface temperature in all stocks. This study confirmed that mortality of juvenile salmon occurred in two phases, during the coastal residency and the late period of the growing season, but the relative importance of both phases varied by stock and region, which probably regulated year‐class strength of Hokkaido chum salmon. 相似文献
8.
Jason L. Hassrick Mark J. Henderson David D. Huff William J. Sydeman Megan C. Sabal Jeffrey A. Harding Arnold J. Ammann Eric D. Crandall Eric P. Bjorkstedt John Carlos Garza Sean A. Hayes 《Fisheries Oceanography》2016,25(2):133-146
Extreme variability in abundance of California salmon populations is often ascribed to ocean conditions, yet relatively little is known about their marine life history. To investigate which ocean conditions influence their distribution and abundance, we surveyed juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within the California Current (central California [37°30′N) to Newport, Oregon (44°00′N]) for a 2‐week period over three summers (2010–2012). At each station, we measured chlorophyll‐a as an indicator of primary productivity, acoustic‐based metrics of zooplankton density as an indicator of potential prey availability and physical characteristics such as bottom depth, temperature and salinity. We also measured fork lengths and collected genetic samples from each salmon that was caught. Genetic stock identification revealed that the majority of juvenile salmon were from the Central Valley and the Klamath Basin (91–98%). We constructed generalized logistic‐linear negative binomial hurdle models and chose the best model(s) using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to determine which covariates influenced the salmon presence and, at locations where salmon were present, determined the variables that influenced their abundance. The probability of salmon presence was highest in shallower waters with a high chlorophyll‐a concentration and close to an individual's natal river. Catch abundance was primarily influenced by year, mean fork length and proximity to natal rivers. At the scale of sampling stations, presence and abundance were not related to acoustic indices of zooplankton density. In the weeks to months after ocean entry, California's juvenile Chinook salmon population appears to be primarily constrained to coastal waters near natal river outlets. 相似文献
9.
An evaluation of the contribution of hatchery stocking on population density and biomass: a lesson from masu salmon juveniles within a Japanese river system 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Stocking is an important management tool for enhancing fisheries resources, but its actual contribution to fisheries resources is controversial, taking into consideration both the positive and negative effects. This study compared density and biomass of hatchery (otolith thermal marked) and wild masu salmon parr between stocked and unstocked rivers to evaluate the contribution of stocking with hatchery‐reared fish. Density and biomass of all fish did not differ between stocked and unstocked rivers. Moreover, density and biomass of wild fish in the stocked rivers were lower than those of the unstocked rivers. Density and biomass of hatchery fish in a non‐natural reproducing river were similar with those of all fish in natural reproducing rivers. These results indicate that hatchery stocking does not have positive effects on population density or biomass but replaces wild fish with hatchery fish and that non‐natural reproducing areas are more suitable as stocking sites. 相似文献
10.
Marina J. Nyqvist Julien Cucherousset Rodolphe E. Gozlan William R.C. Beaumont J. Robert Britton 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2020,29(2):377-383
Individual variability in dispersal strategies, where some individuals disperse and others remain resident, is a common phenomenon across many species. Despite its important ecological consequences, the mechanisms and individual consequences of dispersal remain poorly understood. Here, riverine Northern pike (Esox lucius) juveniles (age 0+ (young-of-the-year) and 1+ years) were used to investigate the influence of body size and trophic position (at capture) on the dispersal from off-channel natal habitats and the subsequent consequences for body sizes, specific growth rate and trophic position (at recapture). Individuals that dispersed into the river (“dispersers”) were not significantly different in body size than those remaining on nursery grounds (“stayers”). For trophic position, 0+ dispersers were of significantly lower trophic position than stayers, but with this not apparent in the 1+ fish. Following dispersal into the river, the dispersers grew significantly faster than stayers and, on recapture, were significantly larger, but with no significant differences in their final trophic positions. Early dispersal into the river was, therefore, not associated with early dietary shifts to piscivory and the attainment of larger body sizes of individuals whilst in their natal habitats, contrary to prediction. These results suggest that despite an increasing risk of mortality for individuals dispersing early from natal areas, there are long-term benefits via elevated growth rates and, potentially, higher fitness. Such early dispersal behaviour could be driven by early competitive displacement. 相似文献
11.
12.
