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1.
The occurrence of internal parasites in Washinton cattle was estimated. During the survey period in 1972 and 1973, more than 3,700 fecal samples from 29 herds and 4 feedlots, and viscera from 55 cattle were examined. The percentage of fecal samples with parasite eggs or oocysts from herds was as follows: oocysts, 77%; "strongyline" eggs, 44%; Nematodirus eggs, 3%; Moniezia eggs, 3%; Fasciola eggs, 2%; Trichuris eggs, 2%; and Dictyocaulus larvae, 1%. The fecal samples from feedlots contained principally strongyline eggs which varied markedly in numbers among groups of cattle in the lots. The predominant parasite in viscera was Ostertagia spp, which was recovered from all of the cattle examined. Other parasites identified in the survey were found less frequently in these examinations. Cattle in dairy and beef operations utilizing irrigated pastures were particularly prone to Fasciola infections, and more strongyline eggs were observed there than in fecal samples from other management systems. Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of strongyline and Fasciola eggs were pronounced.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 2 rapid, patient-side assays for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in feces from neonatal calves with diarrhea. DESIGN: Diagnostic test evaluation Sample Population-Fecal samples from 96 neonatal (1 to 30 days old) calves with diarrhea. PROCEDURE: Results of the rapid assays were compared with results of microscopic examination of fecal smears that had been stained with diamant fuchsin stain. RESULTS: One of the rapid assays correctly identified 56 of 62 (90%) fecal samples positive for C. parvum oocysts and 33 of 34 (97%) fecal samples negative for oocysts. The other assay correctly identified 53 of 62 (85%) fecal samples positive for oocysts and 33 of 34 (97%) fecal samples negative for oocysts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that these 2 rapid assays are accurate when used to detect C. parvum in fecal samples from neonatal calves with diarrhea.  相似文献   

3.
A total of 284 fecal samples of 89 species (43 mammalian species and 46 avian species) were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from 1999 to 2002. Each sample was collected at the zoo located at Osaka in Japan and examined by microscopy after performing the sucrose flotation method and by two immunofluorescent assay kits for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and Giardia spp. was detected in a mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and two ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea). In this study, the prevalences of these parasites were found to be low. However, these results suggested that the infected animals could serve as a source of contamination for surface water. This is the first report about the survey of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. at a zoo in Japan.  相似文献   

4.
Objective-To determine the apparent prevalence of shedding of Cryptosporidium spp in healthy alpaca crias and their dams on 14 farms in New York and 1 farm in Pennsylvania. Design-Cross-sectional study. Animals-110 alpaca crias and their 110 dams. Procedures-Fecal samples were obtained from 220 alpacas at 14 alpaca farms in New York and 1 farm in Pennsylvania. For each animal, age, sex, and health condition were recorded. A fecal score (1 = normally formed; 2 = soft or loose; 3 = diarrhetic) was recorded for each cria. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in fecal samples by a direct immunofluorescence assay. Results-Apparent prevalence of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 8% (95% confidence interval, 4% to 15%) in dams and was 7% (95% confidence interval, 3% to 13%) in crias. There was no significant difference in age between dams with positive fecal test results for Cryptosporidium oocysts (median age, 4 years; range, 3 to 8 years) and dams with negative results (median age, 4 years; range, 2.5 to 19 years). No significant difference was found in age between crias with positive fecal test results (median age, 20 days; range, 7 to 53 days) and those with negative results (median, 36 days; range, 2 to 111 days). No significant difference in fecal scores was found between crias with positive versus negative fecal test results. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-A higher than previously reported apparent prevalence of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts in healthy alpacas was found. A zoonotic risk should be considered, especially for Cryptosporidium parvum.  相似文献   