Role of origin and release location in pre‐spawning distribution and movements of anadromous alewife
Abstract Capturing adult anadromous fish that are ready to spawn from a self sustaining population and transferring them into a depleted system is a common fisheries enhancement tool. The behaviour of these transplanted fish, however, has not been fully evaluated. The movements of stocked and native anadromous alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), were monitored in the Ipswich River, Massachusetts, USA, to provide a scientific basis for this management tool. Radiotelemetry was used to examine the effect of origin (native or stocked) and release location (upstream or downstream) on distribution and movement during the spawning migration. Native fish remained in the river longer than stocked fish regardless of release location. Release location and origin influenced where fish spent time and how they moved. The spatial mosaic of available habitats and the entire trajectory of freshwater movements should be considered to restore effectively spawners that traverse tens of kilometres within coastal rivers. 相似文献
13.
Partial migration describes intrapopulation variation in the migratory behavior, i.e. some individuals from a population migrate to low-salinity river areas, while others remain in coastal areas. This paper reviews the partial migration pattern of juvenile temperate seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, which is a migration pattern not commonly seen in Japan. Seabass spawn offshore, and eggs and larvae are transported to coastal areas. Some of these juveniles then ascend rivers, while others remain in coastal areas. Juveniles efficiently use physical structures in their habitat; they use tidal currents to ascend rivers in macrotidal estuaries, while they use the salt wedge in microtidal estuaries. Once juveniles ascend the river, they can feed on the abundant prey and attain more rapid growth than those remaining in coastal areas. As estuaries are highly productive areas, they play significant roles as nurseries for juveniles of various fishes. However, compared with coastal areas, the relative area of estuaries is considerably smaller and its environmental conditions are more variable. For example, nearly 40% of adult seabass in Tango Bay were estimated to use estuarine areas as a nursery, while the other 60% use coastal areas during their juvenile stage. Using both estuaries and coastal areas through partial migration during the juvenile stage is concluded to contribute to the stabilization and yield of seabass populations. 相似文献
14.
Abstract. Based on a pooled sample of 367 specimens of juvenile Atlanlic salmon, Salmo salar L., from eight geographically distinct home rivers, stocks from Scotland and Newfoundland can be distinguished by meristic and morphometric character sets using discriminant analysis procedures. Reduced character sets require meristic counts of pectoral fin rays, dorsal fin rays, gill rakers and vertebrae, and morphometric measurements of standard length, pectoral and pelvic fin lengths, body depth and gape width. Regional differences based on these morphometric and meristic sets are substantiated by monomorphism at each MDH locus in Scottish fish in contrast to polymorphism at the MDH-1 and MDH-3 loci in Newfoundland fish. Only the morphometric discriminant function is highly accurate (>80%) in identifying home river origins of the fish examined with the discriminating power increasing with increased fish size. These findings for juvenile fish indicate that, while meristic, morphometric and electrophoretic criteria provide a likely means for distinguishing regional fish stocks, morphometric character sets would seem to offer the best possibility for identifying home river origins of adult Atlantic salmon in mixed fisheries. 相似文献
15.
Geoff Veinott Peter A. H. Westley Lucas Warner Craig F. Purchase 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2012,21(4):541-551
The anadromous, or sea‐going, life history form of brown trout, or sea trout ( Salmo trutta), may lead to potential mixing of populations while foraging at sea. In this article, we assess the potential that multiple populations are using common semi‐enclosed estuaries and quantify the potential levels of straying (i.e. dispersal) of foreign‐produced individuals into populations by using otolith chemical signatures as natural ‘tags’. To do so, we created a database of juvenile fish otolith chemistry (a marker of freshwater production) from four rivers and compared the chemistry of harvested fish in two estuaries important to anglers, the Renews River and Chance Cove Brook, to the database. A discriminant function analysis revealed significant differences in the otolith chemistry of juvenile fish inhabiting the four rivers with a 97% cross‐validated accuracy when classifying individual juveniles to their natal river, indicating our baseline was robust. When assigning adults caught over 3 years (2007–2009) in the recreational fishery in the Renews River estuary, it was determined that over 95% of the fish caught each year originated from Renews River. In contrast, harvested fish in Chance Cove during 2009 were disproportionately comprised of fish produced in Renews River, suggesting the potential for source‐sink population dynamics in Newfoundland. Taken as a whole, these results indicate limited population mixing in nearshore estuaries of this region, but also highlight the potential for some populations to subsidise the harvest by anglers in different areas. 相似文献
16.
. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr and smolts from three Norwegian rivers were examined with respect to whether or not they had been released from a hatchery. The hatchery background was known for some released fish and could be ascertained for others from their aberrant body morphology and eroded fins. Fish released after one winter in a hatchery had opaque otoliths like the fish examined from two hatcheries. Naturally produced fish showed a distinct, seasonal growth pattern in the otoliths, alternating between opaque summer zones and hyaline winter zones. Fish released as fry showed an otolith pattern similar to that of naturally produced fish. A test revealed little discrepancy between two independent otolith readings even though the test reading was conducted without any information about the fish accompanying the otoliths. The results suggest that examination of otoliths may help distinguish between juveniles that are hatchery-reared and juveniles that are naturally produced in the river, provided that the hatchery-reared fish have a 1-year history in the hatchery prior to release. 相似文献
17.