5.
Over a 35-week period from January to July 2002, a breed of Hereford beef cattle (H) and their hybrids were monitored. Five hundred and ninety-nine individual fecal samples from calves and 96 samples from their mothers were examined. First excretion of Cryptosporidium andersoni oocysts in calves was found in the 9th week after the start of calving (a calf 63-day old). The prevalence of C. andersoni in calves ranged from 11.1 to 92.9% depending on age. The mean prevalence in their mothers was found to be 43.8%. The size of oocysts was 8.48 +/- 0.78 x 6.41 +/- 0.59 microm. Infection intensity in calves ranged from 32 000 to 4 375 000 oocysts per gram (OPG) and in mothers from 78 000 to 2 552 000 OPG. Three cases of abomasal cryptosporidiosis slaughtered at the age of 81, 157 and 236 days were examined histologically and ultrastructurally [transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)]. Cryptosporidium infection of the abomasum was located in the upper half of the mucosal glands in the plicae spirales of the fundus, corpus and near the ostium omasoabomasicum. Cryptosporidia were not located in the glandular epithelium of the pars pylorica in the abomasum minimally 10 cm from pylorus. Histopathological changes in the site of cryptosporidial infection in the abomasum had a non-inflammatory character and included distinctive dilatation of infected parts of the glands with atrophy and metaplasia of the glandular epithelial cells, goblet cell activation and mucus hyperproduction. The TEM revealed a relatively small number of Cryptosporidium life cycle stages attached to glandular epithelial cells. In SEM the inner mucosal abomasal surface appeared swollen but was never infected by cryptosporidia.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sampling feces off the ground replicates prevalence estimates for specific pathogens obtained from fecal samples collected per rectum of adult cows, and to determine characteristics of feces on the ground (fecal pats) that are associated with subsequent identification of Campylobacter spp, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis. ANIMALS: A random sample of adult beef cattle from 25 herds located throughout California. PROCEDURE: 1,115 rectal and ground fecal samples were obtained. Samples were submitted for culture of Campylobacter spp and examined, using a direct fluorescent antibody assay, to detect C parvum oocysts and G duodenalis cysts. Characteristics of fecal pats, such as volume and consistency, were recorded. RESULTS: Prevalence of Campylobacter spp was 5.0% (20/401) for rectal fecal samples, which was significantly greater than prevalence determined for ground fecal samples (2/402; 0.5%). Most isolates were C jejuni subsp jejuni. Prevalence of C parvum was higher in rectal fecal samples (6/557; 1.1%) than in ground fecal samples (1/558; 0.2%), but this difference was not significant. Prevalence of G duodenalis did not differ for rectal (36/557; 6.5%) versus ground (26/558; 4.7%) fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of ground fecal samples may not accurately indicate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp or C parvum in cattle but may reflect prevalence of G duodenalis. Differences in prevalence estimates between the 2 methods suggest inactivation of pathogens in feces after cattle have defecated. Prevalence estimates generated by evaluation of ground fecal samples, however, may more accurately estimate environmental pathogen burden.  相似文献   

7.
Fecal samples from eleven calves experimentally infected with cryptosporidia were examined by two methods to evaluate their sensitivity and ease of use as diagnostic techniques. Comparison of a dichromate solution floatation and fecal smear techniques indicated that the former method was more sensitive. Oocysts were detected in feces earlier and for a longer period following exposure, and were easier to visualize using the dichromate solution floatation procedure. In addition, the dichromate solution floatation technique eliminated Candida albicans which can sometimes be confused with cryptosporidial oocysts in fecal smears. Another advantage was that oocysts could readily be detected in fecal samples stored as long as 120 days in dichromate solution. Using the dichromate solution floatation technique, it was shown that shedding of cryptosporidial oocysts in feces occurred from two to 20 days after oral challenge but was not always accompanied by diarrhea. Infection with cryptosporidia was confirmed in two calves at necropsy. Calves which were not sacrificed for portmortem examination recovered without treatment. The dichromate solution floatation technique is simple, rapid, inexpensive and should facilitate detection of cryptosporidia by diagnostic laboratories and some veterinary practitioners.  相似文献   

8.
Feces containing Isospora suis oocysts were collected from naturally- and experimentally-infected pigs from four different areas of the United States. The unsporulated oocysts were cleaned, concentrated, mixed with 2.5% aqueous potassium dichromate solution, poured into petri dishes to a depth of 5 mm, and incubated at 25 degrees C. The oocysts were examined with a microscope at 12 h intervals and the stages of sporulation present were counted. Although a few oocysts were completely sporulated after 12 h of incubation, in most fecal samples the majority of the oocysts were not completely sporulated until 24 or 36 h. In the present study, the sporulation time of I. suis oocysts was considered to be less than or equal to 48 h. There were no major differences in the sporulation times of I. suis oocysts from the different sources.  相似文献   

9.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp in equids in Louisiana   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
In 1985, 22 pony foals reared in a helminth-free environment were tested daily for oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp by use of fecal flotation. Oocysts were found in all foals. Oocysts were first observed in feces collected from foals 9 to 28 days after birth. The mean period of oocyst shedding was 10 days and ranged from 2 to 18 days in individual foals. Diarrhea was observed in 14 of 22 (64%) foals and began before the period of oocyst shedding. Fecal samples also were examined for other infective agents. Salmonella poona was isolated from 1 foal that did not have diarrhea, and coronavirus particles were observed in the feces of 2 foals with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium sp oocysts also were observed in feces of 2 of 17 Thoroughbred foals, 3 of 14 Quarter Horse foals, and 3 of 26 pony foals reared on pastures with their dams. Samples from pasture-reared foals were collected at irregular intervals. Of the 11 Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples collected from pastured foals, 2 were from foals with diarrhea. A similar survey was conducted during the 1986 foaling season, using the same procedures. Examination of 300 samples from 58 Quarter Horse, Arabian, and pony foals did not detect oocysts. Daily examination of feces from 10 pony foals reared under helminth-free conditions for 30 days also failed to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts.  相似文献   

10.
For two consecutive years, determinations were made of the prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts from crossbred beef calves raised on Bahia grass pastures in the coastal plain area of Georgia. Of the 534 fecal samples collected during the survey, 461 (86.3%) contained one or more species of coccidian oocysts. The total mean oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) was significantly different (P less than 0.10) between the two years. Thirteen species of Eimeria were found during both years of the survey. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in the survey; E. ellipsoidalis, however, had the greatest number of OPG. Eimeria bukidnonensis, E. pellita, and E. brasiliensis were the least prevalent species and also had the lowest numbers of OPG. Only one clinical case of coccidiosis was seen. A nine-month-old calf had E. zuernii coccidiosis; it excreted E. zuernii oocysts in several fecal samples before the clinical disease appeared.  相似文献   

11.
A preliminary molecular epidemiological study was carried out to investigate the utility of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene in the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach using COWP gene primers was adopted for this purpose. Fecal samples were spiked with each of 1, 10, and 100 oocysts of C. parvum, four samples for each number, and the DNA was extracted from each sample using a glassbead method. The presence of oocysts was determined using the nested PCR with COWP gene primers, and the limit of detection of oocysts by the PCR was determined. The limit of detection was 100 oocysts spiked in 1 ml of fecal material (50% sold material) (four positives/four samples tested). Seventy-five percent of DNA extracted samples spiked with 1 and 10 oocysts was positive by the PCR (three positives/four samples tested). Based on this, small sample size using the COWP gene primers with a nested PCR analysis could reliably identify infected animals rather conveniently and accurately.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this investigation was to compare parasites found in feces from stabled and grazing horses in Greece. For this, a total of 223 fecal samples were collected from horses from various parts of Central and Northern Greece. One hundred fifty were stabled and 73 were grazing horses, used for riding, working, or breeding. One hundred came from seven riding clubs, 73 from one breeding farm, and 50 were work horses from five farms. Parasitologic investigation was performed by applying three fecal examination techniques (Teleman's, zinc flotation, and stained smears) to detect ova, larvae, and oocysts of parasites. It was found that 77 the 223 horses (34.5%) in the study were infected with one or more parasite species. In the stabled horses, the most common parasites detected were eggs of strongyles, Strongyloides spp, Anoplocephala spp, Habronema spp, and Parascaris equorum and oocysts of Eimeria spp and Cryptosporidium spp; in the grazing horses, Anoplocephala spp. Strongyles were significantly more prevalent in the group of stabled horses than in the other group (P < .05). The results of the current study demonstrate that parasite infection is highly prevalent in horses in Greece.  相似文献   

13.
为了解昆明市流浪犬寄生虫感染情况,随机采集25份新鲜粪样进行饱和盐水漂浮法检查;对18只死亡流浪犬进行寄生虫解剖法检查,收集虫体,进行计数和鉴定.结果显示,14份粪样中检出虫卵或卵囊,检出率为56.0％.其中8份检测出球虫卵囊,检出率32.0％;6份检测出犬弓首蛔虫卵,检出率24.0％,2份检测出绦虫卵,检出率8.0％...  相似文献   

14.
Wang R  Wang F  Zhao J  Qi M  Ning C  Zhang L  Xiao L 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,187(3-4):534-537
The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated in scale quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) farms in Henan Province, China between September 2006 and August 2007. One thousand eight hundred and eighteen fecal samples from 47 quail farms in five areas were collected for the examination of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 13.1% (95% CI 13.1±1.6%) (29 of 47 farms), with 72-100-day-old quails having the highest prevalence (23.6%, 95% CI 23.6±2.6%) (χ(2)=64.91; ρ<0.01). The highest prevalence was observed in autumn (21.8%, 95% CI 21.8±3.1%) and the lowest in winter (χ(2)=74.83; ρ<0.01). Two hundred and thirty-nine Cryptosporidium-positive samples were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, and 42 were further analyzed by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Two Cryptosporidium species were identified, Cryptosporidium baileyi in 237 birds on 29 farms, and potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium meleagridis in only two birds on two farms. These findings may suggest that quails are not a major source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in the study area.  相似文献   