We examined the element pattern in the otoliths of a migratory fish species that inhabit the coastal areas in the brackish of the Baltic Sea. The northern pike (Esox lucius) show migratory behaviour, spawning in streams and rivers and foraging in the sea. We examined spawning migration in four nearby streams in the south‐west part of the Baltic. Otolith analysis by microPIXE revealed unique elemental patterns (Sr, Zn, Br, Co and Mn) for the juveniles in each of the different streams. The strontium signal in the otolith of the juveniles was used as an indicator of freshwater origin and the time spent in the stream. Adult pike in their migrating spawning phase were caught in each of the streams. The elemental composition in otoliths in their freshwater phase (using juvenile pike in the streams as references) was determined. A principal component analysis showed that the elemental fingerprint during the freshwater phase several years back in time was similar for the adult fish and for juveniles inhabiting the stream today. The results indicated natal homing of the adults to a specific stream, a conclusion that was strengthened by the fact that marked fish returned to spawn over consecutive years. Anadromous pike in the Baltic Sea may thus be divided in subpopulations. The results of the study may have implications for fishery management, as pike in the Baltic Sea cannot be seen as homogenous population. 相似文献
18.
Juvenile salmonids display highly variable spatial and temporal patterns of early dispersal that are influenced by density‐dependent and density‐independent factors. Although juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) movement patterns in streams and their relationship with body mass and growth have been examined in previous studies, most observations were limited to one season or one stream section. In this study, we monitored the movement of juvenile coho salmon throughout their period of residence in a coastal basin to identify prevalent dispersal strategies and their relationships with body mass, growth rates and survival. Our results revealed seasonally and spatially variable movement patterns. Juvenile coho salmon that dispersed to tidally affected reaches soon after emergence remained more mobile and expressed lower site fidelity than those individuals that remained in upper riverine reaches. We did not detect significantly different growth rates between sedentary and mobile individuals. Although a greater proportion of sedentary than mobile fish survived winter to emigrate from the creek in the spring, reach of residence at the onset of winter influenced these survival estimates. Hence, apparent summer‐to‐smolt survival for mobile individuals was greater than for sedentary fish in tidally influenced reaches, whereas in riverine reaches the sedentary strategy seemed to be favoured. Our research identified complex movement patterns that reflect phenotypic and life history variation, and underscores the importance of maintaining diverse freshwater and estuarine habitats that support juvenile coho salmon before marine migration. 相似文献
19.
Alternative life-history tactics of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou are well documented. Subsequent to the freshwater parr stage (age ≥ 1 + years), an anadromous form migrates to the sea after smolting, while a resident form matures without seaward migration. In addition to this typical migratory dimorphism, anecdotal reports based on field observations have indicated that some underyearling masu salmon use estuarine waters. However, no empirical evidence indicates saltwater utilisation and subsequent survival in the early parr stage. Here, we used otolith microchemistry to examine whether a portion of masu salmon parr in northern Japan enters coastal habitats. The otolith Sr:Ca ratios of most juveniles collected from six rivers had consistently low values, indicating that masu salmon parr inhabiting these rivers stay only in freshwater. In contrast, in individuals from a steep-gradient river the Sr:Ca ratios increased at about a 200-µm distance from the otolith core. These results suggest that some masu salmon parr might use brackish water or sea water temporarily. In addition, three masu salmon parr were found in another steep river where a culvert located only ten metres from the river mouth completely blocked upstream migration for spawning. The Sr:Ca ratios in these fish increased at about >200 µm from the otolith core, indicating the parr had immigrated to the non-natal river from the sea. Such flexible behaviour at an early life stage may contribute to the spatial expansion of masu salmon, and the movement could moreover help to stabilise its population dynamics. 相似文献
20.
An investigation was made of the degree of silvering of Atlantic salmon juveniles reared in fish-rearing farms and released into rivers and that of juveniles from natural populations at the time of migration to the sea. The silvering intensity was determined by reflection of light from the body surface of the fish. The data indicated a correlation between the rate of silvering and fish body weight and illumination in tensity during the rearing period. Further detailed investigation is needed of the intensity and dynamics of silvering taken as factors characterizing the degree of adaptability of catadromous salmon juveniles to the pelagic way of life. 相似文献