15.
应用猪流行性腹泻(PED)—ELISA直接法(双抗体夹心法)对120头健康猪和5头猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)病猪粪便标本进行检测,均不出现交叉反应;对15头PED病毒实验感染仔猪粪便标本检测,全部呈阳性;将对3(?)份ELISA阳性粪便标本和3份阴性标本的检测结果与电镜观察结果比较,其阳性符合率为97.37％,阴性符合率为100％;对在PED发病季节从不同地区采集的腹泻病猪粪便标本112份检测结果,阳性率为60.71％,而阴性反应的标本,绝大多数是在病愈后15～20d采集的。  相似文献   

16.
The prevalence and identification of Eimeria spp. in the Louisiana State University ewe flock were determined from 109 fecal samples. Unsporulated oocysts were recovered from 94 of the samples and 1208 oocysts representing ten species of Eimeria were identified: E. ahsata, E. crandallis, E. Faurei, E. granulosa, E. intricata, E. ovina, E. ovinoidalis, E. pallida, E. parava and E. punctata. Eimeria ovinoidalis, which is probably the most pathogenic, was the species common to the most number of samples (59.6%); however, E. granulosa, which is non-pathogenic, was the most numerous species (23.7% of the total identified). The prevalence and identification of oocysts from ewes may be useful to evaluate infection potential when considering control programs, especially for lambs.  相似文献   

17.
Three commercially available assays, designed to specifically detect the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in fecal samples by IS900-PCR, were compared with a conventional culture method. Fecal samples from 100 dairy cows were tested. Fifty-four (67.5%) of 80 culture-positive samples were positive for an assay that detects MAP DNA by dot spot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction products (kit A), 48 (60%) were positive by an assay using ethidium bromide staining for agar gel visualization of amplification products (kit B), and 49 (61.3%) were positive by an assay in which amplified products are detected by a colorimetric detection system (kit C). Relative sensitivity of all tests increased in proportion to the presence of MAP in fecal samples. Specificity was 100% based on results from 20 culture-negative samples from an MAP-free herd.  相似文献   

18.
Coccidia in cows and calves on pasture in north Georgia (U.S.A.)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts were determined in a herd of beef cows and calves on fescue pastures in the Piedmont area of Georgia during 4-consecutive grazing seasons. Twelve species of Eimeria were found in the feces of the calves and 10 species were found in the feces of the cows. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in both the calves and cows. It occurred in 72.5% of 1090 samples from the calves and 10.2% of 719 samples from cows. Eimeria bovis also comprised the majority of oocysts present in the fecal samples from the calves and cows. The greatest number of E. bovis in a sample was 45 800 oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) from a calf and 1900 OPG from a cow. No cases of clinical coccidiosis were seen in any of the animals sampled during the survey.  相似文献   

19.
采用饱和盐水漂浮法、麦克马斯特氏法、卵囊培养等方法及应用电脑和配置有彩色数码摄像机的双目光学显微镜设备,在毕节市8个县（区）、24个乡（镇）、26个养殖户（场）开展了山羊球虫病流行病学调查,对339只山羊粪样进行了定性、定量检查和胞子化培养,并应用电脑技术对山羊球虫的卵囊种类进行了鉴别.结果显示,球虫卵囊的感染率96.75％;OPG值在100～472 700枚之间,平均OPG值为8 570枚,鉴别出艾美耳属球虫8种,并对其卵囊的形态学特征进行了详细地描述.调查结果基本反映了当地山羊球虫的感染状况,表明了在电脑上直接观察、记录和测量球虫卵囊的方法比在显微镜下方便,测量也较为准确.  相似文献   

20.
Two hundred and two samples of excrements were investigated for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Fifty-two samples were taken from dead domestic cats and a hundred and fifty samples were obtained from wild cats living in various localities of the CSSR. The investigation was orientative and a flotation method with the Breza flotation solution of the specific weight of 1.300 was used. If the finding was positive, residues of the excrements were floated with a saccharose, solution of the specific weight of 1.150 and containing 0.8% of phenol. The oocysts were rinsed several times, then they were sporulated in Petri dishes with water with a 2.5% solution of potassium dichromate. The sporulated oocysts, after rinsing, were injected i. p. to mice. The excrements of the fifty-two domestic cats were negative. Out of a hundred and fifty samples of the excrements of wild cats, one sample with the oocysts of isospore type was found; a biological test with mice proved the oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. It may be inferred from the results obtained that the elimination of oocysts by cats is the same as given in foreign literature, and the occurrence rate will be about 2%.  相似文献   

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